GENDER DIFFERENCES ON MALE AND FEMALE’S POLITICAL SPEECH.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This thesis has been written in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Magister Humaniora in English Applied Linguistics of Postgraduate School in the State University of Medan (UNIMED). Alhamdulillah, the writer is deeply grateful to ALLAH SWT for his blessings, so this thesis could be finished. It is a great for the writer to pleasure her deepest thanks and gratitudes to her advisers Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing,M.Pd and Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S. for their generous suggestion, assistance, advice and time they spent to guide the points of this manuscript, supervising of the work and for the invaluable guidance at the longtime and tremendous effort to offer every possible help to finish this thesis.

And the writer is genuinely appreciative of Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed as the head of LTBI (Linguistics Terapan Bahasa Inggris), Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M. Hum, and Bang Farid Ma’ruf who have assisted her in the process of administration requirement during the process of her study. Special thanks to the all lecturers of the English Applied Linguistics Program, State University of Medan who have given their valuable knowledge to her in their lectures.

And her thanks to her reviewers and Examiners Prof. Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd., Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd and Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed for their suggestions, encouragements and critisms to help the writer in finishing this thesis to be better one on the thesis proposal seminar and the research result seminar.

Then, the writer dedicates this thesis to her beloved parents Dra. Hj. Rosmaini, M.A and Harun Nasution as a strong and gentle soul who taught her to trust in ALLAH SWT, believe in hard work and pray earnestly, encouragement, continous care and patience. And also special thank for the whole families and friends who support her during the completion of this thesis.

Finally, she realizes that this thesis is not yet perfect format. Therefore, the constructive critism from readers aimed to improve this thesis will be highly appreciated. So, it can give significant contributions to study about gender and language in political discourse.

ABSTRACT

Nasution, Fathul Mulki. Gender Differences on Male and Female’s Political Speech. English Applied Linguistics Study Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan. 2016.

The objectives of this study were to describe the ways of male and female politicians deliver speech in political field, to derive the characteristics of male and female’s political speech and to elaborate the reason of male and female politicians deliver their political speech. This research conducted by applying descriptive qualitative research. The data of this study were 92 utterances of male politician and 51 utterances of female politician which were selected from male and female politicians’ presidential announcement speech in United State from year 2015. The findings showed that male and female politician used both report and rapport talk in delivering their speech. Male mostly used report talk than rapport talk in order to show his self confidence and his status, and used rapport talk to gain relationship with other to gain support while female combine the both talk types in almost same amounts tend to imitate male speech behavior in order to defend her status and gain relationship with others. Male politician frequently show the characteristic of male communication, such as; status, independence, advice, information and order in his way of delivering speech. While, female politician showed her support, intimacy, understanding, feeling, proposal in her speech. The reason why male politician used report talk whereas female politician used rapport talk is because male treats the language to give factual information, tease or thread other and show or keep his status and power, whereas female did it as a way to negotiate closeness and intimacy.

ABSTRAK

Nasution, Fathul Mulki. Perbedaan Gender pada Pidato Politik. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Program Pasca Sarjana Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan cara politikus laki-laki dan perempuan menyampaikan pidato poltik mereka, untuk memperoleh karakteristik penyampaian pidato dari politikus laki-laki dan perempuan dan untuk menjelaskan alas an politikus laki-laki dan perempuan menyampaikan pidato politik mereka. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menerapkan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Data dalam penelitian ini adalah 92 ungkapan politikus laki-laki dan 51 ungkapan politikus perempuan yang diseleksi dari pidato pengumuman sebagai calon president Amerika Serikat pada tahun 2015. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa baik politikus laki-laki dan perempuan menggunakan ke dua bentuk talk; report talk dan rapport talk dalam menyampaikan pidato mereka. Politikus laki-laki lebih banyak menggunakan report talk untuk menunjukkan kepercayaan dirinya dan status, dan menggunakan rapport untuk membangun hubungan dengan lainnya untuk memperoleh dukungan, sementara politikus perempuan menggunakan report dan rapport talk dalam jumlah yang hampir sama cenderung meniru gaya politikus laki-laki dalam menunjukkan statusnya dan membentuk hubungan dengan lawan bicara. Politikus laki-laki sering menunjukkan karakteristik komunikasi laki-laki, seperti : status, kebebasan, saran, informasi, dan perintah dalam meyampaikan pidatonya. Sedangkan, politikus perempuan mununjukkan karakteristik dukungan, pengertian, perasaan, usulan dan keakraban dalam menyampaikan pidato politiknya. Alasan mengapa politikus laki-laki menggunakan report talk adalah karena laki-laki-laki-laki memperlakukan bahasa sebagai sebuah cara untuk menyampaikan informasi, menyindir atau menyerang yang lain, dan untuk menunjukkan atau mempertahankan status dan kekuasaan, sedangkan perempuan memperlakukan bahasa sebagai suatu cara untuk membuat kedekatan dan keakraban.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... i

