Compact Dual Band FSS For Microwave Transmission.

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COMPACT DUAL BAND FSS FOR MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION

ISMATUZZULFA BINTI SHAHROWARDI

This Report Is Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Bachelor Degree of Electronic Engineering (Telecommunication Electronics)

Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

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UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN

PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II

Tajuk Projek : COMPACT DUAL BAND FSS FOR MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION _……… Sesi

Pengajian :

1 2 / 1 3

Saya ISMATUZZULFA BINTI SHAHROWARDI

………..

(HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.

2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.

3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.

4. Sila tandakan ( √ ) :

SULIT*

*(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

TERHAD** **(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

TIDAK TERHAD

Disahkan oleh:

__________________________ ___________________________________

(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (COP DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)

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iii

“I admit that this report is the result of my own work except for the summary and the passage of each of which was me explain the source."

Sign : ...

Author’s Name : ISMATUZZULFA BINTI SHAHROWARDI

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"I / we hereby declare that I have read this in my / our work is sufficient in scope and quality for the award of a Bachelor of Electronic Engineering (Telecommunication

Electronics)."

Sign : ... Supervisor’s Name : ... Date : ...

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To my dearest and respected parents,

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful to the Almighty, Allah (S.W.T). All praises are due to Him, with His blessing this project report has finally come to an end. It has been completed

through all the hardship and ease. All the courage and strength I’ve got to complete and

finish this report are all from Him. Alhamdulillah, in coping with this project there are lots of people who are constantly standing by my side and helping me without any discontent. Much thanks and gratitude I reward upon them.

A deepest appreciation and thankfulness to my supervisor, Mr. Mohamad Zoinol Abidin bin Abd. Aziz for his much patience, tolerance, kindness, never-ending guidance, and all the lessons and teachings. Truthfully, those lessons from him I will never gain from anyone or anywhere else. I really did appreciate that and also all his advices for me in finishing this project. Thank you again and again. May Allah bless him. Amin.

Also for the most important person in my life, I would like to express a huge thankful to my beloved parents Hj. Shahrowardi bin Jazuli and Pn. Nurhidayati binti Hj. Mohd Ihsan for patiently and constantly supporting and loving me unconditionally. They are irreplaceable. Also not forgotten, to my dearest sister and brother for always being there whenever I need them. Lastly, to all my precious friends and seniors that never get bored of me and always helping and supporting me, an infinite thank you to all of your kindness.

Again, I really did appreciate all the supports from all of you in completing this project. Without you people in my life, I might not be this far. Thank you.

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vii

ABSTRACT

One of the system engineering used in wireless technology is FSS which is stands for Frequency Selective Surface. The characteristic of FSS is capable to filter the desired signals or waves pass through the surface while any other unwanted signals or waves will be reflected back. In the wireless communication system, almost every wireless technology uses radio waves to communicate, specifically in microwave transmission. These signals or waves might be interfered with each other. Therefore, these signals must be isolated and the interference must be reduced. The objective of this project is to design a compact dual-band FSS for microwave transmission at a frequency of 2.4GHz and 5.2GHz. The technique used to achieve dual-band FSS is by using a double loop structure. This FSS is compactly designed whereby the FSS is capable in resonating dual pass band signal in a single unit structure. The compact design is required since many applications have a very limited space. The FSS was designed and simulated by using CST Studio Suite software. The result of the simulation shows an average return loss of -27.2dB at a resonant frequency of 2.4GHz, whereas -18.5dB at 5.2GHz. Meanwhile, the measurement results shows an average of -17.2dB return loss at 2.4GHz and -16.8dB at 5.2GHz. Some of the applications of FSS are RADOME, sub-reflectors of antenna, spatial signal filtering, energy saving glass (ESG), and satellite communications.

