Greenhouses Gases Emissions from Dairy Cattle in Indonesia
Greenhouses Gases Emissions from Dairy Cattle in Indonesia
I.G. Permana*, Suryahadi, & E. Qurimanasari
Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science,
Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
*e-mail: permana@ipb.ac.id
Abstract
Dairy cow population in Indonesia has currently reached 487,715 head and
located mainly on Java Island, (East Central and West Java Provinces). Indonesian
dairy cows contributed 3.8% to the Indonesian total greenhouse gas production,
while in global level, dairy sector contributed about 4.0% to the total global
anthropogenic GHG emissions. This study assesses the greenhouse gases (GHG’s)
emissions from dairy cattle sector in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to
compare GHG’s from Indonesian dairy cows using the IPCC (2006) guideline Tier
1 and Tier 2 method. The data was obtained from field observations in KUNAK
dairy cattle village, Bogor as well as previous studies. Cow’s body weight, milk
production, dry matter intake and dry matter digestibility of feed data were used in
the model. Manure management system in dairy cattle was also observed. The results
showed that total methane emissions calculated using Tier 1 was relatively higher
than that calculated using Tier 2. Methane emission from the enteric fermentation
and manure management of dairy cows calculated by Tier 1 method were 33.16 and
15.12 Gg year-1 respectively, while by Tier 2 method were 25.74 and 0.12 Gg year-1
respectively. Direct and indirect N2O (nitrous oxide) emissions from manure were
256,381, and 2,299 kg year-1 respectively. it is concluded that the total greenhouse
gas emission from dairy cattle sector in Indonesia were 1,187 (Tier 1) or 671 (Tier
2) Gg CO2-eq.
Keywords: dairy cattle, greenhouse gases, methane, N2O emission
Introducton
Dary farm n Indonesa has an mportant role n supplyng the mlk demand.
Current dary cow populaton reached 487.715 head and produce approxmately
827,000 tones of mlk producton per year or 26.5% of natonal demand whch
reached 2.7 mllon lters per year. Dary cow populaton s manly located on Java
sland.
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
459
Based on Thalb et al (2008) report, dary cow n Indonesa contrbute as much
as 3.6% of greenhouse gases compared to the total lvestock populaton. Ths fgure
s lower compared wth the average contrbuton of the world whch reached 4%
globally.
Inventory of greenhouse gas emssons (GHG’s) for the lvestock sector s
hghly dependent on the determnaton of emsson factor on each anmal. IPCC
(2006) has provded gudance n calculatng the greenhouse gas n the varous sectors.
However, emsson factors n each sector should be developed n each country.
Based on IPCC (2006) methane emsson factor for dary cattle South East
Asa regon was 68 kg/head/year. The emsson factor s relatvely hgh compared
wth rll condtons. Therefore t s necessary for the calculaton of emsson factors
based on the real condtons n the feld.
The objectve of ths study was to compare greenhouse gases emssons from
Indonesan dary cows usng calculated the IPCC (2006) gudelne Ter 1 and Ter
2 methods.
Materals and Methods
Data Collection
The study used prmary and secondary data. The prmary data was obtaned
from feld observatons whch have done n dary cattle producton area (KUNAK
Cbungbulang), Bogor. The data ncluded cow’s body weght, mlk producton, dry
matter ntake and dry matter dgestblty of raton as well as manure management
system n dary cattle was also observed. The dary populaton was cted from
Drectorate General of Lvestock and Veternary (2011) as secondary data.
Methodology
The calculaton of methane (CH4) and ntrous oxde (N2O) emssons were calculated based on IPCC Gudelnes (2006). The methane emssons were calculated
based on Ter 1 (default) and Ter 2 (survey based modfed) models. The IPCC
(2006) defned that the methane converson factor (Ym) was 6.5 + 1%, ndcatng
that Ym s at the hgh end of the range when dgestblty of feed s low and vice
versa. Consderng the wde range n feed dgestblty all over the world we ncorporated a range of Ym values accordng to the followng formula: Ym = 9.75 – 0.05
x dgestblty. In Model 2, Ym s then used n the followng formula: CH4 emsson
= (annual feed ntake * Ym/100) * (18.55/55.65).
