METAPHORICAL PATTERNS IN BARACK OBAMA’S SPEECHES.
METAPHOR IN BARACK OBAMA’S SPEECHES
A THESIS
Submitted as the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Sastra
By :
NANCY KRISTIANI PANGGABEAN
Registration Number 209220034
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2016
ABSTRACT
Panggabean, Nancy Kristiani. 2016. Metaphorical Patterns in Barack Obama’s
Speeches. Faculty of Languages and Arts. State University of Medan.
This study dealt with Metaphorical Patterns in Barack Obama’s Speeches. The study
was conducted by using descriptive qualitative approach. The objectives of the study
were to find the metaphorical patterns in Barack Obama’s Speeches. The data were
collected from the speech of Barack Obama. The study revealed that there are five
metaphorical patterns are used in Barack Obama’s speeches: general reifying,
animizing and personifying metaphors, materializing abstract process, process, object
or substance. The speech was the representative of their sayings to White people. The
responses of White people were analyzed by theory and the responses are: White
people receive and felt happy because everything that he said about unity is good in
the speech. .
Keywords: Methapor,Metaphorical Patterns, Barack Obama’s Speeches
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, the writer would like to express her praises to Almightily Jesus
Christ who has blessed and given the ability to the writer to complete this thesis as
a partial fulfillment for the requirement for the degree of Sarjana Sastra (S-1) at
the English Department of Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of
Medan.
This thesis would not have been possible without the guidance and the help
of several individuals who always contributed and extended their valuable
assistances in the preparation and completion of this thesis. The writer’s special
appreciation goes to:
•
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State University of
Medan.
•
Dr. IsdaPramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean Faculty of Language and Arts,
State University of Medan.
•
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English and Literature
Department, Dra. Meisuri, M.A., the Secretary of English Department
Head of English Education Program Nora Ronita Dewi, S.S., M.Hum
.,the Head of English Non-Educational Program Syamsul Bahri, S.S.,
M.Hum., Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan.
•
Prof. Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd as her Thesis Advisor.
•
Dra. Masitowarni Siregar, M.Ed., Dra. Sortha Silitonga as her Thesis
Examiners.
•
Eis Sri Wahyuni, M.Pd as an Administration Staff of English
Department.
•
All of Lecturer and staff of English Education Department who have
given the great knowledge, so that the writer can finish writing this research.
•
The deepest thanks are expressed to his beloved parents,
Maruap Panggabean and Mery Aruan for the patience, affection,
prayer and everything that have given in order to finish her study. Thanks
iii
also given to her sister: Sarah Panggabean who always share happiness
and give the best support.
•
Erikayani Sembiring, S.S, Dora Margaretha Barus, S.Pd, Arnita
Alberta S.Pd, and Fytriani Siregar, S.Pd who have shared everything
before the writer started to learn English in State University of Medan
•
Brando Teo Hutagaol, S.E his Beloved Breath who always shares
everything.
•
Merry Ana Simanjuntak and the Family who have given the great
helps and supports through the days.
•
Her Greatest Elite Team, Batara Silaban S.Kom and Faldo Hia for the
great support and helps.
•
The people who direct or indirectly contributed in this study, your
kindness means a lot to her.
At long last, humbly thank to her better half for the marvelous word
so called love.
