Bahan-Insisiasi-1minggu-ke2-2-Mod2-IRIS

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Chapter 18

Information Resources

Information Systems

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E Raymond McLeod, Jr. and George Schell

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Information Resources

Include:

 Specialists Specialists

– _{Systems analysts, programmers, database}_{Systems analysts, programmers, database}

administrators, network specialists, operations administrators, network specialists, operations

personnel, and others personnel, and others

 Hardware Hardware  SoftwareSoftware  UsersUsers

 DataData

 InformationInformation

Represents a large organizational

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Information Specialists



Most located in the information services

unit



There is a trend to locate specialists

throughout the firm



Actual organization chart depends on the

needs of the firm

(4)

A Functional Organization Structure

for Information Services

Network manager Manager of computer operations Manager of systems maintenance Manager of systems administration CIO Manager of systems development Systems analyst Systems analyst Operations personnel Database administrators Network specialists Programmers Programmers

(5)

Information Resources



Most are located in information services



Most that are centrally located are CIO’s

responsibility



Those located in functional areas are the

responsibility of the area manager

(6)

Model of an IRIS

 Input subsystemsInput subsystems

– AIS_AIS

– Information resources research_{Information resources research} – Information resources intelligence_{Information resources intelligence}

 Output subsystemsOutput subsystems

– Hardware_Hardware – Software_Software

– Human resources_{Human resources}

– Data and Information_{Data and Information} – Integrated resource_{Integrated resource}

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A Model of an Information Resources

Information System

D at ab as e Accounting information system Information resources research subsystem Information resources intelligence subsystem Hardware subsystem Software subsystem Human resources subsystem Data and information subsystem Integrated resource subsystem In te rn al so ur ce s E nv iro nm en ta l s ou rc es _Users

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Information Resources

Research Subsystem



Describes functions involved in special

research projects within the firm



Performed by systems analysts interacting

with users

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Information Resources

Intelligence Subsystem

 Describes functions involved in gathering Describes functions involved in gathering

information from elements in the firm’s information from elements in the firm’s

environment environment

– Government_Government

– Suppliers_Suppliers

– _{Labor unions}_{Labor unions}

– Global community_{Global community}

– Customers_Customers

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CIO Responsibilities

 Can be top-level executive who participates on Can be top-level executive who participates on

executive and MIS steering committee

 Contributes to strategic planning for firm and IS Contributes to strategic planning for firm and IS

functions

 Primary source of leadership for:Primary source of leadership for:

– Achieving and maintaining information quality_{Achieving and maintaining information quality} – Keeping information resources secure_{Keeping information resources secure}

– _{Planning for contingencies}_{Planning for contingencies}

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Achieving Quality Products

and Services

1) Identify IS customers

– MIS steering committee_{MIS steering committee}

– Use of a formal system works best_{Use of a formal system works best}

2) Define customer quality needs

– _{Product quality needs}_{Product quality needs} – _{Service quality needs}_{Service quality needs}

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IS Takes Six Basic Steps in

Achieving Quality Management

1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6

Identify IS customers

Define customer quality needs

Establish quality metrics

Define quality strategy

Implement IS quality programs

Monitor IS quality performance

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Comparison of How IS and Middle-Level

Manager-Users Perceive Product Quality

Accurate 4.91 4.88 4.89

Trusts output 4.90 4.86 4.87

Works as specified 4.75 4.73 4.73

User friendly 4.50 4.75 4.68

Relevant 4.59 4.53 4.53

Fast response time 4.12 4.55 4.42 Meets all user needs 4.22 4.48 4.41

No downtime 3.96 4.25 4.16

Delivered on time 3.80 4.16 4.05

Has user documentation 4.21 3.93 4.01 Can be changed quickly 3.84 4.04 3.98 Delivered on budget 3.45 3.67 3.61 Low cost of operation 3.19 3.49 3.40 Has programmer documentation 3.74 3.23 3.39 Uses new technology 3.04 3.28 3.21

Dimension IS User Aggregate Perceived Value

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Achieving Quality Products

and Services [cont.]