ABSTRACT ... ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv

LIST OF TABLES ... vii

LIST OF APPENDICES ... viii

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of the Study ... 1

1.2. Problem of Study ... 7

1.3. Objectives of Study ... 7

1.4. Scope of Study ... 7

1.5. Significance of Study ... 8

CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1. Sex and Gender ... 9

2.2. Gender in Language ... 10

iv

2.2.2. The characteristics of Male and Female language ... 17

2.2.3. The Reason Why Male and Female Speak Differently ... 20

2.3. Speech ... 21

2.3.1. Political Speech ... 24

2.4. Relevant Studies ... 26

2.5. Conceptual Framework ... 28

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. Research Design ... 30

3.2. Source of the Data ... 31

3.3. Instrument of Data Collection ... 32

3.4. Technique of Data Collection ... 32

3.5. Technique of Data Analysis ... 33

3.6. Trustworthiness of the Study ... 34

CHAPTER VI : DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1. Data Analysis ... 36

4.1.1. The Ways used by Male and Female Politician in Political Speech ... 36

4.1.2. The Differences between Male and Female Politician in Political Speech ... 44

4.1.3. The Reason of Male and Female Politician in Political Speech in

The Way They Are ... 49

4.2. Findings ... 54

4.3. Discussions ... 55

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1. Conclusions ... 58

5.2. Suggestions ... 60

REFERENCES ... 61

vi

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 : The Features of Report and Rapport Talk in Communication . 11

Table 2.2 : The Reason of Using Report and Rapport Talk in Communication ... 20

Table 4.1 : The Features of Report Talk of Male Politician ... 37

Table 4.2 : The Features of Rapport Talk of Male Politician ... 40

Table 4.3 : The Features of Rapport Talk of Female Politician ... 41

Table 4.4 : The Features of Report Talk of Female Politician ... 44

Table 4.5 : The Using of Report and Rapport Talk of Male and Female Politician ... 45

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 : Transcript of Donald Trump’s Presidential Announcement

Speech ... 63 Appendix 2 : The Analysis of Report Talk Used By Donald Trump ... 83 Appendix 3 : The Analysis of Rapport Talk Used By Donald Trump ... 105 Appendix 4 : Transcript of Hillary Clinton’s Presidential Announcement

Speech ... 106 Appendix 5 : The Analysis of Rapport Talk Used By Hillary Clinton ... 124 Appendix 6 : The Analysis of Report Talk Used By Hillary Clinton ... 131

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of Study

Language is used in many aspects of communication; one of them is in politics. Bread (2000 : 2) states study the language of politics is important because it helps the language user to understand how language is used by those who wish to gain power, those who wish to exercise power and who wish to keep power. Moreover, language has been a powerful tool in the hands of political leaders. They manipulate this language becomes the tool to suit their purposes. Since politics is basically about struggling to control power, it is only through language a very strong weapon.

Language of politics is essential in the implementation of successful democratic rules in any country. Language in politic used to conveyer belt of power, it moves people to vote, debate or revolt and it is therefore a central explanation of political stability or polarization. Language is essential to politicians. Beard (2000 : 3) elaborates that politician is a practitioner of the art of politics, essential to the working of human society. The language of politics provides the opportunity for politician to explore the resources available through language to manipulate words to suit their intentions. Hence, language could be regarded as the vehicle of politics. the candidates of president, governor, peoples‟ party are also politicians, because politics is the practice to influence other people to achieve and exercise positions they want.

Most activities performed by the politician are done through the language, such as speech, debate, rally,, election, etc.

Language and politics are related, language is a tool by which the politician can inform, command, request, persuade, declare, etc. Due of this, politicians tend to use special forms of language to give their speech discourse charm which enable them to send different messages to different people of different orientation and levels at one time and within one piece of discourse. According to Jabber and Jinguan (2012), “To achieve these function they use language in a subtle, manipulative and convincing way because language ha a power in itself”. According to Khalid (2013) the significance of political speech is present words lies in keeping the good relations among countries, nations and also it saves external and internal politics. Political discourse is a tool by politicians‟ hand, through political speech the politicians can give information, ideas, feeling or demanding something to do.