Medan,
Maret 2016
The writer,
NancyKristianiPanggabean
NIM. 209220034
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
DECLARATION............................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................ii
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................v
LIST OF TABLES.........................................................................................viii
LIST OF APPENDIXES .............................................................................ix
CHAPTER I:INTRODUCTION ................................................................1
A. The Background of the Study .......................................................1
B. The Problem of the Study .............................................................4
C. The Scope of the Study .................................................................4
D. The Objective of the Study ...........................................................4
E. The Significance of the Study .......................................................5
CHAPTER II:REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................6
A. Linguistics .....................................................................................6
B. Metaphor in English ......................................................................7
C. Function of Metaphor ....................................................................8
1. Filling Lexical Gaps.............................................................9
2. Explanation and Modeling ...................................................9
3. Reconceptualization..............................................................10
4. Argument by Analogy .........................................................10
5. Ideology, the Latent Function ...............................................11
6. Expressing Emotional Attitude.............................................12
7. Decoration, Disguise, and Hyperbole ...................................13
8. Cultivating Intimacy .............................................................13
D. The types of Metaphor ..................................................................14
a. Active Metaphor......................................................................14
b. Inactive Metaphor....................................................................14
c. Subjective Metaphor................................................................15
v
d. Mimetic Metaphor.....................................................................15
e. Phenomenalistic Metaphor........................................................15
f. Precision Metaphor....................................................................16
g. Symbolism Metaphor................................................................16
h. Approximate Metaphor.............................................................16
E. Metaphorical Patterns in the English Lexicon ...............................16
1) General Reifying.....................................................................17
2) Specific Reifying.......................................................................17
3) Animizing and Personifying Metaphors....................................18
4) Materializing Abstract Process..................................................19
5) Process.......................................................................................19
6) Object or Substance...................................................................19
7) Categories of Root Analogy and Preconceptual Experience..20
F. Parts of Metaphor.............................................................................20
G. Features of Metaphor.......................................................................21
1. Conventionality.........................................................................21
2. Systematic.................................................................................22
3. Asymmetry................................................................................22
4. Abstraction................................................................................22
H. Speech in General............................................................................23
I. Political Speech.................................................................................24
J. Barack Obama Biography.................................................................26
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD ..................................................29
A. Research Design ...........................................................................29
B. Source of the Data ........................................................................29
C. Techniques of Collecting Data .....................................................29
D. Techniques of Analyzing Data .....................................................30
CHAPTER IV: DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS......................................31
A. The Data ........................................................................................31
B. The Data Analysis ........................................................................31
C. Metaphorical Patterns in Barack Obama .......................................31
vi
1. General Reifying.....................................................................32
2. Animizing and Personifying Metaphors.................................32
3. Materializing Abstract Process...............................................33
4. Process....................................................................................34
5. Object or Substance................................................................34
D. Why the Metaphorical Patterns use in Barack Obama
Speeches...............................................................................................35
1. The ways How Metaphorical Patterns in Barack Obama are
used......................................................................................................36
E. Findings...........................................................................................40
F. Discussion.......................................................................................40
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION..............................44
A. Conclusion.....................................................................................44
B. Suggestion.....................................................................................44
REFERENCES ...........................................................................................45
APPENDICES
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 4.1
Total Number Percentage of A More Perfect Union Speech ..................37
Table 4.2
Total Number Percentage of NIH Address on Ebola Vaccine Research
Potential ........................................................................................................38
Table 4.3
Total Number Percentage of both of the speeches ....................................39
viii
LIST OF APPENDIXES
Pages
APPENDIX A .................................................................................................
45
APPENDIX B .................................................................................................
50
ix
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Language plays an important role in human daily life. People use language
to communicate with others. To communicate is to express a certain attitude.
When people communicate with others, they actually produce an utterance as type
of action. As an instrument of communication, language has the systematic
arbitration it is utilized by the society to cooperate, interact, and identify
themselves, it means that language has the ability to solve problems in society
itself, and language is agreed by group of people who speak the language to label
something which used to interact and communicate. It is natural for humans to
have language, but the ways in which meanings are communicated through
language are an expression of an understanding of one concept in terms of another
concept. So, we tend to communicate with two kinds of language that involve
literal and figurative meaning in order to explore the nature of meaning from one
concept in terms of another concept in a careful and thoughtful way. In literal
language, have previously matched certain characteristics of the object when refer
literally to a newly encountered object what is said exactly. Meanwhile, figurative
language is the opposite of literal language because in figurative language will
explain the reality something being thought of and become an object. The obvious
thing is that speaker can make their thoughts and feelings and intentions known to
other speaker of the language and can understand what others say. And according
1
2
to the Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. (2012: 180187), figurative language acts as signifiers in texts and also helps the literary artist
in achieving beauty in form. The ability requires possession of the words and how
to recognize by others through the choice of a vocabulary where words are used in
a non literal way. But, also compare the reality to another object or situation as a
way of associating unlike things to generate new meanings. And of course, what
we want to express and how to find out the meanings in what other people say,
should have the powerful words to make ordinary strange and give us a joyful
feeling about the object. So, there are two types of figurative language, they are:
an effect such as rhyme which changes the structure of language without effecting
its meaning and one which does effect the meaning and one which does the
meaning such as metaphor.
