Produksi Biomasa Dan Nilai Kalor Kayu Acacia nilotica Asal Limbah Cair Tropika
%LRWD9RO9,,, )HEUXDUL
,661
,VRODVLGDQ.DUDNWHULVDVL$PLODVHGDUL.DSDQJ$ONDORWROHUDQ
$VDO/LPEDK&DLU7DSLRND
,VRODWLRQDQG&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRI$OFDORWROHUDQW)XQJDO$P\ODVHV
IURP&DVVDYD6WDUFK/LTXLG:DVWH
1LVD5DFKPDQLD0XEDULN(YL'DPD\DQWL 6UL/LVW\RZDWL
-XUXVDQ%LRORJL)0,3$,QVWLWXW3HUWDQLDQ%RJRU-DODQ5D\D3DMDMDUDQ%RJRU
7HO)D[(PDLO ULNQLVD#WHONRPQHW
$EVWUDFW
$ WRWDO RI IXQJL LVRODWHV RI JURZLQJ DW S+ DQG LVRODWHV RQ S+ ZLWK DP\ORO\WLF
LQGH[HV I KDYH EHHQ LVRODWHG IURP FDVVDYD VWDUFK OLTXLG ZDVWH 7ZR LVRODWHV
KDYLQJ WKH KLJKHVW DP\ORO\WLF LQGH[ ZHUH LGHQWLILHG DV $VSHUJLOOXV V\GRZLL .
DQG $VSHUJLOOXVYHUVLFRORU / %RWK $V\GRZLL.DQG $YHUVLFRORU/
ZHUHGHVFULEHGDVDOFDORWROHUDQWIRUEHLQJDEOHWRJURZZLWKUDQJHS+7KHRSWLPDO
DDP\ODVHVSURGXFWLRQRI $V\GRZLL.DQG $YHUVLFRORU /ZDVREWDLQHGDIWHU
DQGGD\VRILQFXEDWLRQDW&7KHRSWLPXPRIDDP\ODVHDFWLYLW\IURP$V\GRZLL.
ZDVDW&DQG&DQGS+ ZKLOHWKRVHIURP $YHUVLFRORU /ZDVDW&DQGS+
UHVSHFWLYHO\%RWK $V\GRZLL.DQG $YHUVLFRORU/FRXOGSURGXFHJOXFRDP\ODVH
7KHRSWLPXPRIJOXFRDP\ODVHDFWLYLW\IURP$V\GRZLL.ZDVDW&DQGS+ZKLOH
WKRVHIURP $YHUVLFRORU /ZDVDW&DQGS+UHVSHFWLYHO\
.H\ZRUGV FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQDDP\ODVHJOXFRDP\ODVH$VSHUJLOOXVV\GRZLL $VSHUJLOOXV
YHUVLFRORU
'LWHULPD 2NWREHUGLVHWXMXL 'HVHPEHU
3HQGDKXOXDQ
6HEDJLDQEHVDUXELND\X\DQJGLKDVLONDQ
ROHK QHJDUD ,QGRQHVLD GLPDQIDDWNDQ VHEDJDL
EDKDQ EDNX SDWL WDSLRND 3URVHV SHPEXDWDQ
WDSLRND PHQJKDVLONDQ VHNLWDU SDWL
1LVKLVH HW DO 6HODLQ SDWL OLPEDK
WDSLRND PDVLK PHQJDQGXQJ EDKDQ RUJDQLN
\DQJ ODLQ VHSHUWL JXOD GDQ SURWHLQ \DQJ GDSDW
GLJXQDNDQVHEDJDLVXEVWUDWXQWXNSHUWXPEXKDQ
NDSDQJ
*OXNRDPLODVH GDQ DDPLODVH PHUXSDNDQ
HQ]LP SHQJKLGUROLVLV SDWL \DQJ EDQ\DN
GLJXQDNDQ GL GDODP LQGXVWUL PDNDQD Q
PLQXPDQ 5RE\W GHWHUJHQ %RUFKHUW HW
DO WHNVWLOGDQIDUPDVL 6DULND\D HWDO
$OIDDPLODVH (& PHQJNDWDOLVLV
SHPXWXVDQLNDWDQJOLNRVLGLN DGDULEDJLDQ
GDODP PROHNXO SDWL VHGDQJNDQ JOXNRDPLODVH
DWDX
DPLORJOXNRVLGDVH
(&
PHQJKLGUROLVLV LNDWDQ JOLNRVLGLN D GDQ D
GDULEDJLDQXMXQJJXODQRQSHUHGXNVLVHFDUD
EHUXUXWDQ )RJDUW\ .DSDQJ SHQJKDVLO
DDPLODVH DQWDUD ODLQ $VSHUJLOOXV RU\]DH$
QLJHU 3DHFLORP\FHV VXEJORERVXP 0XFRU
SXVLOXV )RJDUW\ 1LJDP 6LQJK
GDQ7KHUPRP\FHVODQXJLQRVXV $UQHVHQHWDO
3HQJKDVLO JOXNRDPLODVH DQWDUD ODLQ $
QLJHU$VDWRL3HQLFLOOLXPR[DOLFXP5KL]RSXV
1LVKLVH HW DO 1LJDP 6LQJK
GDQ7ODQXJLQRVXV &KXDQOLHWDO
3DGD XPXPQ\D NDSDQJ PHPLOLNL
SHUWXPEXKDQ RSWLPXP SDGD NLVDUDQ S+ DVDP
QDPXQ EHEHUDSD JDOXU NDSDQJ GDUL JHQXV
)XVDULXP 3HQLFLOOLXP $EVLGLD &KDHWRPLXP
GDQ 0RQLOLD PDPSX WXPEXK VDPSDL S+
2UJDQLVPH DONDORWROHUDQ PDPSX WXPEXK
VDPSDL S+ GL DWDV QDPXQ PHPSXQ\DL
SHUWXPEXKDQ RSWLPXP SDGD NLVDUDQ S+ DVDP
KLQJJDQHWUDO .UROO
,VRODVLGDQ.DUDNWHULVDVL$PLODVHGDUL.DSDQJ$ONDORWROHUDQ
'DODP SHQHOLWLDQ LQL NDSDQJ \DQJ
GLLVRODVLGDULOLPEDKFDLUWDSLRNDGLWXPEXKNDQ
SDGD NLVDUDQ S+ VDPSDL S+ ,VRODW
\DQJWXPEXKGDQEHUSRWHQVLVHEDJDLSHQJKDVLO
DDPLODVH HNVWUDVHOXOHU GLSLOLK XQWXN
GLNDUDNWHULVDVL DNWLYLWDV DDPLODVH GDQ
JOXNRDPLODVHQ\D
0HWRGHSHQHOLWLDQ
GLLQRNXODVLNDQSDGDPOPHGLDFDLUS+
SDWLWDSLRNDHNVWUDNNKDPLU.+ 32
GDQ 0J62 +2 GLLQNXEDVL
SDGD VXKX & GHQJDQ JR\DQJDQ SHU
PHQLW VHODPD KDUL 6HWHODK LWX NXOWXU
GLVDULQJ GDQ ILOWUDW \DQJ GLGDSDW PHUXSDNDQ
HNVWUDN NDVDU HQ]LP DDPLODVH 0DVVD NDSDQJ
GLNHULQJNDQ GL GDODP RYHQ SDGD VXKX &
VHODPDr KDUL VDPSDLERERWNRQVWDQ
3HQJDPELODQ6DPSHO
.XUYD 3HUWXPEXKDQ GDQ .XUYD $NWLYLWDV D
DPLODVH
&RQWRK OLPEDK FDLU WDSLRND EHUDVDO GDUL
GDHUDK LQGXVWUL UDN\DW GL .HGXQJ +DODQJ GDQ
&LPDKSDU %RJRU 6DPSHO OLPEDK FDLU WDSLRN D
VXKX & S+ GLPDVXNNDQ NH GDODP
