In this research, adverbs of manner, adverbs of place, and adverbs of time are chosen as the material for vocabulary teaching because they were mostly used
and easy to understand.
2.3 Vocabulary achievement
Vocabulary is one of the most important aspects in learning language. Hornby 1995:1331 defines vocabulary as a total number of words with rules for
combining them to make up a language. Further, Webster 1997:1494 defines vocabulary as the collection of words that people know and use in speaking,
writing, and reading. It means that the more the students have vocabulary, the better they will understand a language in all skills.
Hornby 1995:10 defines that achievement is something achieved or done successfully with the effort of learning by the students. Achievement concerns
with the knowledge or skills that are expected to gain. Further, Heaton 1991:171- 172 defines vocabulary achievement as any result of what has been taught and
learnt by individuals or classes in relation to vocabulary. In short, vocabulary achievement is the st
udents’ ability to use words in expressing a particular thought or idea.
Based on the ideas, in this research, vocabulary achievement meant the students’ ability in using large vocabulary verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs in
the crossword puzzle game and in the sentences. It was indicated by their scores of vocabulary test done after the actions given in each cycle.
2.4 The Definition of Crossword Puzzles
Hadfield in Rahayu, 2002:9 states that a crossword puzzle is a kind of word game that obligates the students to fill the required words into the squares.
Hornby 1995:280 defines a crossword puzzle as a puzzle in which words have to be fitted across and downwards in a pattern of numbered spaces within a usually
square diagram. From these statements, in could be inferred that a crossword puzzle was a kind of word game in the form of puzzles in which the students had
to fill the required words from numbered clues into the squares vertically and
horizontally. In this research, the crossword puzzles were used as media for teaching vocabulary dealing with verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs
2.5 Kinds of Crossword Puzzles