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viii

ABSTRAK

Salah satu daripada sistem kejuruteraan yang digunakan dalam teknologi wayarles adalah FSS, (Frequency Selective Surface). Ciri-ciri yang terdapat pada FSS mampu menapis isyarat dan gelombang yang dikehendaki melepasi permukaannya manakala sebarang gelombang yang tidak dikehendaki akan dipantulkan semula. Dalam sistem komunikasi wayarless, hampir setiap teknologi wayarles menggunakan gelombang radio untuk berhubung, secara khususnya dalam penghantaran gelombang mikro. Isyarat atau gelombang ini mungkin akan terganggu antara satu sama lain. Oleh itu, isyarat ini haruslah diasingkan dan gangguan haruslah dikurangkan. Objektif projek ini adalah untuk merekacipta dwi-jalur FSS yang kompak sebagai penghantaran gelombang mikro pada frekuensi 2.4GHz dan 5.2GHz. Teknik yang digunakan untuk mencapai dwi-jalur FSS adalah dengan menggunakan struktur gelung berganda. FSS ini direkacipta secara kompak dimana ianya mampu beresonansi pada isyarat melepasi dwi-jalur dalam struktur unit tunggal. Rekabentuk kompak ini diperlukan kerana banyak aplikasi yang mempunyai ruang yang terhad. FSS ini direkabentuk dan disimulasi menggunakan perisian CST Studio Suite. Keputusan simulasi menunjukkan purata return loss sebanyak -27.2dB pada resonan frekuensi 2.4GHz, manakala -18.5dB pada 5.2GHz. Keputusan ukuran pula menunjukkan purata return loss sebanyak -17.2dB pada resonan frekuensi 2.4GHz dan -16.8dB pada 5.2GHz. Antara aplikasi FSS adalah RADOME, sub-reflektor antena, penapisan ruang isyarat, kaca penjimatan tenaga (ESG), dan komunikasi satelit.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE

PROJECT TITLE i

VERIFICATION FORM ii

DECLARATION iii

DEDICATION v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi

ABSTRACT vii

ABSTRAK viii

TABLE OF CONTENT ix LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF FIGURES xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv LIST OF SYMBOLS xvi LIST OF APPENDICES xviii

I INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND 1

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2

1.3 OBJECTIVE 3

1.4 SCOPE OF PROJECT 3

1.5 METHODOLOGY 3

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II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO FSS 7

2.2 ELEMENT TYPES OF FSS 8

2.2.1 Center Connected 10

2.2.2 Loop Types 12

2.2.3 Solid Interior Types 13

2.3 RESONANT FREQUENCY 14

2.4 BANDWIDTH 14

2.5 REFLECTION COEFFICIENT AND

TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT CURVES 15

2.6 SINGLE BAND FSS 16

2.7 DUAL BAND FSS 17

III COMPACT DUAL BAND FSS DESIGN

3.1 FSS DESIGN 19

3.1.1 Single Loop FSS Design (Design A) 20 3.1.2 Double Loop Shapes FSS Design

(Design B) 22

3.1.3 Double Loop Of Combination Shapes FSS

Design (Design C) 23

3.2 DESIGN SPECIFICATION OF THE FSS 24

3.3 SIMULATION PROCESS 25

3.4 FABRICATION PROCESS 28

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IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 SIMULATION RESULTS 31

4.1.1 Single Square Loop (Design A1) 32 4.1.2 Single Circular Loop (Design A2) 34 4.1.3 Single Triangular Loop (Design A3) 34 4.1.4 Comparison of Single Loop FSS 35 4.1.5 Double Square Loop (Design B1) 36 4.1.6 Double Circular Loop (Design B2) 39 4.1.7 Double Triangular Loop (Design B3) 40 4.1.8 Combination of Square and Circular

Loop Shape (Design C1) 41

4.1.9 Combination of Circular and

Square Loop Shape (Design C2) 42 4.1.10 Combination of Triangular and

Square Loop Shape (Design C3) 43 4.2 COMPARISON OF DOUBLE LOOP FSS 44

4.3 MEASUREMENT RESULTS 45

V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION 48

5.2 RECOMMENDATION 49

REFERENCE 50

APPENDIX A 54

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xii

LIST OF TABLES

NO TITLE PAGE

4.1 Comparison for Return Loss between Single Loop FSS 36

4.2 Comparison of Double Loop FSS 44

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xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

NO TITLE PAGE

1.1 2.1

Flowchart of the project methodology Gangbuster element

5 10

2.2 Unloaded tri-pole array 11

2.3 Jerusalem element 11

2.4 Four-legged loaded element 12

2.5 Square loop element 13

2.6 Ring loop element 13

3.1 Side view of loop type FSS 20

3.2 Back view of FSS 21

3.3 Front view of (a) Single square loop, (b) Single circular loop, and (c) Single triangular loop of FSS

3.4 Design Parameter for each Design A1, A2, and A3 22 3.5 Front view of design (a) Double square loop, (b) Double

circular loop, and (c) Double triangular loop FSS

3.6 Front view of a combination of double loop shapes Design; (a) Design C1, (b) Design C2, (c) Design C3

3.7 Waveguide port in the negative z-direction 25

3.8 The simulation of the basic square loop structure 26 3.9 The simulation of the double square loop structure 26

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xiv 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14