ERWRO VWHULO GDQ ODQJVXQJ GLEDZD NH
ODERUDWRULXP
.XUYD SHUWXPEXKDQ NDSDQJ GLEXDW
EHUGDVDUNDQ EHUDW NHULQJ PDVVD PLVHOLXP
VHODPD PDVD LQNXEDVL KDUL 6HODPD PDVD
WHUVHEXWGLXNXUSXODDNWLYLWDV DDPLODVHQ\D
,VRODVLGDQ3HQDSLVDQ,VRODW
6HEDQ\DN PO VDPSHO OLPEDK FDLU
WDSLRND GLWXDQJ NH GDODP FDZDQ \DQJ EHULVL
PHGLD DJDUDJDU NHQWDQJ \DQJ PHQJDQGXQJ
SDWL WDSLRND S+ DJDUDJDU SDWL
WDSLRND PHUHN 3DN 7DQL EXDWDQ %RJRU
NHQWDQJ GDQ DQWLELRWLN NDQDPLVLQ
,QNXEDVLGLODNXNDQSDGDVXKXNDPDU
,VRODW \DQJ WXPEXK GLPXUQLNDQ SDGD PHGLD
GHQJDQ NRPSRVLVL \DQJ VDPD :DUQD NRORQL
EHQWXN NRORQL GDQ FLULFLUL PRUIRORJL NDSDQJ
GLDPDWL XQWXN NHSHUOXDQ LGHQWLILNDVL 0DVLQJ
PDVLQJ LVRODW NHPXGLDQ GLWHWHVL ODUXWDQ /XJRO
,RGLQ GL VHNLWDU WHSL NRORQL NDSDQJ =RQD
EHQLQJ \DQJ WHUEHQWXN GL VHNHOLOLQJ NRORQL
PHQXQMXNNDQ NDSDQJ WHUVHEXW PHPLOLNL
DNWLYLWDV DPLODVH ,QGHNV DPLOROLWLN GLKLWXQJ
EHUGDVDUNDQ KDVLO EDJL GLDPHWHU ]RQD EHQLQJ
WHUKDGDS GLDPHWHU NRORQL 'XD NDSDQJ \DQJ
PHPLOLNL LQGHNV DPLOROLWLN WHUWLQJJL GLSLOLK
XQWXN
GLLGHQWLILNDVL
*LOPDQ
6HODQMXWQ\D GLWXPEXKNDQ SDGD PHGLD DJDU
DJDU NHQWDQJ \DQJ PHQJDQGXQJ SDWL WDSLRND
SDGD NLVDUDQ S+ GDQ GLNDUDNWHULVDVL
DNWLYLWDVDPLODVHQ\D
3URGXNVL$PLODVH
3HQJXMLDQ DNWLYLWDV DPLODVH GLODNXNDQ
WHUKDGDS LVRODW NDSDQJ \DQJ PHPLOLNL LQGHNV
DPLOROLWLN WHUWLQJJL (PSDW NHSLQJ ELDNDQ
GLDPHWHU FP XPXU KDUL
3HQJXNXUDQ$NWLYLWDV$PLODVH
$NWLYLWDV DDPLODVH GLXNXU GHQJDQ
PHWRGH%HUQIHOG 6DWXXQLWDNWLYLWDV D
DPLODVH GLGHILQLVLNDQ VHEDJDL MXPO DK HQ]LP
\DQJ UHDNVLQ\D PHQJKDVLONDQ SURGXN VHWDUD
PPRO PDOWRVD SHU PHQLW SDGD NRQGLVL
SHQJXNXUDQ 6HEDQ\DN PO HQ]LP GDQ PO
SDWL WHUODUXW SDWL GL GDODP EXIHU JOLVLQ
1D2+ 0 GLUHDNVLNDQ GL GDODP WDEXQJ
UHDNVL GDQ GLLQNXEDVL VHODPD PHQLW SDGD
VXKX & 5HDNVL GLKHQWLNDQ GHQJDQ
PHQDPEDKNDQPOUHDJHQDVDPGLQLWURVDOLVLODW
'16 GDQ VHWHODK LWX GLSDQDVNDQ GDODP DLU
PHQGLGLK VHODPD PHQLW 6HWHODK FDPSXUDQ
PHQMDGL GLQJLQ DEVRUEDQVL GLEDFD SDGD
SDQMDQJ JHORPEDQJ QP 6HEDJDL VWDQGDU
GLJXQDNDQ PDOWRVD SDGD NRQVHQWUDVL
SSPGHQJDQVHODQJNRQVHQWUDVLSSP
$NWLYLWDV JOXNRDPLODVH GLXNXU GHQJDQ
PHWRGH 1HOVRQ6RPRJ\L 1HOVRQ
6HEDQ\DN PO ODUXWDQ SDWL PO
EXIHUJOLVLQ1D2+0GDQPOODUXWDQ
HQ]LP GLUHDNVLNDQ GL GDODP WDEXQJ UHDNVL GDQ
GLLQNXEDVL VHODPD PHQLW SDGD VXKX &
3DGD DNKLU LQNXEDVL GLWDPEDKNDQ POODUXWDQ
$ 6HEDQ\DN PO FDPSXUDQ WHUVHEXW GLDPELO
GDQ GLUHDNVLNDQ GHQJDQ ODUXWDQ ' GDODP
WDEXQJ UHDNVL \DQJ ODLQ GLSDQDVNDQ GL GDODP
DLU PHQGLGLK VHODPD PHQLW &DPSXUDQ
GLGLQJLQNDQSDGDDLUPHQJDOLUVHODPDPHQLW
GLUHDNVLNDQ GHQJDQ ODUXWDQ & NHPXGLDQ
GLNRFRN NXDW VDPSDL WLGDN DGD JHOHPEXQJ
&DPSXUDQ GLELDUNDQ VHODPD PHQLW SDGD
%LRWD9RO9,,, )HEUXDUL
1LVD5DKPDQLD 0XEDULNHWDO
VXKX NDPDU GLHQFHUNDQ GHQJDQ DNXDGHV
KLQJJDYROXPHDNKLU PO$EVRUEDQVLGLXNXU
SDGD SDQMDQJ JHORPEDQJ QP 6DWX XQLW
DNWLYLWDV JOXNRDPLODVH VHWDUD GHQJDQ PPRO
JOXNRVD\DQJGLKDVLONDQSHUPHQLWSDGDNRQGLVL
SHQJXNXUDQ 6HEDJDL VWDQGDU GLJXQDNDQ
JOXNRVD SDGD NRQVHQWUDVL SSP GHQJDQ
VHODQJNRQVHQWUDVL SSP
.DUDNWHULVDVL$PLODVH
8ML NDUDNWHULVWLN DDPLODVH GDQ
JOXNRDPLODVHGLODNXNDQGHQJDQFDUDPHQJXNXU
DNWLYLWDV HQ]LP SDGD NLVDUDQ S+
GHQJDQVHODQJVDWXXQLWSDGDVXKX &XQWXN
PHQHQWXNDQ S+ RSWLPXP DNWLYLWDV HQ]LP GDQ
PHQJXNXU DNWLYLWDV HQ]LP SDGD NLVDUDQ VXKX
& KLQJJD & GHQJDQ VHODQJ & XQWXN
PHQHQWXNDQ VXKX RSWLPXPQ\D %XIHU \DQJ
GLJXQDNDQXQWXNSHQHQWXDQS+RSWLPXPLDODK
EXIHU VLWUDW 0 S+ EXIHU 7ULV
+&O0 S+ GDQEXIHU*OLVLQ
1D2+0 S+
+DVLO'DQ3HPEDKDVDQ
3HQDSLVDQ,VRODW
6HEDQ\DN LVRODW NDSDQJ SHQJKDVLO
HQ]LP DPLODVH EHUKDVLO GLLVRODVL GDUL PHGLD
DJDUDJDU NHQWDQJ \DQJ PHQJDQGXQJ SDWL
S+ DWDX 7DEHO 'XD LVRODW \DQJ
WXPEXKSDGDS+PHPLOLNLLQGHNVDPL OROLWLN
GL DWDV \DLWX LVRODW . GDQ /
%HUGDVDUNDQ *LOPDQ LVRODW .