Ntrous oxde (N2O) emssons (drect and ndrect emsson) were calculated
accordng IPCC Gudelne (2006). Converson CH4 to CO2 was 23, whle converson N2O to CO2 was 296 (IPCC 2001). The data were analyzed usng statstcal
descrptve.
460
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Results and Dscusson
Dairy Cattle Population
Base on the Table 1, dary cow populaton n Indonesa was manly located n
Java Island. Provnce whch has the largest dary populaton was East Java Provnce,
whch was about 47.4% of the total populaton, followed by Central Java (25.2%)
and West Java (24.7%). The populaton n other provnces are relatvely small, less
than 1%.
Table 1. Dary populaton n Indonesa 2010
Provnce
East Java
Central Java
West Java
DI Yogyakarta
DKI Jakarta
North Sumatera
South Sulawes
West Sumatera
Other Provnces
Total
Populaton (head)
%
231,408
122,489
120,475
3,466
2,728
2,642
2,198
857
1,452
487,715
47.4
25.1
24.7
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.3
Source: Drectorate General of Lvestock and Veternary (2011)
Methane Emission
Accordng to IPCC default (Ter 1), methane emsson factor from enterc
fermentaton of dary cattle n South Asa regon s 68 kg/head/day. Based on the
survey results the average of cow body weght was 390 kg and dry matter ntake was
11.9 kg/head/day, therefore the methane emsson factor was 53 kg/head/day. Ths
methane emsson factor was smaller than the IPCC default (Ter 1).
Table 2 showed that methane emssons from enterc fermentaton and manure
management calculated usng Ter 1 model were 33.165 and 15.119 Gg/year
respectvely, whereas, the calculaton of the respectve emsson usng Ter 2 model
were 25.738 and 0.120 Gg/year. Methane emsson calculaton usng Ter 2 was
lower than Ter 1 model. Enterc fermentaton contrbuted 68.7% to total methane
emsson from dary cattle sector.
Methane emssons from lvestock sector depend on the number of lvestock
populaton. Compared to other lvestock, dary cows contrbuted only 3.6% to
total methane emsson. Beef cattle were the major contrbutor (53.8%) followed
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
461
Table 2. Methane emsson from enterc fermentaton and manure management calculated
by Ter 1 and Ter 2
Ter 1
Ter 2
Enterc
Manure
fermentaton management
(Gg/year)
(Gg/year)
Provnce
Total
(Gg/year)
Enterc
Manure
fermentaton management*
(Gg/year)
(Gg/year)
Total
(Gg/
year)
East Java
15.74
7.17
22.91
12.21
0.06
12.27
Central Java
8.34
3.80
12.13
6.46
0.03
6.49
West Java
8.19
3.74
11.93
6.36
0.03
6.39
DI Yogyakarta
0.24
0.11
0.34
0.18
0.00
0.18
DKI Jakarta
0.19
0.09
0.27
0.14
0.00
0.15
North Sumatera
0.18
0.08
0.26
0.14
0.00
0.14
South Sulawes
0.15
0.07
0.22
0.12
0.00
0.12
West Sumatera
0.06
0.03
0.09
0.05
0.00
0.05
Other Provnces
0.10
0.05
0.14
0.08
0.00
0.08
Total
33.17
15.12
48.28
25.74
0.12
25.89
* Calculated usng Qurmanasar (2011).
Table 3. Ntrous oxde emsson from enterc fermentaton and manure management
calculated by Ter 1 and Ter 2
Drect N2O
emsson
(kg/year)
Provnce
East Java
Central Java
West Java
DI Yogyakarta
DKI Jakarta
North Sumatera
South Sulawes
West Sumatera
Other Provnces
Total
121,646
64,390
63,331
1,822
1,434
1,389
1,155
451
763
256,381
Indrect N2O
emsson
(kg/year)
1,091
577
568
16
13
12
10
4
7
2,299
Total N2O
emsson
(kg/year)
122,737
64,967
63,899
1,838
1,447
1,401
1,166
455
770
258,680
Total CO2-Eq
(Gg/year)
36.33
19.23
18.91
0.54
0.43
0.41
0.35
0.13
0.23
76.57
by buffaloes (12.6%), goats (10.6%), pgs (7.4%), and sheep (7.0%) (Thalb et al.,
2008). Durng 2003-2007 perod, Indonesan methane emsson ha ncreased by
1.9% per year.