Thus,Knowless and Moon (2006: 2) stated that metaphor is the use of
language to refer to something other than what it was originally applied to. It
means that it describes the metaphors we use the structure of our thinking, hiding,
some features of the phenomena, and highlighting others. In addition, metaphors
are used to understand concepts in term of concrete concept. And by using
metaphors shows us new ways of perceiving humans experiences. In this case,
metaphor is recognized as an important way of thinking constructing analogies
and making connections. The relationship between ideas an important way of
using language explain abstract ideas or to find indirect but powerful ways of
conveying feelings. And in The Journal of Philosophy, Volume 77, Issue 8 (1980:
453 – 486) about Conceptual Metaphor in Everyday Language stated that
3
metaphor is most for most people a device of the poetic imagination and the
rhetorical flourish-a matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary language.
Moreover, metaphor is typically viewed as characteristic of language alone, a
matter of words rather than thought.
By investigating people using metaphors, we need to distinguish the
objects or concepts from the language used to express them, in which the use of
metaphor can give expression of an understanding of one concept in terms of
another concept. These are some similarities of correlation to understand the
conceptualizations as individual and as participants in social life. People can
convey their ideas and feelings into literature and art works using metaphor either
poetry, novel, drama, film, or speech. They will be influenced by social, political,
and their own experiences. Thus, the interpretation and interplay of metaphors can
be found out from the speech of Barack Obama. Metaphors are used to express
the thoughts and feelings or each speech can describes experiences, ideas,
ideology, emotion, feeling, etc. the author in the speech not only expresses the
thoughts and feelings. The author’s feelings can be indicated in the speech and has
a function for the social control for the other people. So, the author involves
metaphors and people can be better to understand the emotions, attitudes, and
conceptualization as individual and as participants in social life. The writer is
interested in conducting this research because generally the readers including the
writer herself sometimes found some difficulties in understanding the meaning
from the speech, especially speech in Barack Obama. It is caused because the
4
speech writer merely uses figurative language in order to create speech to be more
interesting, memorable, and authentic.
B. The Problem of the Study
The problems of this study are formulated as the following:
1. What types of metaphorical patterns are found in Barack Obama speech?
2. Why the metaphorical patterns are used the way they are?
C. The Scope of the Study
This research is focused to analyze metaphor in Barack Obama
speech. The speech entitled A More Perfect Union, Philadelphia, March 18, 20
08 and NIH Addressed on Ebola Vaccine Research Potential, Bethesda
Maryland, December 2, 2014. The speech told about the differences of white
and black people in the past and the health care about Ebola vaccine research. So
Obama invited his people to work and live together.
D. The Objective of the Study
In relation of the problem, the objectives of this study are:
1. To find out the pattern of metaphor in Barack Obama’s speech.
2. To find out how are the metaphorical patterns used in Barack Obama’s
speech.
5
E.The Significance of the Study
Finding of the study are expected to give some knowledge:
1. Useful forstudents who want to improve their knowledge about Metaphor
especially the students in English department.