GLLGHQWLILNDVL VHEDJDL $VSHUJLOOXV V\GRZLL GDQ
LVRODW/VHEDJDL$YHUVLFRORU
3HUWXPEXKDQ,VRODWSDGD%HUEDJDLS+
,VRODW$V\GRZLL .GDQ $YHUVLFRORU
/ PDPSX WXPEXK SDGD PHGLD DJDU DJDU
NHQWDQJ\DQJPHQJDGXQJSDWLSDGDNLVDUDQ
S+ ,QGHNV DPLOROLWLN WHUEHVDU WHUGDSDW
SDGD S+ XQWXN $ V\GRZLL . GDQ
%LRWD9RO9,,, )HEUXDUL
S+ XQWXN $ YHUVLFRORU / 7DEHO
.HGXD LVRODW GDSDW GLJRORQJNDQ VHEDJDL
DONDORWROHUDQ NDUHQD PDPSX WXPEXK SDGD
NLVDUDQS+DVDPKLQJJDEDVD S+
.XUYD 3HUWXPEXKDQ GDQ .XUYD $NWLYLWDV D
DPLODVH
.HGXD NDSDQJ PHPEHQWXN PDVVD
PLVHOLXP PHQ\HUXSDL SHOHW SDGD PHGLD FDLU
\DQJGLDJLWDVL$NWLYLWDV DDPLODVH $ V\GRZLL
. PXODL WHUXNXU SDGD KDUL NH NXOWLYDVL
DNWLYLWDV WHUWLQJJL WHUFDSDL SDGD KDUL NH
NXOWLYDVL 8PO GDQ VHWHODK LWX
PHQJDODPL SHQXUXQDQ $NWLYLWDV DDPLODVH $
YHUVLFRORU /WHUWLQJJLWHUFDSDLSDGDKDULNH
NXOWLYDVL 8PO UHODWLINRQVWDQSDGD KDUL
NH 8PO NHPXGLDQ PHQJDODPL
SHQXUXQDQKLQJJDKDULNH *DPEDU
.HEHUDGDDQ VXEVWUDW EHUXSD SDWL WDSLRND
GDODP PHGLD DNDQ PHQJLQGXNVL VLQWHVLV HQ]LP
DPLODVH +DO LQL NDUHQD VXEVWUDW \DQJ EHUEHUDW
PROHNXO WLQJJL VHSHUWL SDWL DNDQ VXOLW PDVXN NH
GDODP VHO VHKLQJJD SHUOX GLSHFDK WHUOHELK
GDKXOX ROHK HQ]LP DPLODVH HNVWUDVHOXOHU
6HLULQJ GHQJDQ ODPD ZDNWX NXOWLYDVL VHWHODK
PHOHZDWL KDUL NH NXOWLYDVL DNWLYLWDV D
DPLODVH PHQJDODPL SHQXUXQDQ +DO LQL GLGXJD
NDUHQD WHUMDGL SHQXPSXNDQ SURGX N \DQJ OHELK
VHGHUKDQD PLVDOQ\D JOXNRVD \DQJ GDSDW
PHQHNDQ SHPEHQWXNDQ HQ]LP DDPLODVH
0HNDQLVPHLQLGLQDPDNDQUHSUHVLSURGXNDNKLU
3ULHVW 'XJDDQ WHUVHEXW GDSDW
GLEXNWLNDQ
GHQJDQ
DGDQ\D
DNWLYLWDV
JOXNRDPLODVH\DQJPHQJKDVLONDQSURGXNDNKLU
EHUXSD JOXNRVD SDGD VXSHUQDWDQ GL KDUL NH
NXOWLYDVL $NWLYLWDV JOXNRDPLODVH \DQJ WHUXNXU
VHEHVDU 8PO SDGD $ V\GRZLL . GDQ
8POSDGD$YHUVLFRORU /6LTXHUDHW
DO WHODK PHODSRUNDQ SXOD EDKZD
DNWLYLWDV DDPLODVH FHQGDZDQ 3\FQRSRUXV
VDQJXLQHXV WHUKDPEDW GHQJDQ DGDQ\D JOXNRVD
GLGDODPPHGLXP
,VRODVLGDQ.DUDNWHULVDVL$PLODVHGDUL.DSDQJ$ONDORWROHUDQ
7DEHO,QGHNVDPLOROLWLNEHEHUDSDLVRODWNDSDQJDONDORWROHUDQ
'LDPHWHUNRORQL
PP
'LDPHWHU]RQDEHQLQJ
PP
0
0
/
0
/
/
.
.RGHLVRODW
S+SHUWXPEXKDQ
.
,QGHNVDPLOROLWLN
7DEHO,QGHNVDPLOROLWLN$V\GRZLL .GDQ$YHUVLFRORU /SDGDEHUEDJDLS+PHGLD
S+
$V\GRZLL .
'LDPHWHUNRORQL PP
'LDPHWHU]RQDEHQLQJ PP
,QGHNVDPLOROLWLN
$YHUVLFRORU /
'LDPHWHUNRORQL PP
'LDPHWHU]RQDEHQLQJ PP
,QGHNVDPLOROLWLN
$NWLYLWDVDOIDDPLODVH 8PO
%HUDWNHULQJ J
:DNWX KDUL
$$$V.
$$$Y/
%.$Y/
%.$V.