Simulation of the double loop structure with a combination of different shape

Flowchart of the fabrication process of the FSS

Front view of fabricated FSS; (a) Design B1 and (b) Design B3

Front view of fabricated FSS; (a) Design C1, (b) Design C2, and (c) Design C3

The measurement setup to measure the fabricated FSS

28 29

30 4.1 The transmission coefficient and the reflection coefficient for

Design A1

4.2 The parametric study on the width of the loop (S11) 33 4.3 The parametric study on the width of the loop (S21) 33 4.4 The transmission coefficient and the reflection coefficient for

Design A2

4.5 The S11 and S21 for single triangular loop design 35

4.6 S11 and S21 for Design B1 37

4.7 Parametric study on the width of the outer loop of Design B1 37 4.8 Parametric Study on the Width of the Inner Loop of Design

4.9 S11 and S21 for Design B2 39

4.10 Parametric study on the width of the outer loop for Design B2 40

4.11 S11 and S21 for Design B3 41

4.12 S11 and S21 for Design C1 42

4.13 S11 and S21 for Design C2 43

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

EM - Electromagnetic

FSS - Frequency Selective Surface GPS - Global Positioning System

IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers PCB - Printed Circuit Board

RADOME - Radar Dome

RF - Radio Frequency

UV - Ultraviolet

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xvi

LIST OF SYMBOLS

c - Length of Loop

d - Distance Between Transmitter And Receiver

dB - Decibel

, - Inter-Element Spacing E-field - Electric Field

f - Frequency

- _{Resonant Frequency}

G - Giga

GHz - Giga Hertz

Hz - Hertz

l - Length of Loop

L - Length of Substrate

LC - Inductor-Capacitor

mm - Millimeter

r - Radius of the Circular Loop - Receiver

s - Width of Loop

S11 - Reflection Coefficient S21 - Transmission Coefficient

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xvii

S1 - Length Of Inner Loop From The Center Of FSS S2 - Lengt of Outer Loop From the Center of FSS

Tx - Transmitter

W - Width Of Subsrrate

- Dielectric Constant

- Effective Dielectric

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xviii

LIST OF APPENDICES

NO TITLE PAGE

A Parametric Study on the Width of the Loop 54

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter discussed about the introduction of this project such as the general information about FSS, the problem statement, objective, scope of the project, the project methodology, and explanation about the project organization.

1.1 Background

The wireless communication technology has been developed rapidly these recent years. The most common wireless technologies use the electromagnetic wireless telecommunications which is used in so many kinds of applications. Some of the most popular applications of electromagnetic wireless telecommunications are radio, cellular telephones, GPS, satellite television, broadcast television, and wireless networking.

In the wireless telecommunication systems, there are so many types of microwave signals in the space or in the thin air that cannot be seen by human eyes. All those microwave signals are actually transmitted all over in the air. Since the uses of wireless technologies are very widespread among humans in all over the world, it cannot be imagined on how those signals can be transmitted and received purely for its

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application. The microwave signals should be transmitted directly to its particular receiver without any disturbances or any other interference.

Therefore, in some certain applications, the use of signal filter is very significant in order to obtain only the required signals from space. This is where the used of Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) become significant. The use of FSS is to reduce interference between signals and it also acts as a signal filter. It only allows the required signals to pass through a particular surface and reflect all any other unwanted signals to the air.

1.2 Problem Statement

In the wireless communication system, almost every wireless technology uses radio waves to communicate, specifically in microwave transmission. But since many devices share frequencies which can cause interference, the signals need to be isolated and separated from any other unwanted signals.

Furthermore, as for any particular applications, there are only certain particular signals are required. In order to avoid those random signals from mixing or interfere with each other, the required signals need to be filtered. Thus, the Frequency Selective Surface let the useful waves to pass across and at the same time it will reflect all any other unwanted waves.

Since Wireless Local Area network (WLAN) technologies are very widely used nowadays, this project will adapt its requirements into the design of the compact dual-band Frequency Selective Surface. Besides that, the FSS is to be designed in a compact structure so that the system will be more efficient and also for mobility since most of the wireless technology has a very limited space.

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1.3 Objective

The objective of this project is to design the dual-band compact Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) for microwave transmission at frequency of 2.4GHz and 5.2GHz.

