second term is development. Barbara H. Lemme states that development is systematic changes in behavior over time as a result from interaction between individual and the
external environment 1995:8. .
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In this chapter, there are three parts of reviews. Firs part is review of related studies; this part discusses about others studies that have similarity with this study.
Second part is review of related theories, the theories that applied in this study. Third part is theoretical framework, to explain how the writer applies the theories to the
study.
A. Review of Related Studies
Since this study is about the contribution of the minor characters to main character‟s character development. Therefore the writer found an undergraduate
thesis that discusses the same topic but in different works. The first study is from Alvin Ginardi from Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta with his thesis entitled
“The Influence of Minor Characters on Harriet‟s Personality Development in Rumer Godden‟s The River”. He said that, “As a growing up children, they need care,
compassion, opinions, solutions, and family support to make them comfortable and creating a good character and
temperament” 2010:47. He used psychological approach. He explained
about how Harriet‟s character and how Harriet‟s personality changed due to her surroundings. Alvin explains that Harriet is an extrovert person,
who is very active and open-minded. However, an extrovert also needs attention from other people, even they are the one can give a lot of attention to
other people. Her family and the surroundings unfortunately did not pay too much attention to Harriet. That caused Harriet to become an introvert; even she closed
herself more than before. The second study is from Martinus Bangkit Riandito from Sanata Dharma
University Yogyakarta. His thesis entitled “The Minor Characters‟ Influence toward
Chaudarani Kaniz‟s Personality Change as seen in Qaisra Shahraz‟s The Holy Woman
”. Martinus said that, “Person outside and inside the home or a member of family‟s affection have a great contribution in changing a character.” 2014:3. He
used psychological approach. His study tells about how Kaniz‟s personality changed
from bad into a better person, the process of changing character is also from the influence of her family member. Because of that, she solved her problem with her
own son, Khawar and dealt with her past. The third study is from Rissa Egitia Yuniarti from Sanata Dharma University
Yogyakarta. Her thesis entitled “The Influence of The Minor Characters toward The
Main Character‟s Motivation for a Better Life as Seen in Constance Briscoe‟s UGLY
”. She said in her thesis that, “Her mother, Carmen Briscoe, treats her in very horrible way, while her teacher treats her really nice, these two minor characters are
the ones who pull out Clare‟s motivation on revealing her willingness to get a better life.
” 2013: 54. She used psychological approach, in her thesis she said that even though the minor characters have different personality, both of them make the major
character understand the situation that happen to her, therefore she is willing to change her life.
For the fourth study, the writer chose different work but it has the same topic. Rengganis Hendrysari from Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta in her thesis
entitled “The Effect of the Minor Characters to the Development of Emma in Jane
Austen‟s EMMA” said about how the major character, Emma become a better person because of the influence from her surroundings
. “The minor characters have a significant role toward Emma. The minor characters give contribution towards
Emma‟s character changing.” 2015:43. Emma was an arrogant woman before because she is born with high social status. It makes her become cocky to other
people. Luckily, people around her complain about her behavior. Then, she realizes that what is she did was wrong.
The related studies above tell about the possibility of how people can change their character because of their surroundings. The difference between the related
studies with this study is this study is focus more on the contribution of the minor characters.
B. Review of Related Theories
Theory that applies in this study is the theory of characterization and theory of character development. These theories apply in order to identify the major and minor
character and the minor characters contribution to major character development.