2. To guide people who are interested in studying Metaphor.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
After analyzing the data, some conclusions are drawn by as follows:
1. There are four of seven of metaphorical patterns found in the “A More Perfect
Union” speech uttered by Barack Obama namely general reifying, materializing
abstract process, process, and object or substance and five types of metaphorical
patterns in NIH Address on Ebola Vaccine Research Potential namely general
reifying, animizing and personifying metaphors, materializing abstract process,
process, and object or substance.
2. The metaphorical patterns used to show or to express the feeling, idea, and
situation in Barack Obama speech.
B. Suggestions
Based on the conclusions, the following suggestions are directed to:
1. Contribute to the English Department especially to the students who study
Metaphorical patterns to help them understand and comprehend it and enrich their
knowledge about metaphorical patterns.
2. Other researchers who want to do some researches about Metaphorical patterns
in other media beside speech as a comparison or source in conducting further
study.
43
REFERENCES
Elsevier. 2002. Journal of Pragmatics. Elsevier Science B.V. 345 – 348.
Geeraets, Dirk, 2010. Theories of Lexical Semantics. New York: Oxford
University Press Inc.
Goatly, Andrew. 1997. The Language of Metaphors. New York: Routledge.
Halliday. 1985. The Notion of Grammatical Metaphor. Romero
Universidad de Grenada.
andSoria:
Knowles, M. and Moon, R. 2006.Introducing Metaphor. New York: Routledge.
Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. 1980. Conceptual Metaphor in Everyday
Language.The Journal of Philosophy, Inc. 453- 486
Nazir, Muhammad. 1998. MetodePenelitian. Jakarta: Galia Indonesia.
Saeed, Jhon I. 1997.Semantic. English: Blackwell Publisher.
Yeibo, Ebi. 2012. Journal of Language Teaching and Research. Academy
Publisher. 180 – 187
http://en.wikipedia.org/Linguistics. Accessed on May 30, 2015.
http://sixminutes.dlugan.com/rule-of-three-speeches-public-speaking.
on June 1, 2015.
Accessed
http://www.onlineartrights.org/issue/political-speech/political-speech.
on June 3, 2015.
Accessed
http://www.americanrhetoric.com/barackobamaspeeches. Accessed on June 3,
2015
44
A THESIS
Submitted as the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Sastra
By :
NANCY KRISTIANI PANGGABEAN
Registration Number 209220034
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2016
ABSTRACT
Panggabean, Nancy Kristiani. 2016. Metaphorical Patterns in Barack Obama’s
Speeches. Faculty of Languages and Arts. State University of Medan.
This study dealt with Metaphorical Patterns in Barack Obama’s Speeches. The study
was conducted by using descriptive qualitative approach. The objectives of the study
were to find the metaphorical patterns in Barack Obama’s Speeches. The data were
collected from the speech of Barack Obama. The study revealed that there are five
metaphorical patterns are used in Barack Obama’s speeches: general reifying,
animizing and personifying metaphors, materializing abstract process, process, object
or substance. The speech was the representative of their sayings to White people. The
responses of White people were analyzed by theory and the responses are: White
people receive and felt happy because everything that he said about unity is good in
the speech. .
Keywords: Methapor,Metaphorical Patterns, Barack Obama’s Speeches
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, the writer would like to express her praises to Almightily Jesus
Christ who has blessed and given the ability to the writer to complete this thesis as
a partial fulfillment for the requirement for the degree of Sarjana Sastra (S-1) at
the English Department of Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of
Medan.
This thesis would not have been possible without the guidance and the help
of several individuals who always contributed and extended their valuable
assistances in the preparation and completion of this thesis. The writer’s special
appreciation goes to:
•
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State University of
Medan.
•
Dr. IsdaPramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean Faculty of Language and Arts,
State University of Medan.
•
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English and Literature
Department, Dra. Meisuri, M.A., the Secretary of English Department
Head of English Education Program Nora Ronita Dewi, S.S., M.Hum
.,the Head of English Non-Educational Program Syamsul Bahri, S.S.,
M.Hum., Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan.
