TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
PROJECT TITLE i
DECLAREMENT ii
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT vi
ABSTRACT vii
ABSTRAK viii
TABLE OF CONTENT ix
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF TABLES xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv
LIST OF APPENDICES xvi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND 1
1.2 OBJECTIVE 2
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2
1.4 SCOPE OF WORKS 3
1.5 METHODOLOGY 4
1.6 SUMMARY 5
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 ANTENNA 7
2.1.1 PIFA Antenna 8
2.2 BASIC ANTENNA PARAMETERS 10
2.2.1 Impedance 11
2.2.2 Return Loss 11
2.2.3 Bandwidth 11
2.2.4 Radiation Pattern 12
2.2.5 Gain 12
2.2.6 Directivity 13
2.2.7 Substrate Board Selection 14
2.3 PIFA ANTENNA 15
2.3.1 Design and Simulation Dual-Band PIFA
for GSM Systems 15
2.3.2 Miniaturization of Dual-Band PIFA for
Wireless LAN Communications 16
2.3.3 A Small PIFA for Wearable Application 18
2.3.4 Dual-Band PIFA with Parasitic Element
for LTE and WiMaX Mobile Communication
18
2.3.5 Design PIFA for Wireless
Communication 19
2.3.6 Hybrid PIFA with a T-Shaped Slot on the
Ground Plane 20
2.4 SUMMARY 21
3 PROJECT METHODOLOGY 22
3.1 PROJECT PLANNING 22
3.2 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS 24
3.3 PIFA ANTENNA DESIGN 25
3.3.1 PIFA Antenna Radiating Patch with
Substrate Design A1 26
3.3.2 PIFA Antenna Radiating Patch with
Copper Plate Design A2 29
3.4 DEFECT PIFA ANTENNA DESIGN 31
3.5 DESIGN SIMULATION PROCESS 32
3.6 DESIGN FABRICATION PROCESS 34
3.7 MEASUREMENT PROCESS 35
3.8 SUMMARY 36
4 RESULT ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 37
4.1 PIFA ANTENNA DESIGN A 37
4.1.1 PIFA Antenna Radiating Patch with
Substrate Design A1 37
4.1.2 PIFA Antenna Radiating Patch with
Copper Plate Design A2 42
4.1.3 Comparison of Simulation Results for
Design A 45
4.1.4 Overall Comparison on Design A 46
4.2 DEFECT PIFA ANTENNA DESIGN B 48
4.2.1 Comparison of Simulation Results for
Design B 52
4.2.2 Overall Comparison on Design B 53
4.3 SUMMARIZATION OF FABRICATED
ANTENNA DESIGN 55
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
59 5.1 Conclusion
59 5.2 Recommendation
61
REFERENCES 62
APPENDIX 67
APPENDIX A 67
LIST OF FIGURES
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1 Flow chart of the project 5
2.1 The basic geometry of PIFA antenna 9
2.2 The layout proposed PIFA antenna 16
2.3 The geometry proposed for dual-band PIFA antenna 17
2.4 A standard PIFA with U-Shaped slot structure 18
2.5 The geometry of the proposed dual-band PIFA structure with rectangular shape parasitic element
19
2.6 The proposed PIFA antenna structure 20
2.7 The detailed geometry of the proposed antenna 21
3.1 The overall project flow chart 24
3.2 The various views of original PIFA antenna 26
3.3 The materials used for Design A1 27
3.4 Dimensions of each structure 27
3.5 The various views of structure for Design A2 29
3.6 Types of materials used for Design A2 30
3.7 Terminology used for each part of Design A2 30
3.8 Back view of defect PIFA antenna structure 32
3.9 Guidelines in simulation process using CST software 33
3.10 Flow chart of fabrication process 34
3.11 An antenna placed in anechoic chamber to obtain radiation pattern measurement
35
4.1 a Simulated return loss for Design A1 b Simulated gain for Design A1
c Simulated directivity for Design A1 d Simulated efficiency for Design A1
38 38
39 39
4.2 Comparison of S-Parameter for Design A1 40
4.3 a Simulated return loss for Design A2 b Simulated gain for Design A2
c Simulated directivity for Design A2 d Simulated efficiency for Design A2
42 42
43 43
4.4 Comparison of S-Parameter for Design A2 44
4.5 a Simulated return loss for Design B b Simulated gain for Design B
c Simulated directivity for Design B d Simulated efficiency for Design B
49 49
50 50
4.6 Comparison of S-Parameter for Design B2 and Design B3 51
4.7 a S-Parameter b Maximum gain
c Directivity d Efficiency
57 57
58 58
LIST OF TABLES
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2.1 The characteristics value of exampled substrates 15
3.1 Design specifications of the required antenna 25
3.2 Design specifications of the material used 25
3.3 The optimize values of Design A1 28
3.4 The optimize values of Design A2 31
4.1 a Comparison of gain, directivity and efficiency for Design A1 b Comparison of radiation pattern for Design A1
40 41
4.2 a Comparison of gain, directivity and efficiency for Design A2 b Comparison of radiation pattern for Design A2
44 44
4.3 Comparison of simulated results between Design A1 and Design A2
46
4.4 Overall comparison of Design A 4.5 a Comparison of gain, directivity and efficiency for Design B2
b Comparison of radiation pattern for Design B2 51
52
4.6 Comparison of simulated results for Design B 53
4.7 Overall comparison of Design B 54
4.8 Summarization of fabricated antenna designs 56
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PCB -
Printed Circuit Board FR-4
- Flame Retardant
PIFA -
Planar Inverted-F Antenna VHF
- Very-high Frequency
UHF -
Ultra-high Frequency GSM
- Global System for Mobile
WLAN -
Wireless Local Area Network WiMAX
- Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access
PTFE -
Polytetrafluoroethylene IEEE
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
PSM -
Projek Sarjana Muda Final Year Project VSWR
- Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
RL -
Return Loss dB
- Decibels
- Center Frequency
CST -
Computer Simulation Technology
LIST OF APPENDIX
NO TTTLE
PAGE A
Horn Antenna gain datasheet 67
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background