In recent years, politics is not only dominated by man but also women participated in politics. Both men and women use many ways to attract people to gain power and control them. Their purposes are to influence, educate, inform, persuade, incite or entertain people. In order to achieve their purposes, they must deliver their idea and feeling, one of the way is through speech. It means they use language so that they can communicate with people.

Language and gender issues are always exist around society. People are constantly coming into contact these issue in the course of daily lives, so they are

avoidable. In social life, gender difference issue can cause miscommunication between male and female. Therefore, being familiar with language and gender concept and understanding language and gender issues can help people acquire clearer and deeper understanding of gender differences in society.

According to Lakoff and Spender, women‟s speech is characterized as more hesitant, less fluent, less logical, less assertive than men‟s speech. Women, in their view are more silent, interrupt less frequently than men, use tag questions and modal verbs more than men, use cooperative strategies in conversations rather than competitive ones. Lakoff (1975) proposed that women language is different with men language in use of grammatical features.

In the study of language and gender, there are numerous studies that have described and raised many issues on the differences between males and females in the way of speaking. Tannen (1990 : 85) stated the male and females in their ways in communication, males tend to use language to gain status, while females use the language to negotiate closeness and intimacy. Females use rapport talk to build and maintain relationships, while men use report talk to communicate factual information. It can be inferred that male and female have different objectives in using the language and they differently treated the language in their communication. Male use the language to gain the status while female uses the language to negotiate closeness and intimacy.

In politic, the speech given by politicians end up into same intention, but the way they deliver their idea into speech is different. The researcher took the examples of male and female politicians‟ speeches. The speeches are :

Male‟s Speech Female‟s Speech

So if you’re willing to stick with me, if you're willing to fight with me, and press on with me; if you’re willing to work even harder in this election than you did in the last election, I guarantee you -- we will move this country forward. We will finish what we started. We are still fired up. We are still ready to go. And we are going to remind the world once more just why it is that the United States of America is the greatest nation on Earth .(Barack Obama on May 05, 2012)

Our political system is so paralyzed by gridlock and dysfunction that most Americans have lost confidence that anything can actually get done. And they’ve lost trust in the ability of both government and Big Business to change course. Now, we can blame historic forces beyond our control for some of this, but the choices we’ve made as a nation, leaders and citizens alike, have also played a big role.

(Hillary Clinton on June 13, 2015)

From the data display, the male‟ speech represented by Barack Obama, his speech showed that he wanted to establish the relationship between him and his supporter and using downplaying authority by the word „we‟. While, female‟s speech represented by Hillary Clinton showed she gave information based on her thought which is included longer talk in public context in report talk that actually used by male

Based on the prior observation, there is a gap between fact and the theory. The theory proposed by Tannen is contrary with the reality. In male‟s speech above showed he used language to establish his relationship and downplaying authority, while the theory explained the women who used language to establish relationship and using downplaying authority. In other hand female‟s speech showed she used

longer talk in public to explain her thought, while theory told longer talk in public context is the feature of report talk used by men.

There have been some studies about male and female language in the State university of Medan, the first researcher is Srimaharani Tanjung from the English Applied Linguistic study program Postgraduate School with title “Gender Differences in Expressing Politeness in English”. She focusing in describing female and male which have some different strategies in expressing politeness. At the end of the thesis, she described that female always expressed politeness by requesting, offering and apologizing to attract their listener. Meanwhile, for male they used comissive and expressive as their way to express politeness because they always had a commitment to be more polite by giving promising, offering, thanking and condoling to make their listeners thought they were responsible when expressing politeness. It aims to protect their face, tried to achieve high social status, and showed modeling correct behavior.

The second researcher is Anila Hima in International Journal of Humanities and Social Studies vol. 2 with title “ Social and Linguistic Analysis of Women’s Political Discourse” found the woman politician gains agency and power by adopting a fine and sophisticated balance of feminine and masculine speech styles.

The third researcher is Prof. Vinita Mohindra and Dr. Samina Azhar in IQSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science vol.2 with title “Gender Communication : A Comparative Analysis of Communicational Approaches of Men and Women at Workplaces”. They found men and women communicate with each other in their own communication styles. Men are competitive and hierarchical. They establish rank and status. Women look for similarities and value cooperation.

The Fourth Researcher is Marijana Svric and Dijana Jurcic in Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics with title : Gender Differences in Political Discourse. Their research based on the gender specific differences in language use and use of syntactic, semantic, pragmatic structure, lexical style, and rhetorical strategies. They found some male politicians show characteristic of female gender speech style in their political discourse and vice versa. The female politician also use mixing the speech style by using report talk and female politician more frequently use the discourse strategies which are typical for male politician than vice versa.

The fifth researcher is Ruzanna Arustamyan in Armenian Folia Anglistika Journal with title The Manifestation of Gender Peculiarities in Political Discourse, devoted to the description of gender peculiar in political discourse. She found male politicians do not seem to prove their right to take part in political discourse, they seem to have self confident and more privileged position to defend their point of views. Meanwhile female politician struggle to prove their status, their right to be considered as equal contenders in the political life. Last, female politician combine the peculiarities of masculine and feminine language, they tend to imitate male speech behavior in order to defend their status.

Referring to the previous observation and studies above, the researcher focuses this study to analyze the differences between male and female on the way of delivering their presidential announcement speech based on talk theory proposed by Tanned. The researcher tries to find out the features and characteristics that used by male and female politician in their speech.

1.2 Problem of Study

The problem of the study are formulated as follows :

1). How do male and female politician deliver their political speech ?

2). What are the differences between male and female politician on their political speech ?

3). Why do male and female politician give their political speech in the way they are ?

1.3 Objectives of Study

With reference to the above problem previously, the objectives of the study are :

1). To find out the way male and female politician deliver their political speech. 2). To investigate the differences between male and female politician on their

political speech.

3). To describe the reason of male and female politician deliver their political speech in the way they are.

1.4 Scope of The Study

This research will focus on the different ways of male and female politician on their political speech. The researcher will observe the different gender

characteristics of male and female politicians‟ their political speech through their utterances.

1.5 Significance of The Study

Findings of the research are expected to be useful theoretically and practically.

A). Theoretically, findings of this study are expected to enrich the theories about Gender in Language on how male and female ways in speech based on the purpose or field and the reason they deliver the speech especially in political discourse in they way they are.

B). Practically, findings of this study are expected to contribute faithful information about gender , language and politic language that can be practiced or to avoid misunderstanding on how male and female‟s speech in political discourse.

60

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

This study was concerned on gender differences on the way of communication of male and female politician in political speech. It was aimed at describing how male and female politician delivered their speech and describing the different characteristics of male and female politician in they way they delivered the speech. After analyzing the data, some conclusions can be stated as the following :

1. Both male and female politician in delivering their political speech used

report and rapport talk in their way of communication, but male politician used report talk more in delivering their speech. Meanwhile, female politician tended to use rapport talk more in delivering speech to the audiences.

2. Male and female politician were different in delivering their political

speech. It could be seen from the different characteristics which were showed on their speech. Male politician frequently showed the characteristics of male communication, such as status, independence, advice, information and order, while female politician showed her support, intimacy, understanding, feeling, proposal in their speech to her audience. In this case, the researcher did not find that male showed the

61

characteristics of conflict, whereas based on the six characteristics of male way communication, male will show conflict in their communication. The same thing also happened in female politician. In this case, the researcher did not find one of the six characteristics of female which is compromise. Conflict is one of male’s ways of communication which express conflict in maintaining their ideas and they tend to resist their idea vocally. Compromise is one female’s ways of communication which avoid conflict and attempt to resolve disagreement with direct confrontation. Conflict and compromise are generally used in conversation or two ways communication while responding different argumentation from the communication partner. In presidential announcement speech 2015, the interaction happened in one way communication where the politician just give their politician to the audience and the audiences listen to the candidate’s speech.

3. The reason why male politician used report talk to give factual

information, tease and thread other and show and keep his status and power. Male used rapport talk to gain relationship with other to gain support. Whereas female politician used rapport talk to negotiate closeness and intimacy, and female used report talk because she tended to imitate male’s way to defend her status and power.

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5.2 Suggestions

Due to the above conclusion, it is necessary to give suggestions by the following :

1. The students as the representative of readers to increase their

understanding of how male and female communicate in their interaction to avoid misperceive in communication.

2. Other researchers especially the researchers majoring in English Applied

Linguistic to conduct further research in Gender Differences in other fields in order to find other phenomenon related to Gender.