•
Prof. Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd as her Thesis Advisor.
•
Dra. Masitowarni Siregar, M.Ed., Dra. Sortha Silitonga as her Thesis
Examiners.
•
Eis Sri Wahyuni, M.Pd as an Administration Staff of English
Department.
•
All of Lecturer and staff of English Education Department who have
given the great knowledge, so that the writer can finish writing this research.
•
The deepest thanks are expressed to his beloved parents,
Maruap Panggabean and Mery Aruan for the patience, affection,
prayer and everything that have given in order to finish her study. Thanks
iii
also given to her sister: Sarah Panggabean who always share happiness
and give the best support.
•
Erikayani Sembiring, S.S, Dora Margaretha Barus, S.Pd, Arnita
Alberta S.Pd, and Fytriani Siregar, S.Pd who have shared everything
before the writer started to learn English in State University of Medan
•
Brando Teo Hutagaol, S.E his Beloved Breath who always shares
everything.
•
Merry Ana Simanjuntak and the Family who have given the great
helps and supports through the days.
•
Her Greatest Elite Team, Batara Silaban S.Kom and Faldo Hia for the
great support and helps.
•
The people who direct or indirectly contributed in this study, your
kindness means a lot to her.
At long last, humbly thank to her better half for the marvelous word
so called love.
Medan,
Maret 2016
The writer,
NancyKristianiPanggabean
NIM. 209220034
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
DECLARATION............................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................ii
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................v
LIST OF TABLES.........................................................................................viii
LIST OF APPENDIXES .............................................................................ix
CHAPTER I:INTRODUCTION ................................................................1
A. The Background of the Study .......................................................1
B. The Problem of the Study .............................................................4
C. The Scope of the Study .................................................................4
D. The Objective of the Study ...........................................................4
E. The Significance of the Study .......................................................5
CHAPTER II:REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................6
A. Linguistics .....................................................................................6
B. Metaphor in English ......................................................................7
C. Function of Metaphor ....................................................................8
1. Filling Lexical Gaps.............................................................9
2. Explanation and Modeling ...................................................9
3. Reconceptualization..............................................................10
4. Argument by Analogy .........................................................10
5. Ideology, the Latent Function ...............................................11
6. Expressing Emotional Attitude.............................................12
7. Decoration, Disguise, and Hyperbole ...................................13
8. Cultivating Intimacy .............................................................13
D. The types of Metaphor ..................................................................14
a. Active Metaphor......................................................................14
b. Inactive Metaphor....................................................................14
c. Subjective Metaphor................................................................15
v
d. Mimetic Metaphor.....................................................................15
e. Phenomenalistic Metaphor........................................................15
f. Precision Metaphor....................................................................16
g. Symbolism Metaphor................................................................16
h. Approximate Metaphor.............................................................16
E. Metaphorical Patterns in the English Lexicon ...............................16
1) General Reifying.....................................................................17
2) Specific Reifying.......................................................................17
3) Animizing and Personifying Metaphors....................................18
4) Materializing Abstract Process..................................................19
5) Process.......................................................................................19
6) Object or Substance...................................................................19
7) Categories of Root Analogy and Preconceptual Experience..20
F. Parts of Metaphor.............................................................................20
G. Features of Metaphor.......................................................................21
1. Conventionality.........................................................................21
2. Systematic.................................................................................22
3. Asymmetry................................................................................22
4. Abstraction................................................................................22
H. Speech in General............................................................................23
I. Political Speech.................................................................................24
J. Barack Obama Biography.................................................................26
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD ..................................................29
A. Research Design ...........................................................................29
B. Source of the Data ........................................................................29
C. Techniques of Collecting Data .....................................................29
D. Techniques of Analyzing Data .....................................................30
CHAPTER IV: DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS......................................31
A. The Data ........................................................................................31
B. The Data Analysis ........................................................................31
C. Metaphorical Patterns in Barack Obama .......................................31
vi
1. General Reifying.....................................................................32
2. Animizing and Personifying Metaphors.................................32
3. Materializing Abstract Process...............................................33
4. Process....................................................................................34
5. Object or Substance................................................................34
D. Why the Metaphorical Patterns use in Barack Obama
Speeches...............................................................................................35
1. The ways How Metaphorical Patterns in Barack Obama are
used......................................................................................................36
E. Findings...........................................................................................40
F. Discussion.......................................................................................40
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION..............................44
A. Conclusion.....................................................................................44
B. Suggestion.....................................................................................44
REFERENCES ...........................................................................................45
APPENDICES
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 4.1
Total Number Percentage of A More Perfect Union Speech ..................37
Table 4.2
Total Number Percentage of NIH Address on Ebola Vaccine Research
Potential ........................................................................................................38
Table 4.3
Total Number Percentage of both of the speeches ....................................39
viii
LIST OF APPENDIXES
Pages
APPENDIX A .................................................................................................