Table 3 showed that the N2O emsson from dary cattle n Indonesa. The N2O
emssons mostly come from drect emssons of N2O. The drect and ndrect N2O
462
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
emsson were 256,381 and 2,299 kg/year respectvely. The total N2O emsson was
258,680 or equvalent to 76.57 Gg CO2 per year.
Conclusons
Total methane emssons from dary sector n Indonesa was 48,28 Gg/year
(1,111 Gg CO2- eq) whle N2O emssons were 258,680 kg/year or 76.57 Gg CO2-eq.
Thus the total GHG’s emsson from dary sector n Indonesa were 1,187 Gg/year.
Methane emssons calculatons based on survey results was lower than the IPCC
default.
References
Drectorate General of Lvestock and Veternary. 2011. Lvestock Statstcs. Drectorate General of Lvestock and Veternary. Jakarta
IPCC. 2001. Mtgaton of Clmate Change. Contrbuton of Workng Group III
to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Clmate
Change. Cambrdge Unversty Press. Cambrdge and New York.
IPCC. 2006. Gudelnes for Natonal Greenhouse Gas Inventory. Vol. 4: Agrculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. The Insttute for Global Envronmental
Strateges (IGES), Hayama, Japan.
Thalb, A., Suryahad, A. Unad, I. Amen, B. Haryanto, E. Noor, I. G. Permana, T.
Herawat and W. Estnngtyas. 2008. Verfcaton of Gashouse Gas Emsson n
Lvestock Sector. Agency for Agrculture Research and Development. Department of Agrculture. Bogor.
Qurmanasar, E. 2011. Estmaton of Greenhouse Gasses from Lvestock Sector n
West Java Provnce. Faculty of Anmal Scnce, Bogor Agrcultural Unversty,
Bogor.
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
463
I.G. Permana*, Suryahadi, & E. Qurimanasari
Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science,
Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
*e-mail: permana@ipb.ac.id
Abstract
Dairy cow population in Indonesia has currently reached 487,715 head and
located mainly on Java Island, (East Central and West Java Provinces). Indonesian
dairy cows contributed 3.8% to the Indonesian total greenhouse gas production,
while in global level, dairy sector contributed about 4.0% to the total global
anthropogenic GHG emissions. This study assesses the greenhouse gases (GHG’s)
emissions from dairy cattle sector in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to
compare GHG’s from Indonesian dairy cows using the IPCC (2006) guideline Tier
1 and Tier 2 method. The data was obtained from field observations in KUNAK
dairy cattle village, Bogor as well as previous studies. Cow’s body weight, milk
production, dry matter intake and dry matter digestibility of feed data were used in
the model. Manure management system in dairy cattle was also observed. The results
showed that total methane emissions calculated using Tier 1 was relatively higher
than that calculated using Tier 2. Methane emission from the enteric fermentation
and manure management of dairy cows calculated by Tier 1 method were 33.16 and
15.12 Gg year-1 respectively, while by Tier 2 method were 25.74 and 0.12 Gg year-1
respectively. Direct and indirect N2O (nitrous oxide) emissions from manure were
256,381, and 2,299 kg year-1 respectively. it is concluded that the total greenhouse
gas emission from dairy cattle sector in Indonesia were 1,187 (Tier 1) or 671 (Tier
2) Gg CO2-eq.
Keywords: dairy cattle, greenhouse gases, methane, N2O emission
Introducton
Dary farm n Indonesa has an mportant role n supplyng the mlk demand.
Current dary cow populaton reached 487.715 head and produce approxmately
827,000 tones of mlk producton per year or 26.5% of natonal demand whch
reached 2.7 mllon lters per year. Dary cow populaton s manly located on Java
sland.