*DPEDU.XUYDEHUDWNHULQJ %. GDQDNWLYLWDVDDPLODVH $$ $VSHUJLOOXVV\GRZLL
. $V. GDQ$VSHUJLOOXVYHUVLFRORU /SDGDS+GDQVXKX&
%LRWD9RO9,,, )HEUXDUL
1LVD5DKPDQLD 0XEDULNHWDO
.DUDNWHULVDVL$NWLYLWDV$PLODVH
3DGDSHQJXNXUDQDNWLYLWDVJOXNRDPLODVH
$ V\GRZLL . PHPSXQ\DL S+ RSWLPXP
SDGDVXKX &VHGDQJNDQ$YHUVLFRORU /
PHPSXQ\DL S+ RSWLPXP SDGD VXKX &
*DPEDU 6XKX RSWLPXP DNWLYLWDV
JOXNRDPLODVH &XQWXN $ V\GRZLL .GDQ
& XQWXN $ YHUVLFRORU / \DQJ GLXNXU
SDGDS+RSWLPXPPDVLQJPDVLQJ *DPEDU
3DGD XPXPQ\D JOXNRDPLODVH PHPLOLNL S+
RSWLPXP GDQ VXKX RSWLPXP &
)RJDUW\
*OXNRDPLODVH GDQ DDPLODVH \DQJ
EHUDVDO GDUL NDSDQJ GDQ PHPLOLNL VXKX
RSWLPXP & WHODK GLJXQDNDQ VHFDUD
EHUVDPDVDPDGDODPLQGXVWULPLVDOQ\DXQWXN
SURGXNVL SHPDQLV 1J .HQHDO\
:DJX HW DO PHQ\DWDNDQ EDKZD $
YHUVLFRORU GDQ $ V\GRZLL \DQJ GLLVRODVL GDUL
PDNDQDQ IHUPHQWDVL DVDO &LQD PHPLOLNL
DNWLYLWDV DDPLODVH QDPXQ WLGDN GLODSRUNDQ
DNWLYLWDVJOXNRDPLODVHQ\D$NWLYLWDV DDPLODVH
GDUL NHGXD LVRODW LQL OHELK UHQGDK GDULSDGD
DNWLYLWDVSURWHDVHGDQOLS DVHQ\D
3DGDVXKXSHQJXNXUDQ &DNWLYLWDV D
DPLODVH$ V\GRZLL.GDQ$YHUVLFRORU /
*DPEDU PHPSXQ\DL S+ RSWLPXP
:DODXSXQ NHGXD LVRODW EHUVLIDW DONDORWROHUDQ
QDPXQ S+ RSWLPXPQ\D LDODK 3DGD
XPXPQ\D DNWLYLWDV DDPLODVH EHUDGD SDGD
NLVDUDQ S+ KLQJJD WHUJDQWXQJ VXPEHU
HQ]LPQ\D )RJDUW\ .HOO\
6HEDJDLFRQWRKDNWLYLWDV DDPLODVH$RU\]DH
VDQJDWVWDELOSDGDS+ &DUOVHQ HWDO
$ QLJHU PHPSXQ\DL S+ RSWLPXP
GDQ )RJDUW\ .DSDQJ \DQJ
PHPSXQ\DL DNWLYLWDV DDPLODVH SDGD S+
RSWLPXP DVDP S+ PLVDOQ\D 0XFRU
SXVLOXV )RJDUW\
6XKX RSWLPXP DNWLYLWDV DDPLODVH $
YHUVLFRORU / \DLWX SDGD VXKX &
VHGDQJNDQDNWLYLWDV DDPLODVH$V\GRZLL SDGD
VXKX &GDQ & *DPEDU $GDQ\D
VXKX RSWLPXP NHPXQJNLQDQ PHQXQMXNNDQ
GXD PROHNXO DDPLODVH \DQJ EHUEHGD WHWDSL
PHQJNDWDOLVLV UHDNVL HQ]LP \DQJ VDPD
LVRHQ]LP &RQWRK VHUXSD WHUGDSDW SDGD
JOXNRDPLODVH \DQJ EHUDVD O GDUL $ DZDPRUL
155/ PXUQL \DQJ PHPLOLNL DNWLYLWDV
RSWLPXP SDGD VXKX & GDQ &
0HLGLDZDWL
$NWLYLWDVDPLODVH 8PO
S+
$$$Y/
$$$V.
$*$Y/
$*$V.
*DPEDU 3HQJDUXKS+WHUKDGDSDNWLYLWDVDDPLODVH $$ GDQJOXNRDPLODVH $*
$V\GRZLL . $V. GDQ$YHUVLFRORU / $Y/
%LRWD9RO9,,, )HEUXDUL
$NWLYLWDVDPLODVH 8PO
,VRODVLGDQ.DUDNWHULVDVL$PLODVHGDUL.DSDQJ$ONDORWROHUDQ
6XKX &
$$$Y/
$$$V.
$*$Y/
$*$V.
*DPEDU3HQJDUXKVXKXWHUKDGDSDNWLYLWDVDDPLODVH $$ GDQJOXNRDPLODVH $*
$V\GRZLL . $V. GDQ$YHUVLFRORU / $Y/
.HVLPSXODQ
'DIWDU3XVWDND
%HUKDVLO GLLVRODVL LVRODW NDSDQJ
DONDORWROHUDQ \DQJ EHUVLIDW DPLOROLWLN 'XD
LVRODW GL DQWDUDQ\D \DQJ GLLGHQWLILNDVL VHEDJDL
$ V\GRZLL . GDQ $ YHUVLFRORU /
PHPSXQ\DLLQGHNVDPLOROLWLNWHUWLQJJLGDQ
PHPLOLNL DNWLYLWDV DDPLODVH VHUWD
JOXNRDPLODVH
$UQHVHQ66+(ULNVHQ-2OVHQ %-HQVHQ
,QFUHDVHG3URGXFWLRQRI DDPLODVH
IURP 7KHUPRP\FHV /DQXJLQRVXV E\ WKH
$GGLWLRQ RI 7ZHHQ (Q]\PH0LFURE
$NWLYLWDVDDPLODVHGDQJOXNRDPLODVH$YHUVLFRORU
/ \DQJ RSWLPXP SDGD VXKX & EHUSHOXDQJ
GDSDW GLDSOLNDVLNDQ VHEDJDL ELRNDWDOLV 'HPLNLDQ
SXOD DNWLYLWDV DDPLODVH $ V\GRZLL . \DQJ
PHPLOLNL GXD VXKX RSWLPXP \DLWX & GDQ &
PHQDULNXQWXNGLSHODMDULOHELKODQMXW
8FDSDQ7HULPD.DVLK
8FDSDQWHULPDNDVLKGLVDPSDLNDQNHSDGD'U2NN\
6HW\DZDWL 'KDUPDSXWUD \DQJ WHODK WXUXW
PHQJLGHQWLILNDVL NHGXD LVRODW \DQJ GLJXQDNDQ
GDODP SHQHOLWLDQ LQL 3HQHOLWLDQ LQL PHUXSDNDQ
EDJLDQ GDUL SHQHOLWLDQ \DQJ GLGDQDL 3URMHFW *UDQW
48( MXUXVDQ %LRORJL )0,3$ ,3% WDKXQ
NHSDGD1LVD5DFKPDQLD0XEDULN
%HUQIHOG 3 $P\ODVHV D DQG E ,Q
&RORZLFN 63 12 .DSODQ (GV
0HWKRGVLQ(Q]\PRORJ\ ,SS
$FDGHPLF3UHVV1HZ
,661
,VRODVLGDQ.DUDNWHULVDVL$PLODVHGDUL.DSDQJ$ONDORWROHUDQ
$VDO/LPEDK&DLU7DSLRND
,VRODWLRQDQG&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRI$OFDORWROHUDQW)XQJDO$P\ODVHV
IURP&DVVDYD6WDUFK/LTXLG:DVWH
1LVD5DFKPDQLD0XEDULN(YL'DPD\DQWL 6UL/LVW\RZDWL
-XUXVDQ%LRORJL)0,3$,QVWLWXW3HUWDQLDQ%RJRU-DODQ5D\D3DMDMDUDQ%RJRU
7HO)D[(PDLO ULNQLVD#WHONRPQHW
$EVWUDFW
$ WRWDO RI IXQJL LVRODWHV RI JURZLQJ DW S+ DQG LVRODWHV RQ S+ ZLWK DP\ORO\WLF
LQGH[HV I KDYH EHHQ LVRODWHG IURP FDVVDYD VWDUFK OLTXLG ZDVWH 7ZR LVRODWHV
KDYLQJ WKH KLJKHVW DP\ORO\WLF LQGH[ ZHUH LGHQWLILHG DV $VSHUJLOOXV V\GRZLL .