45
APPENDIX B .................................................................................................
50
ix
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Language plays an important role in human daily life. People use language
to communicate with others. To communicate is to express a certain attitude.
When people communicate with others, they actually produce an utterance as type
of action. As an instrument of communication, language has the systematic
arbitration it is utilized by the society to cooperate, interact, and identify
themselves, it means that language has the ability to solve problems in society
itself, and language is agreed by group of people who speak the language to label
something which used to interact and communicate. It is natural for humans to
have language, but the ways in which meanings are communicated through
language are an expression of an understanding of one concept in terms of another
concept. So, we tend to communicate with two kinds of language that involve
literal and figurative meaning in order to explore the nature of meaning from one
concept in terms of another concept in a careful and thoughtful way. In literal
language, have previously matched certain characteristics of the object when refer
literally to a newly encountered object what is said exactly. Meanwhile, figurative
language is the opposite of literal language because in figurative language will
explain the reality something being thought of and become an object. The obvious
thing is that speaker can make their thoughts and feelings and intentions known to
other speaker of the language and can understand what others say. And according
1
2
to the Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. (2012: 180187), figurative language acts as signifiers in texts and also helps the literary artist
in achieving beauty in form. The ability requires possession of the words and how
to recognize by others through the choice of a vocabulary where words are used in
a non literal way. But, also compare the reality to another object or situation as a
way of associating unlike things to generate new meanings. And of course, what
we want to express and how to find out the meanings in what other people say,
should have the powerful words to make ordinary strange and give us a joyful
feeling about the object. So, there are two types of figurative language, they are:
an effect such as rhyme which changes the structure of language without effecting
its meaning and one which does effect the meaning and one which does the
meaning such as metaphor.
Thus,Knowless and Moon (2006: 2) stated that metaphor is the use of
language to refer to something other than what it was originally applied to. It
means that it describes the metaphors we use the structure of our thinking, hiding,
some features of the phenomena, and highlighting others. In addition, metaphors
are used to understand concepts in term of concrete concept. And by using
metaphors shows us new ways of perceiving humans experiences. In this case,
metaphor is recognized as an important way of thinking constructing analogies
and making connections. The relationship between ideas an important way of
using language explain abstract ideas or to find indirect but powerful ways of
conveying feelings. And in The Journal of Philosophy, Volume 77, Issue 8 (1980:
453 – 486) about Conceptual Metaphor in Everyday Language stated that
3
metaphor is most for most people a device of the poetic imagination and the
rhetorical flourish-a matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary language.
Moreover, metaphor is typically viewed as characteristic of language alone, a
matter of words rather than thought.