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
459
Based on Thalb et al (2008) report, dary cow n Indonesa contrbute as much
as 3.6% of greenhouse gases compared to the total lvestock populaton. Ths fgure
s lower compared wth the average contrbuton of the world whch reached 4%
globally.
Inventory of greenhouse gas emssons (GHG’s) for the lvestock sector s
hghly dependent on the determnaton of emsson factor on each anmal. IPCC
(2006) has provded gudance n calculatng the greenhouse gas n the varous sectors.
However, emsson factors n each sector should be developed n each country.
Based on IPCC (2006) methane emsson factor for dary cattle South East
Asa regon was 68 kg/head/year. The emsson factor s relatvely hgh compared
wth rll condtons. Therefore t s necessary for the calculaton of emsson factors
based on the real condtons n the feld.
The objectve of ths study was to compare greenhouse gases emssons from
Indonesan dary cows usng calculated the IPCC (2006) gudelne Ter 1 and Ter
2 methods.
Materals and Methods
Data Collection
The study used prmary and secondary data. The prmary data was obtaned
from feld observatons whch have done n dary cattle producton area (KUNAK
Cbungbulang), Bogor. The data ncluded cow’s body weght, mlk producton, dry
matter ntake and dry matter dgestblty of raton as well as manure management
system n dary cattle was also observed. The dary populaton was cted from
Drectorate General of Lvestock and Veternary (2011) as secondary data.
Methodology
The calculaton of methane (CH4) and ntrous oxde (N2O) emssons were calculated based on IPCC Gudelnes (2006). The methane emssons were calculated
based on Ter 1 (default) and Ter 2 (survey based modfed) models. The IPCC
(2006) defned that the methane converson factor (Ym) was 6.5 + 1%, ndcatng
that Ym s at the hgh end of the range when dgestblty of feed s low and vice
versa. Consderng the wde range n feed dgestblty all over the world we ncorporated a range of Ym values accordng to the followng formula: Ym = 9.75 – 0.05
x dgestblty. In Model 2, Ym s then used n the followng formula: CH4 emsson
= (annual feed ntake * Ym/100) * (18.55/55.65).
Ntrous oxde (N2O) emssons (drect and ndrect emsson) were calculated
accordng IPCC Gudelne (2006). Converson CH4 to CO2 was 23, whle converson N2O to CO2 was 296 (IPCC 2001). The data were analyzed usng statstcal
descrptve.
460
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Results and Dscusson
Dairy Cattle Population
Base on the Table 1, dary cow populaton n Indonesa was manly located n
Java Island. Provnce whch has the largest dary populaton was East Java Provnce,
whch was about 47.4% of the total populaton, followed by Central Java (25.2%)
and West Java (24.7%). The populaton n other provnces are relatvely small, less
than 1%.
Table 1. Dary populaton n Indonesa 2010
Provnce
East Java
Central Java
West Java
DI Yogyakarta
DKI Jakarta
North Sumatera
South Sulawes
West Sumatera
Other Provnces
Total
Populaton (head)
%
231,408
122,489
120,475
3,466
2,728
2,642
2,198
857
1,452
487,715
47.4
25.1
24.7
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.3
Source: Drectorate General of Lvestock and Veternary (2011)
Methane Emission
Accordng to IPCC default (Ter 1), methane emsson factor from enterc
fermentaton of dary cattle n South Asa regon s 68 kg/head/day. Based on the
survey results the average of cow body weght was 390 kg and dry matter ntake was
11.9 kg/head/day, therefore the methane emsson factor was 53 kg/head/day. Ths
methane emsson factor was smaller than the IPCC default (Ter 1).
Table 2 showed that methane emssons from enterc fermentaton and manure
management calculated usng Ter 1 model were 33.165 and 15.119 Gg/year
respectvely, whereas, the calculaton of the respectve emsson usng Ter 2 model
were 25.738 and 0.120 Gg/year. Methane emsson calculaton usng Ter 2 was
lower than Ter 1 model. Enterc fermentaton contrbuted 68.7% to total methane
emsson from dary cattle sector.