1.4 Scope of Project

The scope of this project is to design a compact dual band FSS at a frequency of 2.4GHz and 5.2GHz by using CST Studio Suite software. Then, the designed structure is simulated using the same software to obtain the S-parameters which are S11 and S21 which represents the reflection coefficient and the transmission coefficient, respectively. The simulated FSS designed were then fabricated on the FR4 Board by using chemical etching. Lastly, the fabricated FSS designs were measured by using the network analyzer in order to obtain the reflection coefficient and the transmission coefficient. The results from the simulation and the measurement will be compared and discussed further in Chapter IV.

1.5 Methodology

In designing this project, the first method to be implemented is the literature review. Any reviews about the general information of FSS, techniques to design basic FSS, techniques to achieve single band and dual band FSS, and technique to obtain the required resonant frequency for the FSS, has been studied through the journals, technical papers, books, and some websites.

After the literature review has been done, the FSS structure is started to be designed. There are four elements in designing the FSS that should be considered which are the design structure, the design material, the design parameters, and the design

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process. The design structure is basically the structure of the FSS itself, and the design material is obviously the material used for the designed FSS whereby an FR4 board is used as the substrate, and copper (annealed) is used as the conducting patch. The design parameters are the symbol or any alphabet used in order to name all the parameters of the design such as the length, width, or the radius. Lastly, the design process is a process in obtaining every parameter that has been named earlier. The process include some calculation or by using parametric study.

Then, the simulation of the designed FSS can be run using CST Studio Suite software. The simulation was carried out to gain the S-parameters which are S11 and S21 which indicate the reflection coefficient and the transmission coefficient, respectively.

After the result of the designed FSS from simulation has been obtained and satisfied the design specification, it was then fabricated on FR4 board using chemical etching process. The fabricated designs were finally measured to obtain the S-parameters. The measurement of the FSS has been done by setting up two horn antennas acted as receiving and transmitting antennas, while the FSS under test was then placed in between the horn antennas. The input and the output of the antennas were connected to the network analyzer, so that it could shows the S-parameters obtained. Figure 1.1 shows the flowchart of the methodology of this project.

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Figure 1.1: Flowchart of the Project Methodology

1.6 Organization of the Report

This report has been organized in five chapters. For the first chapter, it is discussing about the introduction of the project. It consists of six sub-titles, firstly it discuss about the background of the project, or the general information about the project. Then, there are some explanations on the problem statement of the project, the brief objective of the project, the project scope, the project methodology.

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Chapter II of this report will be discussing about the literature review on the project. The chapter will explain in details on the information of the FSS, and all the techniques used to achieve single band and dual band. All the reviews were obtained from the research in the journals, technical papers, books, and some reliable source on the websites.

As for Chapter III, it will be discussing on the methodology of the project. All the steps taken in order to design the proposed FSS will be clarified. Starting from the design of the basic FSS structure, until the design of dual band structure of variety structures, the methods will be discussed.

In Chapter IV, the content to be discussed is about the results of the simulation and the measurement of the designed FSS. There are several designs that has been fabricated and measured. All the measurement results were to be compared with the simulation result obtained. All the comparison has been tabulated so that it is easier to be observed. The chapter will be discussing further about the structures affecting the results and which design has the best performance.

Lastly in Chapter V, it is a conclusion and a recommendation chapter. This chapter will conclude about the whole project. It will be enlightened the results of different structures and the best structure that meets the design specification. Besides, the chapter also pointed a brief discussion on the recommendation of the future work.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

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application. The microwave signals should be transmitted directly to its particular receiver without any disturbances or any other interference.

1.2 Problem Statement

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1.3 Objective

The objective of this project is to design the dual-band compact Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) for microwave transmission at frequency of 2.4GHz and 5.2GHz.

1.4 Scope of Project

which represents the reflection coefficient and the transmission coefficient, respectively. The simulated FSS designed were then fabricated on the FR4 Board by using chemical etching. Lastly, the fabricated FSS designs were measured by using the network analyzer in order to obtain the reflection coefficient and the transmission coefficient. The results from the simulation and the measurement will be compared and discussed further in Chapter IV.

1.5 Methodology

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Then, the simulation of the designed FSS can be run using CST Studio Suite software. The simulation was carried out to gain the S-parameters which are S11 and S21

which indicate the reflection coefficient and the transmission coefficient, respectively.

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Figure 1.1: Flowchart of the Project Methodology

1.6 Organization of the Report

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