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D. Types of teaching procedures
Communicative Language Teaching CLT has been widely implemented because it is based on the general principles of communicative competence as the
goal of second language learning, and communicative syllabus and methodology as the ways for achieving this goal. Two of the trends of communicative methodology
are PPP Presentation, Practice, and Presentation and Text-Based Instructions, and they are popular in the English as the foreign language teaching in Indonesia.
The lesson that is based on PPP has a language aim. In a PPP lesson the teacher presents new language in a context, gets students to practice it in controlled
practice activities, and asks the students to use the new language in less controlled activities, in a communicative way Spratt, et al, 2005. They also state that PPP
approach gives students opportunity to practice language in a safe learning environment to minimize mistakes. Therefore, it can build the students confidence.
In a PPP lesson there are nine steps that may be followed Spratt, et al, 2005: 63.
The teacher first contextualizes the new language, i.e. puts it into a situation which shows what it means.
The teacher makes sure that the students remember previously studied language needed to practice the new language by eliciting, and by doing a choral drill.
The teacher presents the new language and the students just listen. The students then say sentences including the new language in a very controlled
or restricted practice activity, i.e. one in which they can use only the new language and without making mistakes.
The teacher tells students about the grammatical use of the new language. The teacher asks the students concept questions, i.e. questions that check their
understanding of the use or meaning of the new language. The students carry out another controlled practice activity.
The students do less controlled or freer practice using the new language.
Communicative competence is viewed as the mastery of functions also needed in the communication. Vocabulary and grammar are chosen according to the
10 functions taught. The sequence of activities in the PPP lesson cycle then can be used
to present and practice functions Richards, 2006: 50. PPP sees communicative competence as the mastery of language features
and functions, while Text-Based Instruction, or Genre-Based Approach, enables the learners to have communicative competence that involves the mastery of different
kinds of written and spoken texts used in specific contexts. According to Feez and Joyze 1998, TBI is based on an approach to teaching language involving:
teaching explicitly about the structures and grammatical features of spoken and written texts
linking spoken and written texts to the cultural context of their use designing units of work focusing on developing skills in relation to whole texts
providing students with guided practice as they develop language skills for
meaningful communication through whole texts
The texts included in the curriculum School-Based Curriculum are: A. Short functional texts: e.g. Announcement, advertisement, invitation, memo,
letters personal and business letters, conversations, etc. B. Essays:
1 for junior high schools: descriptive, procedure, recount, narrative, report
2 For senior high schools: recount, narrative, procedure, descriptive, news item,
report, analytic and hortatory expositions, spoof, explanation, discussion, review, popular and authentic
literary works.
The cycle of teaching and learning activities in TBI consists of five stages, i.e. Building the context, Modeling and deconstructing the text, Joint construction of
the text, Independent construction of the text, and Linking related texts. Feez and Joyce 1998: 28-31 give the following description how the cycle is implemented.
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Building the context
In this stage students: are introduced to the social context of an authentic model of the text-type being
studied explore feature of the general cultural context in which the text-type is used and
the social purposes the text-type achieves explore the immediate context of situation by investigating the register of a
model text which has been selected on the basis of the course objectives and learners need
Context-building activities include: presenting the context through pictures, audio-visual material, realia, excursion,
field trips, guest speakers etc. establishing the social purpose through discussions or surveys
cross-cultural activities related research activities
comparing the model text with other texts of the same or contrasting type
Modelling and deconstructing the text
In this stage students: investigate the structural pattern and language features of the model
compare the model with other examples of the text-type
The sample at each level of language are outlined in the following table. Text-level activities
Presentation activities using devices such as charts, board, LCD etc.
Sorting, matching, and labelling activities Activities focusing on cohesive devices
Clause-level activities Presentation and practice activities relating to the
12 grammatical features of the text
Expression-level activities Oral-aural, pronunciation, decoding, spelling,
handwriting or typing practice as needed for the use of the text-type
Joint construction of the text
In this stage: students begin to contributing to the construction of whole example of the
text-type the teacher gradually reduces the contribution to text construction, as the students
move closer to being able to control the text-type independently
Joint construction activities include: teacher questioning, discussing and ending whole class construction, then
scribing onto board or OHT skeleton texts
jigsaw and information gap activities small group construction of texts
dictogloss self-assessment and peer assessment activities
Independent construction of the text
In this stage: students work independently with the text
learner performances are used for achievement assessment
Independent construction activities include: listening tasks e.g. comprehension activities in response to live or recorded
material such as performing a task, sequencing pictures, numbering, ticking or underlining material on a worksheet, answering questions
13 speaking tasks e.g. spoken presentation to class, community, organization,
workplace, etc listening and speaking tasks e.g. role plays, simulated or authentic dialogues such
as performing a task, sequencing pictures, numbering, ticking or underlining material on a worksheet, answering questions
writing tasks which demand that students draft and present whole texts
Linking to related texts
In this stage students investigate how what they have learnt in this teachinglearning cycle can be related to:
other texts in the same or similar contexts future or pat cycles of teaching and learning
Activities which link the text-type to related texts include: comparing the use of the text-type across different fields
researching other text-types used in the same field role-playing what happens if the same text-type is used by people with different
roles and relationships comparing spoken and written models of the same test-type
researching how a key language feature used in this text-type is used in other
text-types
The following is an example of a lesson plan based on Text-based Instruction.
RENCANA PELAKSANAAN PEMBELAJARAN RPP
Satuan Pendidikan : SMPMTs .... KelasSemester
: VII1 Mata Pelajaran : Bahasa Inggris
Jenis Teks :
Announcement Short Functional Text
Keterampilan : Menulis Alokasi Waktu : 2 x 40 menit 1 pertemuan
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A. STANDAR KOMPETENSI