Methane emssons from lvestock sector depend on the number of lvestock
populaton. Compared to other lvestock, dary cows contrbuted only 3.6% to
total methane emsson. Beef cattle were the major contrbutor (53.8%) followed
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
461
Table 2. Methane emsson from enterc fermentaton and manure management calculated
by Ter 1 and Ter 2
Ter 1
Ter 2
Enterc
Manure
fermentaton management
(Gg/year)
(Gg/year)
Provnce
Total
(Gg/year)
Enterc
Manure
fermentaton management*
(Gg/year)
(Gg/year)
Total
(Gg/
year)
East Java
15.74
7.17
22.91
12.21
0.06
12.27
Central Java
8.34
3.80
12.13
6.46
0.03
6.49
West Java
8.19
3.74
11.93
6.36
0.03
6.39
DI Yogyakarta
0.24
0.11
0.34
0.18
0.00
0.18
DKI Jakarta
0.19
0.09
0.27
0.14
0.00
0.15
North Sumatera
0.18
0.08
0.26
0.14
0.00
0.14
South Sulawes
0.15
0.07
0.22
0.12
0.00
0.12
West Sumatera
0.06
0.03
0.09
0.05
0.00
0.05
Other Provnces
0.10
0.05
0.14
0.08
0.00
0.08
Total
33.17
15.12
48.28
25.74
0.12
25.89
* Calculated usng Qurmanasar (2011).
Table 3. Ntrous oxde emsson from enterc fermentaton and manure management
calculated by Ter 1 and Ter 2
Drect N2O
emsson
(kg/year)
Provnce
East Java
Central Java
West Java
DI Yogyakarta
DKI Jakarta
North Sumatera
South Sulawes
West Sumatera
Other Provnces
Total
121,646
64,390
63,331
1,822
1,434
1,389
1,155
451
763
256,381
Indrect N2O
emsson
(kg/year)
1,091
577
568
16
13
12
10
4
7
2,299
Total N2O
emsson
(kg/year)
122,737
64,967
63,899
1,838
1,447
1,401
1,166
455
770
258,680
Total CO2-Eq
(Gg/year)
36.33
19.23
18.91
0.54
0.43
0.41
0.35
0.13
0.23
76.57
by buffaloes (12.6%), goats (10.6%), pgs (7.4%), and sheep (7.0%) (Thalb et al.,
2008). Durng 2003-2007 perod, Indonesan methane emsson ha ncreased by
1.9% per year.
Table 3 showed that the N2O emsson from dary cattle n Indonesa. The N2O
emssons mostly come from drect emssons of N2O. The drect and ndrect N2O
462
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
emsson were 256,381 and 2,299 kg/year respectvely. The total N2O emsson was
258,680 or equvalent to 76.57 Gg CO2 per year.
Conclusons
Total methane emssons from dary sector n Indonesa was 48,28 Gg/year
(1,111 Gg CO2- eq) whle N2O emssons were 258,680 kg/year or 76.57 Gg CO2-eq.
Thus the total GHG’s emsson from dary sector n Indonesa were 1,187 Gg/year.
Methane emssons calculatons based on survey results was lower than the IPCC
default.
References
Drectorate General of Lvestock and Veternary. 2011. Lvestock Statstcs. Drectorate General of Lvestock and Veternary. Jakarta
IPCC. 2001. Mtgaton of Clmate Change. Contrbuton of Workng Group III
to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Clmate
Change. Cambrdge Unversty Press. Cambrdge and New York.
IPCC. 2006. Gudelnes for Natonal Greenhouse Gas Inventory. Vol. 4: Agrculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. The Insttute for Global Envronmental
Strateges (IGES), Hayama, Japan.
Thalb, A., Suryahad, A. Unad, I. Amen, B. Haryanto, E. Noor, I. G. Permana, T.
Herawat and W. Estnngtyas. 2008. Verfcaton of Gashouse Gas Emsson n
Lvestock Sector. Agency for Agrculture Research and Development. Department of Agrculture. Bogor.
Qurmanasar, E. 2011. Estmaton of Greenhouse Gasses from Lvestock Sector n
West Java Provnce. Faculty of Anmal Scnce, Bogor Agrcultural Unversty,
Bogor.
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
463