DQG $VSHUJLOOXVYHUVLFRORU / %RWK $V\GRZLL.DQG $YHUVLFRORU/
ZHUHGHVFULEHGDVDOFDORWROHUDQWIRUEHLQJDEOHWRJURZZLWKUDQJHS+7KHRSWLPDO
DDP\ODVHVSURGXFWLRQRI $V\GRZLL.DQG $YHUVLFRORU /ZDVREWDLQHGDIWHU
DQGGD\VRILQFXEDWLRQDW&7KHRSWLPXPRIDDP\ODVHDFWLYLW\IURP$V\GRZLL.
ZDVDW&DQG&DQGS+ ZKLOHWKRVHIURP $YHUVLFRORU /ZDVDW&DQGS+
UHVSHFWLYHO\%RWK $V\GRZLL.DQG $YHUVLFRORU/FRXOGSURGXFHJOXFRDP\ODVH
7KHRSWLPXPRIJOXFRDP\ODVHDFWLYLW\IURP$V\GRZLL.ZDVDW&DQGS+ZKLOH
WKRVHIURP $YHUVLFRORU /ZDVDW&DQGS+UHVSHFWLYHO\
.H\ZRUGV FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQDDP\ODVHJOXFRDP\ODVH$VSHUJLOOXVV\GRZLL $VSHUJLOOXV
YHUVLFRORU
'LWHULPD 2NWREHUGLVHWXMXL 'HVHPEHU
3HQGDKXOXDQ
6HEDJLDQEHVDUXELND\X\DQJGLKDVLONDQ
ROHK QHJDUD ,QGRQHVLD GLPDQIDDWNDQ VHEDJDL
EDKDQ EDNX SDWL WDSLRND 3URVHV SHPEXDWDQ
WDSLRND PHQJKDVLONDQ VHNLWDU SDWL
1LVKLVH HW DO 6HODLQ SDWL OLPEDK
WDSLRND PDVLK PHQJDQGXQJ EDKDQ RUJDQLN
\DQJ ODLQ VHSHUWL JXOD GDQ SURWHLQ \DQJ GDSDW
GLJXQDNDQVHEDJDLVXEVWUDWXQWXNSHUWXPEXKDQ
NDSDQJ
*OXNRDPLODVH GDQ DDPLODVH PHUXSDNDQ
HQ]LP SHQJKLGUROLVLV SDWL \DQJ EDQ\DN
GLJXQDNDQ GL GDODP LQGXVWUL PDNDQD Q
PLQXPDQ 5RE\W GHWHUJHQ %RUFKHUW HW
DO WHNVWLOGDQIDUPDVL 6DULND\D HWDO
$OIDDPLODVH (& PHQJNDWDOLVLV
SHPXWXVDQLNDWDQJOLNRVLGLN DGDULEDJLDQ
GDODP PROHNXO SDWL VHGDQJNDQ JOXNRDPLODVH
DWDX
DPLORJOXNRVLGDVH
(&
PHQJKLGUROLVLV LNDWDQ JOLNRVLGLN D GDQ D
GDULEDJLDQXMXQJJXODQRQSHUHGXNVLVHFDUD
EHUXUXWDQ )RJDUW\ .DSDQJ SHQJKDVLO
DDPLODVH DQWDUD ODLQ $VSHUJLOOXV RU\]DH$
QLJHU 3DHFLORP\FHV VXEJORERVXP 0XFRU
SXVLOXV )RJDUW\ 1LJDP 6LQJK
GDQ7KHUPRP\FHVODQXJLQRVXV $UQHVHQHWDO
3HQJKDVLO JOXNRDPLODVH DQWDUD ODLQ $
QLJHU$VDWRL3HQLFLOOLXPR[DOLFXP5KL]RSXV
1LVKLVH HW DO 1LJDP 6LQJK
GDQ7ODQXJLQRVXV &KXDQOLHWDO
3DGD XPXPQ\D NDSDQJ PHPLOLNL
SHUWXPEXKDQ RSWLPXP SDGD NLVDUDQ S+ DVDP
QDPXQ EHEHUDSD JDOXU NDSDQJ GDUL JHQXV
)XVDULXP 3HQLFLOOLXP $EVLGLD &KDHWRPLXP
GDQ 0RQLOLD PDPSX WXPEXK VDPSDL S+
2UJDQLVPH DONDORWROHUDQ PDPSX WXPEXK
VDPSDL S+ GL DWDV QDPXQ PHPSXQ\DL
SHUWXPEXKDQ RSWLPXP SDGD NLVDUDQ S+ DVDP
KLQJJDQHWUDO .UROO
,VRODVLGDQ.DUDNWHULVDVL$PLODVHGDUL.DSDQJ$ONDORWROHUDQ
'DODP SHQHOLWLDQ LQL NDSDQJ \DQJ
GLLVRODVLGDULOLPEDKFDLUWDSLRNDGLWXPEXKNDQ
SDGD NLVDUDQ S+ VDPSDL S+ ,VRODW
\DQJWXPEXKGDQEHUSRWHQVLVHEDJDLSHQJKDVLO
DDPLODVH HNVWUDVHOXOHU GLSLOLK XQWXN
GLNDUDNWHULVDVL DNWLYLWDV DDPLODVH GDQ
JOXNRDPLODVHQ\D
0HWRGHSHQHOLWLDQ
GLLQRNXODVLNDQSDGDPOPHGLDFDLUS+
SDWLWDSLRNDHNVWUDNNKDPLU.+ 32
GDQ 0J62 +2 GLLQNXEDVL
SDGD VXKX & GHQJDQ JR\DQJDQ SHU
PHQLW VHODPD KDUL 6HWHODK LWX NXOWXU
GLVDULQJ GDQ ILOWUDW \DQJ GLGDSDW PHUXSDNDQ
HNVWUDN NDVDU HQ]LP DDPLODVH 0DVVD NDSDQJ
GLNHULQJNDQ GL GDODP RYHQ SDGD VXKX &
VHODPDr KDUL VDPSDLERERWNRQVWDQ
3HQJDPELODQ6DPSHO
.XUYD 3HUWXPEXKDQ GDQ .XUYD $NWLYLWDV D
DPLODVH
&RQWRK OLPEDK FDLU WDSLRND EHUDVDO GDUL
GDHUDK LQGXVWUL UDN\DW GL .HGXQJ +DODQJ GDQ
&LPDKSDU %RJRU 6DPSHO OLPEDK FDLU WDSLRN D
VXKX & S+ GLPDVXNNDQ NH GDODP
ERWRO VWHULO GDQ ODQJVXQJ GLEDZD NH
ODERUDWRULXP
.XUYD SHUWXPEXKDQ NDSDQJ GLEXDW
EHUGDVDUNDQ EHUDW NHULQJ PDVVD PLVHOLXP
VHODPD PDVD LQNXEDVL KDUL 6HODPD PDVD
WHUVHEXWGLXNXUSXODDNWLYLWDV DDPLODVHQ\D
,VRODVLGDQ3HQDSLVDQ,VRODW
6HEDQ\DN PO VDPSHO OLPEDK FDLU
WDSLRND GLWXDQJ NH GDODP FDZDQ \DQJ EHULVL
PHGLD DJDUDJDU NHQWDQJ \DQJ PHQJDQGXQJ
