26 teaching method from the English teacher of SMA BOPKRI 2 Yogyakarta. The
researcher did interview because the researcher would get more information. 2.
Instrument in preliminary testing In this step, the researcher would distribute questionnaire and conduct
interview to obtain the feedback about the designed materials from the lecturers of English Study Program and the teacher of senior high school. The questionnaire in
this step was expert validation questionnaire. The results would help the researcher to improve and revise the designed materials.
D. Data Gathering Technique
In order to obtain the required data, the researcher would conduct three techniques which were used as follows:
1. Library study
This step was done when gathering data. The researcher gathered the theories which were related to the study. Furthermore, the researcher would gain information
about Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition and learners’ characteristics by conducting this technique.
2. Interview
In this step, the researcher would conduct an interview to obtain more information. The interview was directed to the English teacher of BOPKRI 2
Yogyakarta who has responsibility for English lesson for the students in Grade X and two lecturers of English Language Education Program. These interviews were
conducted to collect information and gain the feedback. It was done in research and information collecting and preliminary field testing.
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27 3.
Questionnaire In this step, the researcher would distribute questionnaires to the students in
order to gain information from the students. It was done in research and information collecting. By distributing questionnaire, the students were expected to give
information about their lesson, the activities in the class, and what the students expect from the learning activities, so the researcher could design the appropriate
materials for the students. Besides, the researcher would distribute questionnaires to two lecturers of English Language Education Program and one English teacher of
BOPKRI 2 Yogyakarta to gain feedback.
E. Data Analysis Technique
It has been written that the data would be obtained by conducting the interview and distributing the questionnaire. The questionnaires which were
distributed to the students in information gathering were open questionnaire, so the researcher would use qualitative data analysis to analyze the data. Its purpose was to
understand social phenomena from the perspective of the participants. By doing so, the researcher would obtain more information about the participants. There were
five degrees of agreement for expert validation’s questionnaire. They are presented in table 3.2.
Degrees of Agreement Meaning
1 I disagree entirely
2 I disagree on the whole
3 Neutral 4
I agree on the whole 5 I
agree entirely
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28
Table 3.2: Degrees of Agreement
To analyze the data from expert validation, the researcher used central tendency; the inclination of a set of numbers that clusters around a particular value.
Three statistics were often used to find central tendency; mean, mode, and median. However, in this study the researcher only used mean; the average. Mean is the sum
of all the values divided by the number of values Ary et. al., 2010. The formula was drawn as follows:
M = ∑ X
N Note:
M = mean ∑ = sum of
X = values N = number of participants
After finding the central tendency, the researcher would present it in the table. The result could be seen in the Table 3.3.
No. Statement
Degree of Agreement Central
Tendency 1
2 3
4 5
N Mn
Table 3.3: The Result of the Central Tendency
The second part of questionnaire was analyzed by presenting the participants’ suggestions and criticisms. Interview was also done in preliminary test
step. After the experts filled the questionnaires, the researcher asked and made sure
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29 about the feedbacks. From the results of the interview and questionnaire, the
researcher would interpret it, relate it to some theories, and use it for improving and revising the designed materials.
F. Research Procedures