3) Establish quality metrics

3) Establish quality metrics – Information _Informationproductproduct quality quality

– Information _Informationserviceservice quality quality

4) Define the IS quality strategy

4) Define the IS quality strategy – Recruiting and training_{Recruiting and training}

– User-oriented systems development _{User-oriented systems development}

» Market analysis_{Market analysis}

» Product acceptance analysis_{Product acceptance analysis} » Task analysis_{Task analysis}

» Prototype tests_{Prototype tests}

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Basic Competencies Expected

of IS Job Applicants

1. Concern for effectiveness 2. Initiative

3. Enthusiasm for work 4. Self-confidence

5. Concern with impact

6. Interpersonal astuteness 7. Conceptual thinking

8. Analytical thinking

9. Effective communication 10. Flexibility

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Special Attention to Human Factors

Ensures That Users’ Needs are

Incorporated

into Systems Designs

_1.

Planning phase 2. Analysis phase 3. Design phase 4. Implementation phase 5. Use phase Conduct a market analysis

Conduct a product acceptance analysis Conduct a task analysis Conduct Conduct operational system tests

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Achieving Quality Products

and Services [cont.]

5) Implement IS quality programs 5) Implement IS quality programs

– Implementation varies with firm_{Implementation varies with firm}

6) Monitor IS quality 6) Monitor IS quality

(18)

Security Objectives



Confidentiality



Availability



Integrity

Current attention is focused on malicious software such as

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Integrity Integrity Availability Availability Information Information Unauthorized Unauthorized useuse Unauthorized Unauthorized disclosure disclosure and theft and theft Unauthorized Unauthorized destruction and destruction and Unauthorized Unauthorized modification modification Security Security ConfidentialityConfidentiality

Unauthorized Acts Threaten System Security Unauthorized Acts Threaten System Security

Objectives Objectives

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Identification Authentication

Authorization User

Profiles

Access control

files

Database Software library

Audit log Report

writer Security

reports

Users

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Access Control



Identification

– What you know (password) or _{What you know (password) or} – Where you are (terminal location)_{Where you are (terminal location)}



Authentication

– What you have (badge)_{What you have (badge)}



Authorization

– _{Level of use}_{Level of use}

High-grade threats are from sophisticated

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Contingency Planning

 Emergency planEmergency plan

 Backup planBackup plan

– Redundancy_Redundancy – _Diversity_Diversity – Mobility_Mobility

» _{Reciprocal agreement}_{Reciprocal agreement} » Hot site_{Hot site}

» Cold site_{Cold site} » Empty shell_{Empty shell}

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Vital Records Plan

 Electronic vaultingElectronic vaulting

– _{Day end backup of files electronically}_{Day end backup of files electronically}

 Remote journalingRemote journaling

– _{Transmission of transaction data as the transactions}_{Transmission of transaction data as the transactions}

occur

– _{Used to update remote database in batch form later}_{Used to update remote database in batch form later}

 Database shadowingDatabase shadowing

– _{Involves updating of duplicate database at remote site}_{Involves updating of duplicate database at remote site}

as transaction occur

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Cost-Reduction Strategies



Consolidation

– Reduces number of separate locations for _{Reduces number of separate locations for} information resources

information resources

– _{Easiest to achieve in terms of information}_{Easiest to achieve in terms of information} resources

resources

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Cost-Reduction Strategies

[cont.]



Downsizing

– Migrating to smaller platforms_{Migrating to smaller platforms} – Advantage of cost reduction_{Advantage of cost reduction}

– _{Advantage of increased productivity with PCs}_{Advantage of increased productivity with PCs} located in user areas

located in user areas – _{Risk of lost security}_{Risk of lost security}

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Cost-Reduction Strategies

[cont.]



