2.6.3.3 Hardness 28
2.6.4 Effect of Adding Tungsten into Binary Ni-P Alloy 28
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 30
3.1 Introduction
30 3.2
Raw material 30
3.3 Experimental procedure
31 3.4
Sample Preparation 32
3.4.1 Sample Cutting 32
3.4.2 Cleaning and Degreasing 32
3.4.3 Etching 32
3.4.4 Rinsing 32
3.5 Plating Process by Electroless Deposition
32 3.6
Evaluation of Sample 33
3.7 Analysis of Sample
35 3.7.1 Surface morphology
35 3.7.1.1 X-ray Diffraction XRD
36 3.7.1.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM
37 3.7.1.2 Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis EDX
37 3.7.2 Hardness Testing
38 3.7.2.1 Vickers Hardness Test
38 3.7.3 Electrochemical Behavior
39 3.7.3.1 Corrosion Behavior of Electroless Nickel Alloy Ni-W-P 39
3.7.3.2 Polarization Measurement 39
3.7.3.3 Tefal Extrapolation 40
CHAPTER 4 : RESULTS DISCUSSION 41
4.1 Introduction
41 4.2
Observation and measurement 41
4.3 Electroless nickel coating characterization
43 4.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM
43 4.3.2 Energy Dispersive Analysis X-ray EDX
46
4.3.3 Deposition rate 48
4.3.3.1 Binary Ni-P alloy 48
4.3.3.2 Ternary Ni-W-P alloy 49
4.3.4 Hardness 51
4.3.5 X-ray Diffraction XRD 54
4.3.6 Corrosion test 56
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 61
5.1 Conclusion
61 5.2
Recommendations 62
5.2.1 Adjust the composition of ternary plating bath 62
5.2.2 Effect of heat-treatment on the hardness of coating 62
REFERENCES 64
i
ABSTRAK
Aplikasi kejuruteraan untuk tanpa elektrik aloi nikel pemendapan boleh didapati dalam hampir dalam setiap industri. Kepentingan dalam penyaduran tanpa elektrik
berasaskan nikel aloi pertigaan telah meningkat kerana kakisan yang sangat baik mereka, memakai, rintangan haba dan elektrik, dan juga keupayaan untuk plat
permukaan bukan konduktif menjadikan ini salutan pilihan bagi aplikasi kejuruteraan. Dalam penyiasatan ini, kesan tungsten W dalam alkali mandi
elektrolit nikel yang telah dikaji dalam mendepositkan aloi Ni-W-P di Fe substrat. Penurunan fosforus P kandungan dan peningkatan sedikit dalam saiz bijian telah
diperhatikan disebabkan penambahan tungsten dalam deposit Ni-P. Oleh itu, peningkatan kecil dalam rintangan kakisan telah diperhatikan dalam aloi pertigaan.
Untuk mencirikan deposit, beberapa analisa akan dijalankan, iaitu morfologi permukaan oleh X -Ray Belauan XRD, Imbasan Elektron Mikroskop SEM,
Tenaga-X Sebaran Ray-Analisis EDX dan Mikroskop optik OM teknik digunakan, Elektrokimia Pengukuran ECM dan ujian kekerasan.
ii
ABSTRACT
Engineering applications for electroless nickel can be found in virtually in every industry. Interest in electroless plating of nickel-based ternary alloys has increased
because their excellent corrosion, wear, thermal and electrical resistance, as well as the ability to plate non-conductive surfaces makes this a coating of choice for many
engineering applications. In this investigation, the effect of tungsten W in an alkaline electroless nickel baths that has been studied in depositing Ni-W-P alloys on
Fe substrate. A decrease in phosphorus P content and a marginal increase in grain size have been observed due to the tungsten addition in the Ni-P deposit. Therefore, a
marginal improvement in corrosion resistance has been observed in ternary alloy. In order to characterize the deposits, several analysis are will be carried out which are
surface morphology by X-Ray Diffraction XRD, Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Analysis EDX and Optical Microscope OM
techniques are used, Electrochemical Measurement ECM and hardness test.
iii
DEDICATION
This report is lovingly dedicated to my respective parents; Mr. Baharom Bin Mohammed and Mrs. Rokiah Binti A Karim, my supervisor; Dr. Muhammad Zaimi
Bin Zainal Abidin , my family’s members and also to all my friends who have been
supported and inspired me to do this project.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Assalamualaikum W.B.T. First of all, I would like to extend my gratitude to Allah S.W.T for His
generous blessing and undying strength bestowed upon me during completing this research.
I also would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Muhammad Zaimi Bin Zainal Abidin who had given me guidance and support
during the research. Not to be forgotten, I would like to thank to other lecturers, laboratories, staff, friends and other person whose name is not mention here for your
kindness to me in completing this project. Last but not least, I would to thank to my beloved parents for their supportive
actions that never forget to pray and support me. Thus, I have gained strength to endure this study. Besides, I want to acknowledge UTeM especially Faculty of
Manufacturing for giving me opportunity to gain experience and knowledge during this four years of my study.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstrak i
Abstract ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Content v
List of Tables ix
List of Figures x
List of Abbreviations and Nomenclatures xii
List of Symbols xiii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
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