SDWL WDSLRND S+ DJDUDJDU SDWL
WDSLRND PHUHN 3DN 7DQL EXDWDQ %RJRU
NHQWDQJ GDQ DQWLELRWLN NDQDPLVLQ
,QNXEDVLGLODNXNDQSDGDVXKXNDPDU
,VRODW \DQJ WXPEXK GLPXUQLNDQ SDGD PHGLD
GHQJDQ NRPSRVLVL \DQJ VDPD :DUQD NRORQL
EHQWXN NRORQL GDQ FLULFLUL PRUIRORJL NDSDQJ
GLDPDWL XQWXN NHSHUOXDQ LGHQWLILNDVL 0DVLQJ
PDVLQJ LVRODW NHPXGLDQ GLWHWHVL ODUXWDQ /XJRO
,RGLQ GL VHNLWDU WHSL NRORQL NDSDQJ =RQD
EHQLQJ \DQJ WHUEHQWXN GL VHNHOLOLQJ NRORQL
PHQXQMXNNDQ NDSDQJ WHUVHEXW PHPLOLNL
DNWLYLWDV DPLODVH ,QGHNV DPLOROLWLN GLKLWXQJ
EHUGDVDUNDQ KDVLO EDJL GLDPHWHU ]RQD EHQLQJ
WHUKDGDS GLDPHWHU NRORQL 'XD NDSDQJ \DQJ
PHPLOLNL LQGHNV DPLOROLWLN WHUWLQJJL GLSLOLK
XQWXN
GLLGHQWLILNDVL
*LOPDQ
6HODQMXWQ\D GLWXPEXKNDQ SDGD PHGLD DJDU
DJDU NHQWDQJ \DQJ PHQJDQGXQJ SDWL WDSLRND
SDGD NLVDUDQ S+ GDQ GLNDUDNWHULVDVL
DNWLYLWDVDPLODVHQ\D
3URGXNVL$PLODVH
3HQJXMLDQ DNWLYLWDV DPLODVH GLODNXNDQ
WHUKDGDS LVRODW NDSDQJ \DQJ PHPLOLNL LQGHNV
DPLOROLWLN WHUWLQJJL (PSDW NHSLQJ ELDNDQ
GLDPHWHU FP XPXU KDUL
3HQJXNXUDQ$NWLYLWDV$PLODVH
$NWLYLWDV DDPLODVH GLXNXU GHQJDQ
PHWRGH%HUQIHOG 6DWXXQLWDNWLYLWDV D
DPLODVH GLGHILQLVLNDQ VHEDJDL MXPO DK HQ]LP
\DQJ UHDNVLQ\D PHQJKDVLONDQ SURGXN VHWDUD
PPRO PDOWRVD SHU PHQLW SDGD NRQGLVL
SHQJXNXUDQ 6HEDQ\DN PO HQ]LP GDQ PO
SDWL WHUODUXW SDWL GL GDODP EXIHU JOLVLQ
1D2+ 0 GLUHDNVLNDQ GL GDODP WDEXQJ
UHDNVL GDQ GLLQNXEDVL VHODPD PHQLW SDGD
VXKX & 5HDNVL GLKHQWLNDQ GHQJDQ
PHQDPEDKNDQPOUHDJHQDVDPGLQLWURVDOLVLODW
'16 GDQ VHWHODK LWX GLSDQDVNDQ GDODP DLU
PHQGLGLK VHODPD PHQLW 6HWHODK FDPSXUDQ
PHQMDGL GLQJLQ DEVRUEDQVL GLEDFD SDGD
SDQMDQJ JHORPEDQJ QP 6HEDJDL VWDQGDU
GLJXQDNDQ PDOWRVD SDGD NRQVHQWUDVL
SSPGHQJDQVHODQJNRQVHQWUDVLSSP
$NWLYLWDV JOXNRDPLODVH GLXNXU GHQJDQ
PHWRGH 1HOVRQ6RPRJ\L 1HOVRQ
6HEDQ\DN PO ODUXWDQ SDWL PO
EXIHUJOLVLQ1D2+0GDQPOODUXWDQ
HQ]LP GLUHDNVLNDQ GL GDODP WDEXQJ UHDNVL GDQ
GLLQNXEDVL VHODPD PHQLW SDGD VXKX &
3DGD DNKLU LQNXEDVL GLWDPEDKNDQ POODUXWDQ
$ 6HEDQ\DN PO FDPSXUDQ WHUVHEXW GLDPELO
GDQ GLUHDNVLNDQ GHQJDQ ODUXWDQ ' GDODP
WDEXQJ UHDNVL \DQJ ODLQ GLSDQDVNDQ GL GDODP
DLU PHQGLGLK VHODPD PHQLW &DPSXUDQ
GLGLQJLQNDQSDGDDLUPHQJDOLUVHODPDPHQLW
GLUHDNVLNDQ GHQJDQ ODUXWDQ & NHPXGLDQ
GLNRFRN NXDW VDPSDL WLGDN DGD JHOHPEXQJ
&DPSXUDQ GLELDUNDQ VHODPD PHQLW SDGD
%LRWD9RO9,,, )HEUXDUL
1LVD5DKPDQLD 0XEDULNHWDO
VXKX NDPDU GLHQFHUNDQ GHQJDQ DNXDGHV
KLQJJDYROXPHDNKLU PO$EVRUEDQVLGLXNXU
SDGD SDQMDQJ JHORPEDQJ QP 6DWX XQLW
DNWLYLWDV JOXNRDPLODVH VHWDUD GHQJDQ PPRO
JOXNRVD\DQJGLKDVLONDQSHUPHQLWSDGDNRQGLVL
SHQJXNXUDQ 6HEDJDL VWDQGDU GLJXQDNDQ
JOXNRVD SDGD NRQVHQWUDVL SSP GHQJDQ
VHODQJNRQVHQWUDVL SSP
.DUDNWHULVDVL$PLODVH
8ML NDUDNWHULVWLN DDPLODVH GDQ
JOXNRDPLODVHGLODNXNDQGHQJDQFDUDPHQJXNXU
DNWLYLWDV HQ]LP SDGD NLVDUDQ S+
GHQJDQVHODQJVDWXXQLWSDGDVXKX &XQWXN
PHQHQWXNDQ S+ RSWLPXP DNWLYLWDV HQ]LP GDQ
PHQJXNXU DNWLYLWDV HQ]LP SDGD NLVDUDQ VXKX
& KLQJJD & GHQJDQ VHODQJ & XQWXN
PHQHQWXNDQ VXKX RSWLPXPQ\D %XIHU \DQJ
GLJXQDNDQXQWXNSHQHQWXDQS+RSWLPXPLDODK
EXIHU VLWUDW 0 S+ EXIHU 7ULV
+&O0 S+ GDQEXIHU*OLVLQ
1D2+0 S+
+DVLO'DQ3HPEDKDVDQ
3HQDSLVDQ,VRODW
6HEDQ\DN LVRODW NDSDQJ SHQJKDVLO
HQ]LP DPLODVH EHUKDVLO GLLVRODVL GDUL PHGLD
DJDUDJDU NHQWDQJ \DQJ PHQJDQGXQJ SDWL
S+ DWDX 7DEHO 'XD LVRODW \DQJ
WXPEXKSDGDS+PHPLOLNLLQGHNVDPL OROLWLN
GL DWDV \DLWX LVRODW . GDQ /
%HUGDVDUNDQ *LOPDQ LVRODW .
