Formulation of the Problem
In addition, Alan Davies stated on his book, Dictionary of Language Testing, a text is any piece of written or spoken language of variable length. It
may be as short as a single word eg. Help, but is more considered to consist of two or more utterances or sentences joined together according to rules of
cohesion and rhetorical organization, and may include an extended piece of spoken discourse or any number of pages of writing.
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It can be concluded that text is meaningful spoken or written words to communicate the meaning, and the term of text in this study is belong to
reading text written words; the printed material on the textbook which is
used in the process of teaching and learning reading. 2.
Kinds of Text
There are various kinds of text. It is very important for either the teachers or students to know about these kinds of text because it can help them to
understand about the purpose of texts. Mark and Kathy Anderson divided text into two types, literary and factual.
Literary texts include aboriginal dreaming stories, movie script, limericks, fairy tales, novels, song lyrics, mimes and soap operas. Literary text can make
us laugh or cry, think about our own life or consider our beliefs. There are three main text types in this category narrative, poetic and dramatic. Media
texts such as film, videos, television shows and CDs can also include in this category.
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Factual texts include advertisement, announcements, internet web sites, current affairs shows, debates, recipes, reports and instructions. They present
information or ideas and aim to show, tell or persuade the audience. The main
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Alan Davies, Dictionary of Language Testing, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 210.
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Mark Anderson and Kathy Anderson, Text Types in English, London: Macmillan, 2003, p. 1.
text types in this category are recount, response, explanation, discussion, information report, exposition and procedure.
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Furthermore, Rahmad Wahidi also states that there are 15 text types. They are, analytical exposition text, anecdote text, recount text, report text, spoof
text, narrative text, hortatory exposition text, discussion text, explanation text, procedure text, news item text, review text, description text, argument text and
exposition text
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. He also gave the example of every text on his writing. Therefore, the writer can understand the differences among them.
From all explanation above, the text types on this study include descriptive texts, narrative texts, analytical exposition texts, hortatory exposition text and
spoof texts. Those are the text types that have to be learnt by the students of eleventh grade base on standard competencies and basic competencies in
KTSP. Those types of text are also written in the textbook Advanced Learning English 2.