TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE
PAGE TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii LIST OF TABLES
x LIST OF FIGURES
xi LIST OF APPENDICES
xiii 1 .
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Lightning Phenomena Overview
1 1.2
Motivation 2
1.3 Problem Statement
2 1.4
Objectives 3
1.5 Scope of The Project
3
2. LITERATURE RIVIEW
4
2.1 Introduction
4 2.2
Types of Lightning 5
2.3 Stepped Leader and Return Stroke
6 2.4
Narrow Bipolar Pulses NBPs 8
3 METHODOLOGY
9
3.1 Flow Chart
10 3.2
Circuit Simulation 11
3.2.1 3Mhz Circuit 11
3.2.2 Broadband Circuit 12
3.2.3 Pcb Layout 13
3.2.4 Circuit Construction 13
3.3 Measurement Devices
14 3.3.1 Circuit Setup
14 3.3.2 Validation circuit
14 3.3.3 Parallel Flat Antenna
15 3.3.4 Oscilloscope
17 3.4
Data Analysis 18
3.4.1 Matlab 18
4 RESULT
19
4.1 Return Stroke
20 4.2
Subsequence Return Stroke 20
4.3 Narrow Positive Bipolar Pulses
21 4.4
Narrow Negative Bipolar Pulses 22
4.5 Data Analysis
23 4.5.1
Read the data 23
4.5.2 Result collected
24 4.5.3
Peak amplitude 25
4.5.4 Relation of Return stroke and 3Mhz
26 4.5.5
Distance of 3 MHz Radiation 28
4.5.6 Comparison data of RS
29 4.5.7
Comparison for NBPs 30
4.5.8 Lightning Distance from Antenna
31
5 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
32
5.1 Introduction
32 5.2
Discussion 32
5.3 Limitation
33
6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
34
6.1 Conclusion
34 6.2
Recommendation 35
REFERENCES 36
APPENDICES 39
Appendix A 39
Appendix B 43
Appendix C 44
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE
PAGE
4.1 Data collected from measurement
24 4.2
Data for duration of 3 MHz radiation field 28
4.3 Comparison of RS at 3 MHz
29 4.4
Comparison of NBPs 30
4.5 Distance of the lightning activities
31
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE
PAGE
2.1 Electric charges in the cloud and types of lightning
5 2.2
Stepped Leader From Cloud to Ground 6
2.3 Return Stroke Process Ground to Cloud
7 2.4
Narrow Bipolar sample result 8
3.1 Flow Chart of The Project
10 3.2
Equivalent Circuit for 3MHZ 11
3.3 Output from OrCad Simulation
11 3.4
Equivalent Circuit for Broadband Circuit 12
3.5 Output Waveform for Broadband Circuit
12 3.6
PCB layout for Broadband Circuit 13
3.7 Circuit Connection
13 3.8
Down View 13
3.9 Circuit for Measurement
14 3.10
Antenna that have been used in UTeM 15
3.11 The voltage measurement from antenna
16 3.12
Oscilloscope of Textronix 3034 17
3.13 Coding for Analysis data using Matlab
18 4.1
Sample result for Return Stroke 20
4.2 Subsequences of Return Strokes
20 4.3
Narrow Positive Bipolar Pulses 21
4.4 Narrow Negative Bipolar Pulses
22 4.5
Read data from analysis 23
4.6 Peak amplitude fast field and 3Mhz
25 4.7
Voltage vs time for fast field 26
4.8 Voltage Vs time for 3 MHz
26
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CGs Cloud to ground flashes
HF High frequency
ICs Clouds flashes
NBPs Narrow Bipolar Pulses
NPBPs Narrow Positive Bipolar Pulses
NNBPs Narrow Negative Bipolar Pulses
VHF Very High Frequency
UTeM Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION
