A Study On Nutritional Status, Health Characteristics, And Psychosocial Aspects of The Elderly Living With Their Family And Of Those Living In Nursing Home
A STUDY ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS, HEALTH
CHARACTERISTICS, AND PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS
OF THE ELDERLY LIVING WITH THEIR FAMILY
AND OF THOSE LIVING IN NURSING HOME
A STUDY ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS, HEALTH
CHARACTERISTICS, AND PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS
OF THE ELDERLY LIVING WITH THEIR FAMILY AND
OF THOSE LIVING IN NURSING HOME
Rita Patriasih SPd, MSi
Dr. Isma Widiaty SPd, MPd
Mira Dewi, MD, MSi
Prof. Ali Khomsan, PhD
Prof. Dadang Sukandar, PhD
A Study on Nutritional Status, Health Characteristics, and Psychosocial
Aspects of the Elderly Living with heir Family and of hose Living in
Nursing Home
Rita Patriasih SPd, MSi
Dr. Isma Widiaty SPd, MPd
Mira Dewi, MD, MSi
Prof. Ali Khomsan, PhD
Prof. Dadang Sukandar, PhD
Copyright © 2013
Editor
: Nia Januarini
Layout and Cover design : Noval Tensai
Photographer
: Sani Etyarsah
Published by PT Penerbit IPB Press
Kampus IPB Taman Kencana Bogor
First edition
: August 2013
Prohibited to quote or reproduce in whole or in part the contents of this book without
permission of PT Penerbit IPB Press
ISBN : 978-979-493-xxx-x
SUMMARY
One of the indicators of development success in a country is
increased life expectancy of the citizens. he increased life expectancy
of the citizens causes number of elderly increase from year to year.
Up to now, Indonesia is ranked as the fourth country with the largest
number of elderly after China, India, and United States. BPS estimated
that this will continue to raise, shown by percentage of elderly in year
2010 reached 9.58% and will reach 11.20% in 2020 (Mariana & Kadir
2007). Furthermore, the number of senior citizens in Bandung City
reached 360,000 people or 15% of the total population in Bandung
which was 2.4 million people (Berita Indonesia 2009:1).
he objectives of the study were: (1) to analyze socioeconomic
characteristics of the elderly, (2) to analyze food consumption
and nutrient intake of the elderly, (3) to analyze nutritional status
(anthropometry, Hb level and nutritional risk assessment) of the
elderly, (4) to analyze health characteristics (health status, health care,
living environment) of the elderly, (5) to analyze psychosocial aspects
(perceived happiness, stress, family strength) of the elderly, (6) to
describe government and non-government programs for the elderly, (7)
to analyze factors afecting nutritional and health status of the elderly,
and (8) to analyze the diferences among factors afecting nutritional
and health status and psychosocial aspect of the elderly living in nursing
home and those living with their family.
he design of the research was cross sectional study. he research
was taken place in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. he whole research
activity was conducted in 12 months. his study was carried out to the
elderly (aged > 55 years old) as sampling unit. Eighty two elderly living
in nursing home were selected as samples. Another 336 elderly living
outside nursing home were chosen purposively.
vi
SUMMARY
he primary data included data on socioeconomic characteristics,
nutritional status, health status and psychological aspects of the
elderly. he secondary data included programs of local government
and NGO for the elderly (type of programs, duration, source of fund,
implementation, etc). he methods used to collect data consisted of
interview, physical assessment, and Hb analysis depending on the
variable measured. Prior to data collection, a set of questionnaires was
formulated and tried out.
Data analysis included descriptive statistics, t-test analysis, and
regression to analyze factors afecting nutritional and health status and
psychosocial condition of the elderly. he data analysis was done by
using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS).
he present study shows that sex proportion of elderly was
dominated by female (80.9% female vs 19.1% male). Most of the
elderly in nursing home were widowers (78.0%). he average of length
of education among elderly in non nursing home, which was 7.7 ±
4.6 years, was higher than that among elderly in nursing home (6.8 ±
4.8 years). However, no statistical diference was found in length of
education between elderly in nursing home and in non nursing home.
he average income of the elderly in nursing home was IDR 408 111.
On the other hand, the elderly in non nursing home had higher income
with monthly average of IDR 1 298 003.
As side dish, the elderly usually consumed tempeh and tofu with
relatively high frequency. For elderly, tempeh/tofu is relatively easy to
consume due to their soft texture.
Pure water was the type of drink that was most consumed by elderly
in nursing home (7,503.7 ml/week) and also by elderly in non nursing
home (3,097.0 ml/week). Other type of water that usually consumed
by the elderly is tea and cofee. Tea consumption among elderly in
nursing home (990.2 ml/week) was higher than among elderly outside
nursing home (650.0 ml/week). his condition was similar to cofee
consumption (548.8 ml/week in nursing home and 264.9 ml/week in
non nursing home). Other beverage which usually consumed by the
SUMMARY
elderly was milk with quantity of 522.0 ml/week for elderly in nursing
home and 271.6 ml/week for elderly in non nursing home. his
number was relatively small compared to milk consumption of people
in developed countries. he calculation of daily water consumption
showed that elderly in nursing home consumed water as much as
1,441.6 ml/day and elderly in non nursing home consumed 659.0 ml/
day. Besides, consumption of water for healthy person is 2000 ml/
day so that it can be said that generally elderly consumed less than the
adequacy.
Energy adequacy level among elderly was generally low, which
was 49.0% for elderly in nursing home and 54.9% for elderly in non
nursing home. his low energy adequacy level might relate to the
declining appetite among elderly.
he impact of lack of appetite among elderly was low nutrient
adequacy level, including protein, mineral, and vitamin. he energy,
mineral, and vitamin adequacy level among elderly in nursing home
were lower than those in non nursing home (p
CHARACTERISTICS, AND PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS
OF THE ELDERLY LIVING WITH THEIR FAMILY
AND OF THOSE LIVING IN NURSING HOME
A STUDY ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS, HEALTH
CHARACTERISTICS, AND PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS
OF THE ELDERLY LIVING WITH THEIR FAMILY AND
OF THOSE LIVING IN NURSING HOME
Rita Patriasih SPd, MSi
Dr. Isma Widiaty SPd, MPd
Mira Dewi, MD, MSi
Prof. Ali Khomsan, PhD
Prof. Dadang Sukandar, PhD
A Study on Nutritional Status, Health Characteristics, and Psychosocial
Aspects of the Elderly Living with heir Family and of hose Living in
Nursing Home
Rita Patriasih SPd, MSi
Dr. Isma Widiaty SPd, MPd
Mira Dewi, MD, MSi
Prof. Ali Khomsan, PhD
Prof. Dadang Sukandar, PhD
Copyright © 2013
Editor
: Nia Januarini
Layout and Cover design : Noval Tensai
Photographer
: Sani Etyarsah
Published by PT Penerbit IPB Press
Kampus IPB Taman Kencana Bogor
First edition
: August 2013
Prohibited to quote or reproduce in whole or in part the contents of this book without
permission of PT Penerbit IPB Press
ISBN : 978-979-493-xxx-x
SUMMARY
One of the indicators of development success in a country is
increased life expectancy of the citizens. he increased life expectancy
of the citizens causes number of elderly increase from year to year.
Up to now, Indonesia is ranked as the fourth country with the largest
number of elderly after China, India, and United States. BPS estimated
that this will continue to raise, shown by percentage of elderly in year
2010 reached 9.58% and will reach 11.20% in 2020 (Mariana & Kadir
2007). Furthermore, the number of senior citizens in Bandung City
reached 360,000 people or 15% of the total population in Bandung
which was 2.4 million people (Berita Indonesia 2009:1).
he objectives of the study were: (1) to analyze socioeconomic
characteristics of the elderly, (2) to analyze food consumption
and nutrient intake of the elderly, (3) to analyze nutritional status
(anthropometry, Hb level and nutritional risk assessment) of the
elderly, (4) to analyze health characteristics (health status, health care,
living environment) of the elderly, (5) to analyze psychosocial aspects
(perceived happiness, stress, family strength) of the elderly, (6) to
describe government and non-government programs for the elderly, (7)
to analyze factors afecting nutritional and health status of the elderly,
and (8) to analyze the diferences among factors afecting nutritional
and health status and psychosocial aspect of the elderly living in nursing
home and those living with their family.
he design of the research was cross sectional study. he research
was taken place in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. he whole research
activity was conducted in 12 months. his study was carried out to the
elderly (aged > 55 years old) as sampling unit. Eighty two elderly living
in nursing home were selected as samples. Another 336 elderly living
outside nursing home were chosen purposively.
vi
SUMMARY
he primary data included data on socioeconomic characteristics,
nutritional status, health status and psychological aspects of the
elderly. he secondary data included programs of local government
and NGO for the elderly (type of programs, duration, source of fund,
implementation, etc). he methods used to collect data consisted of
interview, physical assessment, and Hb analysis depending on the
variable measured. Prior to data collection, a set of questionnaires was
formulated and tried out.
Data analysis included descriptive statistics, t-test analysis, and
regression to analyze factors afecting nutritional and health status and
psychosocial condition of the elderly. he data analysis was done by
using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS).
he present study shows that sex proportion of elderly was
dominated by female (80.9% female vs 19.1% male). Most of the
elderly in nursing home were widowers (78.0%). he average of length
of education among elderly in non nursing home, which was 7.7 ±
4.6 years, was higher than that among elderly in nursing home (6.8 ±
4.8 years). However, no statistical diference was found in length of
education between elderly in nursing home and in non nursing home.
he average income of the elderly in nursing home was IDR 408 111.
On the other hand, the elderly in non nursing home had higher income
with monthly average of IDR 1 298 003.
As side dish, the elderly usually consumed tempeh and tofu with
relatively high frequency. For elderly, tempeh/tofu is relatively easy to
consume due to their soft texture.
Pure water was the type of drink that was most consumed by elderly
in nursing home (7,503.7 ml/week) and also by elderly in non nursing
home (3,097.0 ml/week). Other type of water that usually consumed
by the elderly is tea and cofee. Tea consumption among elderly in
nursing home (990.2 ml/week) was higher than among elderly outside
nursing home (650.0 ml/week). his condition was similar to cofee
consumption (548.8 ml/week in nursing home and 264.9 ml/week in
non nursing home). Other beverage which usually consumed by the
SUMMARY
elderly was milk with quantity of 522.0 ml/week for elderly in nursing
home and 271.6 ml/week for elderly in non nursing home. his
number was relatively small compared to milk consumption of people
in developed countries. he calculation of daily water consumption
showed that elderly in nursing home consumed water as much as
1,441.6 ml/day and elderly in non nursing home consumed 659.0 ml/
day. Besides, consumption of water for healthy person is 2000 ml/
day so that it can be said that generally elderly consumed less than the
adequacy.
Energy adequacy level among elderly was generally low, which
was 49.0% for elderly in nursing home and 54.9% for elderly in non
nursing home. his low energy adequacy level might relate to the
declining appetite among elderly.
he impact of lack of appetite among elderly was low nutrient
adequacy level, including protein, mineral, and vitamin. he energy,
mineral, and vitamin adequacy level among elderly in nursing home
were lower than those in non nursing home (p