1
Fadhilla Azhimi, 2016 AN ANALYSIS OF TURN-
TAKING RULES IN A TV PROGRAM “INI TALKSHOW”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia |
repository.upi.edu |
perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of background of the research, formulation of problems, purposes of the research, scope of the research, and significance of the present
research. The purpose of this chapter is to define the topic of this study, the aims, the area of the research, and the importance of this study.
1.1. Background of the Research
Conversation is a way of social interaction which involves two or more participants who talk about certain topics. It can be analysed using conversation analysis CA.
As Paltridge 2006 notes, CA looks at ordinary everyday spoken discourse, and it also looks at how social relations are developed through the use of spoken
discourse. CA aims to understand how people manage their interactions and to describe how spoken discourse is organized and developed as speakers carry out
these interactions. A central feature of conversation analysis is the study of turn-taking
Harwood, 2006. The analysis of turn-taking is concerned with how speaker takes turns speaking. Since conversations involve people taking turns at talk, they have
to be aware of their role in conversation. People have to know when they start to speak, and when it is supposed to be other’s turns. In addition, Mullins 2012 states
that in conversation turn-taking is obvious. Turn-taking is the most fundamental feature of conversation, and also the underlying framework of conversation.
The turn-taking system is a co-ordinated activity Sidnell, 2010 as cited in Mullins 2012. He further argues that it is organized in a way to minimize any
overlaps in people talking, or any gaps where no-one talks. Furthermore, turn- taking
is ‘locally managed’ Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson, 1974, which means that only the turn being taken and the next turn are organised, and ‘party-
administered’, which means that the participants determine next speakers. Sacks,
Schegloff and Jefferson 1974 also state that there are three rules of turn taking;
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Fadhilla Azhimi, 2016 AN ANALYSIS OF TURN-
TAKING RULES IN A TV PROGRAM “INI TALKSHOW”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia |
repository.upi.edu |
perpustakaan.upi.edu
namely Current Speaker Selects the Next Speaker CS2TNS, Self-Selection SS, and Current Speaker Continous CSC. Current Speaker Selects the Next Speaker
CS2TNS rule is when the next speaker is selected by the current speaker, thus the next speaker has the right and is obliged to take the turn to speak. Self-Selection
SS rule occurs when the current speaker does not select the person who should take the next turn to speak, then anyone may self-select himherself to be the next
speaker. Current Speaker Continuous CSC rule applies if the selected speaker does not take the turn to speak or if no one select himherself to speak then the
current speaker may continue and recycle the rules. Those rules are for any turn, at the initial transition-relevance place of an initial turn-constructional unit.
In some contexts of conversation, turn-taking becomes an interesting issue. There are some studies that have analysed turn taking in conversation. Faizah
2015 conducted a study about interruptions and overlap in male-female in conversation in the talk show
Mata Najwa
. This study investigated two features of turn-taking, interruption and overlap. It focused on the types of interruptions and
overlaps, and their frequency found in a mixed-sex conversation. Also, it analysed how gender differences play a role in interruptions and overlaps. However, since
the focus of this study is the features of turn-taking, it does not provide a further explanation about the use of turn-taking rules.
Another study of turn-taking analysis is conducted by Olutayo 2013. He focused on the patterns of turn taking in Nigerian TV talkshows. He identified the
personality of the host, the social status of the participants, the composition of the guests including the audience in the studio, the duration of the program, discourse
topic, gender, and culture. However, he just described the personality and social status of the participants without looking at the relationship among the participants
in the talk show. King 2010 also conducted a study of turn-taking analysis. He analysed
turn taking in a dialogue of drama titled Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? by Edward
Albee. In his research, King focused on how the actors take control of their turn in conversation to see who dominates the part in the drama. The result of his research
showed that the actors exploit and violate the turn taking system in their attempts
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Fadhilla Azhimi, 2016 AN ANALYSIS OF TURN-
TAKING RULES IN A TV PROGRAM “INI TALKSHOW”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia |
repository.upi.edu |
perpustakaan.upi.edu
to attain conversational dominance and power. However, while King’s 2010 research analysed the power relation among actors in the drama, this research
investigates power relation among participants in the talk show by considering social distance and power relation.
Compared to those previous studies, this research also analyses turn-taking in the conversation of the talk show. However, instead of analysing the features of
turn-taking, this research focuses on the use of turn-taking rules. Based on the rules of turn taking that are proposed by Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson 1974, this
research aims to investigate the rules that are mostly used in one TV program called
Ini Talkshow. Ini Talkshow
is a TV program which is hosted by two persons and other members that have a special role to interview the guests. This talk show is
chosen to be analysed in this research because it is one of the famous and happening TV programs in Indonesia. The episode
of the talk show is about “967 Hits FM’. There are five guests of the episodes known as young entertainers. Since one of the
guests is the son of the host it will be of interest to see how social distance plays a role in conversations. The social distance among the participants is determined to
identify the factors that influence turn taking rules in conversation; it is also this reason why the episode is chosen.
Social distance is determined by looking at the result of the analysis by using Bogardus
’s 1926 social distance scale which measures peoples willingness to participate in social contacts of varying degrees of closeness with members of
diverse social groups, such as racial and ethnic groups. However, another factor that may influence the use of turn taking rules is also determined, in this case power
relation. Power relation is examined to be the factor that influences the use of turn- takin in conversation since it is the talk show where there are host, co-host and
guests. Thus, the purpose of this research is to find out whether it has an influence or not.
This research also focuses on how the participants take their roles in conversations. By looking at how the conversation is running in this talk show, the
rules of turn taking can be observed. This research uses a transcript of talk show
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Fadhilla Azhimi, 2016 AN ANALYSIS OF TURN-
TAKING RULES IN A TV PROGRAM “INI TALKSHOW”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia |
repository.upi.edu |
perpustakaan.upi.edu
conversation as the data to analyse. After analysing the rules, the factors that influence the use of the rules are also examined.
1.2. Formulation of Problems
