CONTENTS
CHAPTER CONTENT
PAGES
SUPERVISOR DECLARATION i
STUDENT DECLARATION ii
DECLARATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF SYMBOLS xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
1 1.2 Problem Statement
2 1.3 Objective
3 1.4 Scope of Research
4
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Biodiesel 5
2.2 Biodiesel Properties
6
2.3 Biodiesel Standard
6 2.4
Gas Chromatography 7
2.5 Transesterification
9 2.6
Waste Cooking Oil 10
2.7 Raw Material Properties and Biodiesel Property
10 2.7.1 Acid Value
10 2.7.2 Iodine Value
11 2.7.3 Saponification Number
11 2.7.4 Density
12 2.7.5 Kinematic Viscosity
12 2.7.6 Water Content
12 2.7.7 Flash Point
13 2.7.8 Cloud Point
14 2.8
Catalyst 14
2.9 Conventional Heating Method
15 2.10 Manipulated Parameter
16 2.10.1 Reaction Temperature
16 2.10.2 Reaction Time
17 2.10.3 Methanol to Oil Molar Ratio
17 2.10.4 Catalyst Weight Percentage
18
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
19 3.2
Acid Value 19
3.3 Density
21 3.4
Saponification Number 22
3.5 Iodine Value
23 3.6
Transesterification 25
3.6.1 Average Molecular Weight 25
3.6.2 Methanol to Oil Ratio 25
3.6.2.1 Calculation for 1 Mole of Methanol 26
3.6.2.2 Calculation for 1 Mole of Oil 26
3.6.2.3 Calculation for Methanol to Oil Ratio 26
3.6.3 Catalyst Weight Percentage 27
3.6.4 Tested Parameters 27
3.6.5 Transesterification Method 29
3.6.6 Drying Process 31
3.7 Flash Point
32 3.8
Kinematic Viscosity 33
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 WCO Properties Testing
34 4.2
WCO Gas Chromatography 36
4.3 Transesterification of WCO 40
4.4 Manipulated Parameter
43 4.4.1 Catalyst Weight
43 4.4.2 Methanol to Oil Ratio
44 4.4.3 Reaction Time
46 4.4.4 Comparison between Parameters
47 4.5
Comparison of Biodiesel Properties 48
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 50
REFERENCE 52
LIST OF TABLES
NO. TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Specification for ASTM D6751 for Biodiesel B100 3.1
Temperature dependence of distilled water density, �
ℎ2�
. 22 3.2
Transesterification with varied Catalyst Weight Percentage 28
3.3 Transesterification with varied Methanol to Oil ratio
28 3.4
Transesterification with varied Reaction Time 29
4.1 Properties of WCO
36 4.2
Properties of new WCO 37
4.3 Gas Chromatography result of WCO
39 4.4
Molecular weight different fatty acids in WCO 40
4.5 Percentages of Saturated and Unsaturated fatty acid in WCO
41 4.6
Yield Percentages for Different Catalyst Weight Percentages 45
4.7 Yield Percentages for Different Methanol to Oil Ratio
46 4.8
Yield Percentages for Reaction Time 48
4.9 Comparison between to different parameters
49 4.10
Comparison of WCO biodiesel properties with 50
ASTM D6751 specification
LIST OF FIGURES
NO. TITLE
PAGE
2.1 Gas Chromatography result
8 2.2
General equation of transesterification 10
2.3 Conventional Heating
16 3.1
Apparatus setup for acid value test 20
3.2 Biodiesel Production Process Chart
30 3.3
Separating Funnel to separate biodiesel and glycerol 30
3.4 Drying Process
31 3.5
Seta Flash Closed Cup small scale tester 32
3.6 Brookfield Viscometer
33 4.1
Mixture of Oil, Catalyst and Methanol 40
4.2 a Mixture of Oil, Catalyst and Methanol after 24 hours
41 4.2 b
Separation of biodiesel , glycerin and powdered catalyst 41
4.3 a Glycerin and powdered catalyst removed from the separation
41 4.3 b
Biodiesel from the separation 41
4.4 a Biodiesel drying process
42 4.4 b
Biodiesel after drying 42
4.5 The end product biodiesel
42 4.6
Effects of Catalyst Weight Percentage on Yield Percentage 43
4.7 Effects of Methanol to Oil ratio on Yield Percentage
45 4.8
Effects of Reaction Time on Yield Percentage 46
4.9 Effects of Different Parameters on Yield Percentage
47
LIST OF SYMBOLS
�
���
= Oil density
�
ℎ2�
= Water density
N =
Normality g
= Gram
°c = Degree Celsius
cm =
Centimeter mm
= Millimeter
m = Meter
s =
seconds K =
Kelvin
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
WCO =
Waste Cooking Oil ASTM
= American Society of Testing and Materials
KOH =
Potassium Hydroxide CaO
= Calcium Oxide
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