Outsourcing

– Data entry and simple processing (editing, _{Data entry and simple processing (editing,} formatting)

formatting)

– _{Contract programming}_{Contract programming}

– _{Facilities management (FM)}_{Facilities management (FM)} – _{Systems integration (SI)}_{Systems integration (SI)}

– _{Support for maintenance, service, or disaster}_{Support for maintenance, service, or disaster} recovery

(27)

Objectives of Outsourcing



Manage costs better



Reduce



Contain



Predict



Obtain relief from systems maintenance so as

to concentrate on new system development



Acquire needed expertise

(28)

Information Management

in Three Pacific Rim

Countries



Countries were U.S., Korea, and Mexico



Centralization versus decentralization

– _{Most firms were centralized}_{Most firms were centralized}



CIO participation in strategic business

planning

– _{CIO has a long way to go before achieving}_{CIO has a long way to go before achieving} status as a top-level executive

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Information Management

in Three Pacific

Rim Countries [cont.]



Information systems planning

– Most firms have IS plan_{Most firms have IS plan}

– CIO is primarily responsible_{CIO is primarily responsible}



Sharing information resources with users

– _{In general, CIOs support end-user computing}_{In general, CIOs support end-user computing} trends

(30)

Proactive CIO Strategy

1) CIO must emphasize quality management of the 1) CIO must emphasize quality management of the

IS resource IS resource

2) Achieve strong user ties 2) Achieve strong user ties

3) Strengthen executive ties 3) Strengthen executive ties

4) Assemble an IS management team 4) Assemble an IS management team

5) Assemble staff competent in leading-edge 5) Assemble staff competent in leading-edge

technologies

technologies andand methodologies methodologies 6) Build an IRIS

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The Future of the CIO

 Business computing is moving from centralized to Business computing is moving from centralized to

decentralized computing in terms of:

decentralized computing in terms of: – Equipment_Equipment

– Development_Development – Decision making_{Decision making}

 CIO RolesCIO Roles

– Big brother_{Big brother} – Helping hand_{Helping hand} – Watchdog_Watchdog – Networker_Networker

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Equipment

Big brother

B Helping hand

D Network Watchdog C Decentralized Centralized Decentralized D ev el op m en t Decentralized Decis

ion m

aking

Centralized

Donovan’s Four Stages of Decentralized

Computing

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Summary



Information resources located in IS are the

responsibility of the CIO



IRIS is used to manage information resources

within an organization



CIO must:

– _{Promote quality information products and services}_{Promote quality information products and services} – Ensure security of IS_{Ensure security of IS}

(34)

Summary [cont.]



IS cost cutting considerations

– Consolidation_{Consolidation} – Downsizing_Downsizing – Outsourcing_Outsourcing

(1)

Information Management

in Three Pacific

Rim Countries [cont.]



Information systems planning

– Most firms have IS plan_{Most firms have IS plan}

– CIO is primarily responsible_{CIO is primarily responsible}



Sharing information resources with users

– _{In general, CIOs support end-user computing}_{In general, CIOs support end-user computing}

trends

(2)

Proactive CIO Strategy

1) CIO must emphasize quality management of the 1) CIO must emphasize quality management of the

IS resource IS resource

2) Achieve strong user ties 2) Achieve strong user ties

3) Strengthen executive ties 3) Strengthen executive ties

4) Assemble an IS management team 4) Assemble an IS management team

5) Assemble staff competent in leading-edge 5) Assemble staff competent in leading-edge

technologies

technologies andand methodologies methodologies 6) Build an IRIS

(3)

The Future of the CIO

 Business computing is moving from centralized to Business computing is moving from centralized to decentralized computing in terms of:

decentralized computing in terms of: – Equipment_Equipment

– Development_Development – Decision making_{Decision making}

 CIO RolesCIO Roles

– Big brother_{Big brother} – Helping hand_{Helping hand} – Watchdog_Watchdog – Networker_Networker

(4)

Equipment Big brother

B Helping hand

D Network Watchdog C Decentralized Centralized Decentralized D ev el op m en t Decentralized Decis

ion m aking

Centralized

Donovan’s Four Stages of Decentralized

Computing

(5)

Summary



Information resources located in IS are the

responsibility of the CIO



IRIS is used to manage information resources

within an organization



CIO must:

– _{Promote quality information products and services}_{Promote quality information products and services} – Ensure security of IS_{Ensure security of IS}

(6)

Summary [cont.]



IS cost cutting considerations

– Consolidation_{Consolidation} – Downsizing_Downsizing – Outsourcing_Outsourcing