GLLGHQWLILNDVL VHEDJDL $VSHUJLOOXV V\GRZLL GDQ
LVRODW/VHEDJDL$YHUVLFRORU
3HUWXPEXKDQ,VRODWSDGD%HUEDJDLS+
,VRODW$V\GRZLL .GDQ $YHUVLFRORU
/ PDPSX WXPEXK SDGD PHGLD DJDU DJDU
NHQWDQJ\DQJPHQJDGXQJSDWLSDGDNLVDUDQ
S+ ,QGHNV DPLOROLWLN WHUEHVDU WHUGDSDW
SDGD S+ XQWXN $ V\GRZLL . GDQ
%LRWD9RO9,,, )HEUXDUL
S+ XQWXN $ YHUVLFRORU / 7DEHO
.HGXD LVRODW GDSDW GLJRORQJNDQ VHEDJDL
DONDORWROHUDQ NDUHQD PDPSX WXPEXK SDGD
NLVDUDQS+DVDPKLQJJDEDVD S+
.XUYD 3HUWXPEXKDQ GDQ .XUYD $NWLYLWDV D
DPLODVH
.HGXD NDSDQJ PHPEHQWXN PDVVD
PLVHOLXP PHQ\HUXSDL SHOHW SDGD PHGLD FDLU
\DQJGLDJLWDVL$NWLYLWDV DDPLODVH $ V\GRZLL
. PXODL WHUXNXU SDGD KDUL NH NXOWLYDVL
DNWLYLWDV WHUWLQJJL WHUFDSDL SDGD KDUL NH
NXOWLYDVL 8PO GDQ VHWHODK LWX
PHQJDODPL SHQXUXQDQ $NWLYLWDV DDPLODVH $
YHUVLFRORU /WHUWLQJJLWHUFDSDLSDGDKDULNH
NXOWLYDVL 8PO UHODWLINRQVWDQSDGD KDUL
NH 8PO NHPXGLDQ PHQJDODPL
SHQXUXQDQKLQJJDKDULNH *DPEDU
.HEHUDGDDQ VXEVWUDW EHUXSD SDWL WDSLRND
GDODP PHGLD DNDQ PHQJLQGXNVL VLQWHVLV HQ]LP
DPLODVH +DO LQL NDUHQD VXEVWUDW \DQJ EHUEHUDW
PROHNXO WLQJJL VHSHUWL SDWL DNDQ VXOLW PDVXN NH
GDODP VHO VHKLQJJD SHUOX GLSHFDK WHUOHELK
GDKXOX ROHK HQ]LP DPLODVH HNVWUDVHOXOHU
6HLULQJ GHQJDQ ODPD ZDNWX NXOWLYDVL VHWHODK
PHOHZDWL KDUL NH NXOWLYDVL DNWLYLWDV D
DPLODVH PHQJDODPL SHQXUXQDQ +DO LQL GLGXJD
NDUHQD WHUMDGL SHQXPSXNDQ SURGX N \DQJ OHELK
VHGHUKDQD PLVDOQ\D JOXNRVD \DQJ GDSDW
PHQHNDQ SHPEHQWXNDQ HQ]LP DDPLODVH
0HNDQLVPHLQLGLQDPDNDQUHSUHVLSURGXNDNKLU
3ULHVW 'XJDDQ WHUVHEXW GDSDW
GLEXNWLNDQ
GHQJDQ
DGDQ\D
DNWLYLWDV
JOXNRDPLODVH\DQJPHQJKDVLONDQSURGXNDNKLU
EHUXSD JOXNRVD SDGD VXSHUQDWDQ GL KDUL NH
NXOWLYDVL $NWLYLWDV JOXNRDPLODVH \DQJ WHUXNXU
VHEHVDU 8PO SDGD $ V\GRZLL . GDQ
8POSDGD$YHUVLFRORU /6LTXHUDHW
DO WHODK PHODSRUNDQ SXOD EDKZD
DNWLYLWDV DDPLODVH FHQGDZDQ 3\FQRSRUXV
VDQJXLQHXV WHUKDPEDW GHQJDQ DGDQ\D JOXNRVD
GLGDODPPHGLXP
,VRODVLGDQ.DUDNWHULVDVL$PLODVHGDUL.DSDQJ$ONDORWROHUDQ
7DEHO,QGHNVDPLOROLWLNEHEHUDSDLVRODWNDSDQJDONDORWROHUDQ
'LDPHWHUNRORQL
PP
'LDPHWHU]RQDEHQLQJ
PP
0
0
/
0
/
/
.
.RGHLVRODW
S+SHUWXPEXKDQ
.
,QGHNVDPLOROLWLN
7DEHO,QGHNVDPLOROLWLN$V\GRZLL .GDQ$YHUVLFRORU /SDGDEHUEDJDLS+PHGLD
S+
$V\GRZLL .
'LDPHWHUNRORQL PP
'LDPHWHU]RQDEHQLQJ PP
,QGHNVDPLOROLWLN
$YHUVLFRORU /
'LDPHWHUNRORQL PP
'LDPHWHU]RQDEHQLQJ PP
,QGHNVDPLOROLWLN
$NWLYLWDVDOIDDPLODVH 8PO
%HUDWNHULQJ J
:DNWX KDUL
$$$V.
$$$Y/
%.$Y/
%.$V.