By investigating people using metaphors, we need to distinguish the
objects or concepts from the language used to express them, in which the use of
metaphor can give expression of an understanding of one concept in terms of
another concept. These are some similarities of correlation to understand the
conceptualizations as individual and as participants in social life. People can
convey their ideas and feelings into literature and art works using metaphor either
poetry, novel, drama, film, or speech. They will be influenced by social, political,
and their own experiences. Thus, the interpretation and interplay of metaphors can
be found out from the speech of Barack Obama. Metaphors are used to express
the thoughts and feelings or each speech can describes experiences, ideas,
ideology, emotion, feeling, etc. the author in the speech not only expresses the
thoughts and feelings. The author’s feelings can be indicated in the speech and has
a function for the social control for the other people. So, the author involves
metaphors and people can be better to understand the emotions, attitudes, and
conceptualization as individual and as participants in social life. The writer is
interested in conducting this research because generally the readers including the
writer herself sometimes found some difficulties in understanding the meaning
from the speech, especially speech in Barack Obama. It is caused because the
4
speech writer merely uses figurative language in order to create speech to be more
interesting, memorable, and authentic.
B. The Problem of the Study
The problems of this study are formulated as the following:
1. What types of metaphorical patterns are found in Barack Obama speech?
2. Why the metaphorical patterns are used the way they are?
C. The Scope of the Study
This research is focused to analyze metaphor in Barack Obama
speech. The speech entitled A More Perfect Union, Philadelphia, March 18, 20
08 and NIH Addressed on Ebola Vaccine Research Potential, Bethesda
Maryland, December 2, 2014. The speech told about the differences of white
and black people in the past and the health care about Ebola vaccine research. So
Obama invited his people to work and live together.
D. The Objective of the Study
In relation of the problem, the objectives of this study are:
1. To find out the pattern of metaphor in Barack Obama’s speech.
2. To find out how are the metaphorical patterns used in Barack Obama’s
speech.
5
E.The Significance of the Study
Finding of the study are expected to give some knowledge:
1. Useful forstudents who want to improve their knowledge about Metaphor
especially the students in English department.
2. To guide people who are interested in studying Metaphor.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
After analyzing the data, some conclusions are drawn by as follows:
1. There are four of seven of metaphorical patterns found in the “A More Perfect
Union” speech uttered by Barack Obama namely general reifying, materializing
abstract process, process, and object or substance and five types of metaphorical
patterns in NIH Address on Ebola Vaccine Research Potential namely general
reifying, animizing and personifying metaphors, materializing abstract process,
process, and object or substance.
2. The metaphorical patterns used to show or to express the feeling, idea, and
situation in Barack Obama speech.
B. Suggestions
Based on the conclusions, the following suggestions are directed to:
1. Contribute to the English Department especially to the students who study
Metaphorical patterns to help them understand and comprehend it and enrich their
knowledge about metaphorical patterns.
2. Other researchers who want to do some researches about Metaphorical patterns
in other media beside speech as a comparison or source in conducting further
study.
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REFERENCES
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Geeraets, Dirk, 2010. Theories of Lexical Semantics. New York: Oxford
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Goatly, Andrew. 1997. The Language of Metaphors. New York: Routledge.
Halliday. 1985. The Notion of Grammatical Metaphor. Romero
Universidad de Grenada.
andSoria:
Knowles, M. and Moon, R. 2006.Introducing Metaphor. New York: Routledge.
Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. 1980. Conceptual Metaphor in Everyday
Language.The Journal of Philosophy, Inc. 453- 486
Nazir, Muhammad. 1998. MetodePenelitian. Jakarta: Galia Indonesia.
Saeed, Jhon I. 1997.Semantic. English: Blackwell Publisher.
Yeibo, Ebi. 2012. Journal of Language Teaching and Research. Academy
Publisher. 180 – 187
http://en.wikipedia.org/Linguistics. Accessed on May 30, 2015.
http://sixminutes.dlugan.com/rule-of-three-speeches-public-speaking.
on June 1, 2015.
Accessed
http://www.onlineartrights.org/issue/political-speech/political-speech.
on June 3, 2015.
Accessed
http://www.americanrhetoric.com/barackobamaspeeches. Accessed on June 3,
2015
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