3. The lecturers to practice the theory of gender differences in

The Fourth Researcher is Marijana Svric and Dijana Jurcic in Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics with title : Gender Differences in Political Discourse. Their research based on the gender specific differences in language use and use of syntactic, semantic, pragmatic structure, lexical style, and rhetorical strategies. They found some male politicians show characteristic of female gender speech style in their political discourse and vice versa. The female politician also use mixing the speech style by using report talk and female politician more frequently use the discourse strategies which are typical for male politician than vice versa.

The fifth researcher is Ruzanna Arustamyan in Armenian Folia Anglistika Journal with title The Manifestation of Gender Peculiarities in Political Discourse, devoted to the description of gender peculiar in political discourse. She found male politicians do not seem to prove their right to take part in political discourse, they seem to have self confident and more privileged position to defend their point of views. Meanwhile female politician struggle to prove their status, their right to be considered as equal contenders in the political life. Last, female politician combine the peculiarities of masculine and feminine language, they tend to imitate male speech behavior in order to defend their status.

Referring to the previous observation and studies above, the researcher focuses this study to analyze the differences between male and female on the way of delivering their presidential announcement speech based on talk theory proposed by Tanned. The researcher tries to find out the features and characteristics that used by male and female politician in their speech.

1.2 Problem of Study

The problem of the study are formulated as follows :

1). How do male and female politician deliver their political speech ?

2). What are the differences between male and female politician on their political speech ?

3). Why do male and female politician give their political speech in the way they are ?

1.3 Objectives of Study

With reference to the above problem previously, the objectives of the study are :

1). To find out the way male and female politician deliver their political speech.

2). To investigate the differences between male and female politician on their political speech.

3). To describe the reason of male and female politician deliver their political speech in the way they are.

1.4 Scope of The Study

This research will focus on the different ways of male and female politician on their political speech. The researcher will observe the different gender

characteristics of male and female politicians‟ their political speech through their utterances.

1.5 Significance of The Study

Findings of the research are expected to be useful theoretically and practically.

A). Theoretically, findings of this study are expected to enrich the theories about Gender in Language on how male and female ways in speech based on the purpose or field and the reason they deliver the speech especially in political discourse in they way they are.

B). Practically, findings of this study are expected to contribute faithful information about gender , language and politic language that can be practiced or to avoid misunderstanding on how male and female‟s speech in political discourse.

60

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

This study was concerned on gender differences on the way of communication of male and female politician in political speech. It was aimed at describing how male and female politician delivered their speech and describing the different characteristics of male and female politician in they way they delivered the speech. After analyzing the data, some conclusions can be stated as the following :

1. Both male and female politician in delivering their political speech used report and rapport talk in their way of communication, but male politician used report talk more in delivering their speech. Meanwhile, female politician tended to use rapport talk more in delivering speech to the audiences.

2. Male and female politician were different in delivering their political speech. It could be seen from the different characteristics which were showed on their speech. Male politician frequently showed the characteristics of male communication, such as status, independence, advice, information and order, while female politician showed her support, intimacy, understanding, feeling, proposal in their speech to her audience. In this case, the researcher did not find that male showed the

61

characteristics of conflict, whereas based on the six characteristics of male way communication, male will show conflict in their communication. The same thing also happened in female politician. In this case, the researcher did not find one of the six characteristics of female which is compromise. Conflict is one of male’s ways of communication which express conflict in maintaining their ideas and they tend to resist their idea vocally. Compromise is one female’s ways of communication which avoid conflict and attempt to resolve disagreement with direct confrontation. Conflict and compromise are generally used in conversation or two ways communication while responding different argumentation from the communication partner. In presidential announcement speech 2015, the interaction happened in one way communication where the politician just give their politician to the audience and the audiences listen to the candidate’s speech.

3. The reason why male politician used report talk to give factual information, tease and thread other and show and keep his status and power. Male used rapport talk to gain relationship with other to gain support. Whereas female politician used rapport talk to negotiate closeness and intimacy, and female used report talk because she tended to imitate male’s way to defend her status and power.

62

5.2 Suggestions

Due to the above conclusion, it is necessary to give suggestions by the following :

1. The students as the representative of readers to increase their understanding of how male and female communicate in their interaction to avoid misperceive in communication.

2. Other researchers especially the researchers majoring in English Applied Linguistic to conduct further research in Gender Differences in other fields in order to find other phenomenon related to Gender.

3. The lecturers to practice the theory of gender differences in communication to their students in teaching and learning process.