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1. Reader’s Log
Reader’s log is a kind of independent learning. The students use reader’s log to maintain a written record of the personal reactions to the text on several
levels. In reader’s log, there are some spaces that used for the students to express
their attitudes towards a text, on their discoveries, and make the connections between what the students know and what the students are learning Lyutaya, 2011.
The students should complete the reader’s log by the texts they read. It is also useful
for them to measure their own reading ability.
2. Basic Reading 1
Basic Reading I is one of the courses which is offered by the English Language Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University. This course
invites the students to improve their reading skills. In ELESP of Sanata Dharma University, Basic Reading I; KPE 110, is one of the courses which belongs to MKK:
Mata Kuliah Keilmuan dan Keterampilan . This course is designed to introduce the
students with the strategies of reading. However, in this course, the students are also provided with the hands-on experience in applying the reading various types of text.
In addition, the course helps the students to develop their English vocabulary and reading aloud ability. Every week, the students have to complete their tasks through
the online assignment or even in the form of reader’s log. Therefore, it helps the
students become the independent and the effective readers Tim Dosen Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, 2014
.
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3. ELESP Students of Sanata Dharma University
ELESP that stands for English Language Education Study Program is one of the study programs in
Sanata Dharma University which has a goal to prepare good future educators. This study program belongs to the Faculty of Teachers
Training and Education. The researcher took the data based on the perception of the ELESP students of Sanata Dharma University. The ELESP students refer to the first
semester from batch 2014.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents two major parts, namely the theoretical description and the theoretical framework. The Theoretical description focuses on the review
of related literatures underlying this study. Besides, the theoretical framework discusses the implementation of the theories. The theoretical framework is used in
order to answer the research problem.
A. Theoretical Description
In this part, there are three main points which will be reviewed. Those are perce
ption, reading, and readers’ log.
1. Perception
In reviewing the theories which are related to the perception, the researcher divides the theories into some parts. They are the definition of perception, the
process of perception, and the factors affecting perception.
a. Definition of Perception
There are some definitions related to the perception. Perception is the process by which individuals select, organize, and interpret the input from their
senses to give meaning and order to the world around them Robbins, 2005. Although people see the same thing, they may have different perception on the same
object. Perception is influenced by four things, which are selection of stimuli,
8 organization of stimuli, the situation, and the person’s self-concept Altman,
Valenzi, Hodgetts. 1985. Vernon 1962 on his psychology of perception states
“perception is knowledge of the identity of objects and features in the environment” p. 13. He explains the perception as an indentity and value of the objects which
occur in the surrounding. Since perception occurs in the surrounding, Leontiev 1981 explains that perception is something which is “characteristically integral,
structured, constant, meaningful, and concrete ” p. 32. When the people get the
stimuli, people will interpret it by selecting and grouping the information based on their own thoughts. The result of interpreting; by selecting and grouping the
information, will be their own concept or belief which is called as their own perception. The perception that the people get will be different to one another since
everyone has his or her own concept or belief. George and Jones 2005 also have similar definition of perception. They
define perception as “the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting the input
from individuals’ senses hearing, smell, touch, vision, and taste in order to give meaning to their environment” p. 115. Based on their definition, they state that
perception is a series of selecting, viewing then intepreting data into reality. In other words, perception can be explained as the series of process by which an individual
becomes aware of and interprets the information about the environment. Warga 1983 states that perception is based on the past experience. It means that when
someone has never experienced an event or observed an object, he or she cannot create a perception.
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b. The Process of Perception
Perception occurs since the child is born Leontiev, 1981, p. 32. Through the process of life, the psychology of sense will work from the light falls into the
eyes. The following figure 2.1 explains the process of perception:
Figure 2.1 The Perceptual Process Altman et al, 1985, p.86
The diagram above helps to comprehend the basic process of human perception. When people get a stimulus, the sense of organs respond the sensory and try to
interpret it. Altman et al. 1985 explain that the process of perception is started by a stimulus. The sensory organ will select and accumulate the stimuli and then lead
it to the brain. After the brain interprets the stimuli, the perception will be formed and the result of the in
dividual’s perception leads him to give response in a form of different behaviors. Vernon 1962 states
when people catch the stimulus, the light will be captured by the eyes then the sense of visual pattern occurs p. 18.
c. Factors Affecting Perception
Every person has a different behavior response. It happens because heshe has different perception. The difference of behavior responses happen because there
Stimuli Sensors’
selection of stimuli
Perception, organization,
and interpretation
of stimuli Behavioral
response
10 are some factors that influence a person’s perception. Altman et al. 1985 describe
four important factors that influence the
person’s perceptions. They are as followed:
1
Selection of stimuli
This part is a process when a person concentrates on a small number and starts to select and perceive things differently. In this process, each person will
select specific cues and filter, or screens, out the others. By organizing the stimuli, people will be able to categorize the input. The categorization of stimuli reduces
initially complex information into the simple categories.
2
Organisation of stimuli
After the information has been selected, it will be arranged into something meaningful. The mind tries to bring an order out the unarranged data by selecting
certain items and putting them together in a meaningful way based on the experiences.
3
The situation
A familiarity and expectation about a situation environment influence what the people’s
believe. Believing a situation deals with how well a person adjusts his or her behavior to situation. The situation which influences perception may deal
with a person’s familiarity with, or expectation about, a situation, or past experience. When someone experienced something goodbad in the past, he or she
perceives the same thing positively or negatively.
4
The person’s self concept
Self-concept is the way a person feels about and perceives him or herself. Self concept is important since the mental picture of a person determines much of what
11 he or she perceives and does. The knowledge and the way someone sees themselves
affects the perception of the world around. When a person has a relatively stable and positive self-concept, he or she may perceive something positively.
2. Reading
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