*DPEDU.XUYDEHUDWNHULQJ %. GDQDNWLYLWDVDDPLODVH $$ $VSHUJLOOXVV\GRZLL
. $V. GDQ$VSHUJLOOXVYHUVLFRORU /SDGDS+GDQVXKX&
%LRWD9RO9,,, )HEUXDUL
1LVD5DKPDQLD 0XEDULNHWDO
.DUDNWHULVDVL$NWLYLWDV$PLODVH
3DGDSHQJXNXUDQDNWLYLWDVJOXNRDPLODVH
$ V\GRZLL . PHPSXQ\DL S+ RSWLPXP
SDGDVXKX &VHGDQJNDQ$YHUVLFRORU /
PHPSXQ\DL S+ RSWLPXP SDGD VXKX &
*DPEDU 6XKX RSWLPXP DNWLYLWDV
JOXNRDPLODVH &XQWXN $ V\GRZLL .GDQ
& XQWXN $ YHUVLFRORU / \DQJ GLXNXU
SDGDS+RSWLPXPPDVLQJPDVLQJ *DPEDU
3DGD XPXPQ\D JOXNRDPLODVH PHPLOLNL S+
RSWLPXP GDQ VXKX RSWLPXP &
)RJDUW\
*OXNRDPLODVH GDQ DDPLODVH \DQJ
EHUDVDO GDUL NDSDQJ GDQ PHPLOLNL VXKX
RSWLPXP & WHODK GLJXQDNDQ VHFDUD
EHUVDPDVDPDGDODPLQGXVWULPLVDOQ\DXQWXN
SURGXNVL SHPDQLV 1J .HQHDO\
:DJX HW DO PHQ\DWDNDQ EDKZD $
YHUVLFRORU GDQ $ V\GRZLL \DQJ GLLVRODVL GDUL
PDNDQDQ IHUPHQWDVL DVDO &LQD PHPLOLNL
DNWLYLWDV DDPLODVH QDPXQ WLGDN GLODSRUNDQ
DNWLYLWDVJOXNRDPLODVHQ\D$NWLYLWDV DDPLODVH
GDUL NHGXD LVRODW LQL OHELK UHQGDK GDULSDGD
DNWLYLWDVSURWHDVHGDQOLS DVHQ\D
3DGDVXKXSHQJXNXUDQ &DNWLYLWDV D
DPLODVH$ V\GRZLL.GDQ$YHUVLFRORU /
*DPEDU PHPSXQ\DL S+ RSWLPXP
:DODXSXQ NHGXD LVRODW EHUVLIDW DONDORWROHUDQ
QDPXQ S+ RSWLPXPQ\D LDODK 3DGD
XPXPQ\D DNWLYLWDV DDPLODVH EHUDGD SDGD
NLVDUDQ S+ KLQJJD WHUJDQWXQJ VXPEHU
HQ]LPQ\D )RJDUW\ .HOO\
6HEDJDLFRQWRKDNWLYLWDV DDPLODVH$RU\]DH
VDQJDWVWDELOSDGDS+ &DUOVHQ HWDO
$ QLJHU PHPSXQ\DL S+ RSWLPXP
GDQ )RJDUW\ .DSDQJ \DQJ
PHPSXQ\DL DNWLYLWDV DDPLODVH SDGD S+
RSWLPXP DVDP S+ PLVDOQ\D 0XFRU
SXVLOXV )RJDUW\
6XKX RSWLPXP DNWLYLWDV DDPLODVH $
YHUVLFRORU / \DLWX SDGD VXKX &
VHGDQJNDQDNWLYLWDV DDPLODVH$V\GRZLL SDGD
VXKX &GDQ & *DPEDU $GDQ\D
VXKX RSWLPXP NHPXQJNLQDQ PHQXQMXNNDQ
GXD PROHNXO DDPLODVH \DQJ EHUEHGD WHWDSL
PHQJNDWDOLVLV UHDNVL HQ]LP \DQJ VDPD
LVRHQ]LP &RQWRK VHUXSD WHUGDSDW SDGD
JOXNRDPLODVH \DQJ EHUDVD O GDUL $ DZDPRUL
155/ PXUQL \DQJ PHPLOLNL DNWLYLWDV
RSWLPXP SDGD VXKX & GDQ &
0HLGLDZDWL
$NWLYLWDVDPLODVH 8PO
S+
$$$Y/
$$$V.
$*$Y/
$*$V.
*DPEDU 3HQJDUXKS+WHUKDGDSDNWLYLWDVDDPLODVH $$ GDQJOXNRDPLODVH $*
$V\GRZLL . $V. GDQ$YHUVLFRORU / $Y/
%LRWD9RO9,,, )HEUXDUL
$NWLYLWDVDPLODVH 8PO
,VRODVLGDQ.DUDNWHULVDVL$PLODVHGDUL.DSDQJ$ONDORWROHUDQ
6XKX &
$$$Y/
$$$V.
$*$Y/
$*$V.
*DPEDU3HQJDUXKVXKXWHUKDGDSDNWLYLWDVDDPLODVH $$ GDQJOXNRDPLODVH $*
$V\GRZLL . $V. GDQ$YHUVLFRORU / $Y/
.HVLPSXODQ
'DIWDU3XVWDND
%HUKDVLO GLLVRODVL LVRODW NDSDQJ
DONDORWROHUDQ \DQJ EHUVLIDW DPLOROLWLN 'XD
LVRODW GL DQWDUDQ\D \DQJ GLLGHQWLILNDVL VHEDJDL
$ V\GRZLL . GDQ $ YHUVLFRORU /
PHPSXQ\DLLQGHNVDPLOROLWLNWHUWLQJJLGDQ
PHPLOLNL DNWLYLWDV DDPLODVH VHUWD
JOXNRDPLODVH
$UQHVHQ66+(ULNVHQ-2OVHQ %-HQVHQ
,QFUHDVHG3URGXFWLRQRI DDPLODVH
IURP 7KHUPRP\FHV /DQXJLQRVXV E\ WKH
$GGLWLRQ RI 7ZHHQ (Q]\PH0LFURE
$NWLYLWDVDDPLODVHGDQJOXNRDPLODVH$YHUVLFRORU
/ \DQJ RSWLPXP SDGD VXKX & EHUSHOXDQJ
GDSDW GLDSOLNDVLNDQ VHEDJDL ELRNDWDOLV 'HPLNLDQ
SXOD DNWLYLWDV DDPLODVH $ V\GRZLL . \DQJ
PHPLOLNL GXD VXKX RSWLPXP \DLWX & GDQ &
PHQDULNXQWXNGLSHODMDULOHELKODQMXW
8FDSDQ7HULPD.DVLK
8FDSDQWHULPDNDVLKGLVDPSDLNDQNHSDGD'U2NN\
6HW\DZDWL 'KDUPDSXWUD \DQJ WHODK WXUXW
PHQJLGHQWLILNDVL NHGXD LVRODW \DQJ GLJXQDNDQ
GDODP SHQHOLWLDQ LQL 3HQHOLWLDQ LQL PHUXSDNDQ
EDJLDQ GDUL SHQHOLWLDQ \DQJ GLGDQDL 3URMHFW *UDQW
48( MXUXVDQ %LRORJL )0,3$ ,3% WDKXQ
NHSDGD1LVD5DFKPDQLD0XEDULN
%HUQIHOG 3 $P\ODVHV D DQG E ,Q
&RORZLFN 63 12 .DSODQ (GV
0HWKRGVLQ(Q]\PRORJ\ ,SS
$FDGHPLF3UHVV1HZ