Results cortex as well as the hippocampus [16]. Therefore, neuro-
J .T. Hong et al. Brain Research 888 2001 11 –18
13
tetrachloride substrate solution was added onto tissue tein in brain of animals pretreated by 0.5 and 2 green tea
sections for 10 min at room temperature. After each step, for 3 weeks, respectively. Consistent with the hydrogen
the tissue sections were rinsed twice with a phosphate- peroxide level, the level of lipid peroxidation products
buffered saline solution PBS, pH 7.4. The apoptotic malonaldehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal in the animals had
bodies were identified under microscope 3200 as con- also increased as a result of ischemia reperfusion from
taining brown colored nuclei. The quantity of apoptotic 1020660 to 14106210 nmole mg protein. The animals
bodies were expressed as the average number of apoptotic pretreated with green tea had substantially reduced lipid
cells per high power field visible apoptotic cells HPF. peroxidation products especially the ones that were ad-
ministered the 2 extract. The malonaldehyde and 4- 2.6. Measurement of locomotor activity
hydroxynonenal levels were 930640 and 330620 nmole mg protein in brains of animals pretreated with 0.5 and 2
The locomotor activity was determined by the distances green tea for 3 weeks, respectively Fig. 2B. The 8-oxodG
traveled by the animals for 1 h counts cm in the level had also increased in brains of ischemia reperfusion
22
locomotor activity apparatus OPTI-Varimex , Columbus animals 3.960.1 ng mg DNA, 310
compared to the
22
Instrument, Ohio, USA. Spontaneous locomotor activity control animals 2.160.7 ng mg DNA, 310
. These
22
was monitored by a single break defined as an activity in values were reduced to 2.860.3 ng mg DNA, 310
,
22
the photocell light beam emitted from 15 sites in the 1.960.3 ng mg DNA, 310
as a result of pretreatment photocell chamber.
with 0.5 or 2 green tea for 3 weeks, respectively Fig. 2C.
2.7. Statistics 3.3. Formation of apoptotic cells
The data was expressed as the mean6standard error. The data was analyzed with a one-way analysis of the
In order to determine whether green tea ingestion had variance followed by either Dunnett’s or Bonferroni’s
the effect of reducing the level of oxidative damage to method as a post hoc test. Differences were considered
macromolecules and hence prevent neuronal death, the significant at P,0.05.
level of apoptotic cell formation was measured. In the preliminary study, it was found that the number of
surviving neurons was greatly reduced in the striatum and
3. Results cortex as well as the hippocampus [16]. Therefore, neuro-
nal cell death in striatum and cortex regions was detected 3.1. Ischemia reperfusion-induced brain infarction
to observe whether cell death could influence neuronal cell loss. In the ischemia reperfusion group, there was a clear
The effect of the occlusion and reperfusion time on increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the striatum of
brain infarct was examined initially. Different degrees of the brain. In this region, only occasional apoptotic cells
ischemia infarction volume were created by varying dura- 2–3 cells HPF were detected in the sham-operated group
tion of occlusion and reperfusion data not shown. The Fig. 3. In the striatum region of the brains of animals
highest infarct volume total infarction volume was pretreated by 0.5 and 2 green tea, the number of
3
189612 mm was induced in the animals after 5 min- apoptotic cells 59611 by ischemia reperfusion was
ischemia 48 h-reperfusion. Treatment with green tea for 3 reduced to 3768 and 15611, respectively. A similar
weeks prior to the induction of ischemia attenuated the increase in the number of apoptotic cells by ischemia
ischemia reperfusion-induced brain infarction 112631 reperfusion and inhibitory effect of green tea was also
3
mm in the 0.5 green tea pretreated animals and 76611 found in the cortex region Fig. 3.
3
mm in the 2 green tea pretreated animals, Fig. 1. 3.4. Locomotor activity
3.2. Hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation product and 8-oxodG levels
The value of locomotor activity traveled distance, cm was found to be 300626 soon after ischemic surgery.
Since the TTC results showed that most parts of the However, the activity gradually increased after reperfusion
brain were damaged by 5 min-ischemia 48 h-reperfusion, and peaked at 6 h 28 00061900. The level was sustained
the whole brain was used for the biochemical assays. Fig. at the 15 000 level for as long as 2 days. Therefore, the
2A shows the hydrogen peroxide level. The hydrogen locomotor activity was compared 1 and 3 days after
peroxide level increased in the ischemia reperfusion ani- ischemia. There was a 2–3-fold increase in the ischemia
mals from 1040620 to 14706170 nmole mg protein. reperfusion animals 15 14062940 compared with the
The increase in the hydrogen peroxide level was reduced sham-operated animals 495063570 1 day post-ischemia.
by green tea pretreatment. The values were found to be One day after ischemia, the locomotor activity had sig-
1034646 nmole mg protein and 555630 nmole mg pro- nificantly decreased in animals pretreated with green tea
14 J
Fig. 1. Brain infarction after 5 min-ischemia 48 h-reperfusion caused by the occlusion of the bilateral common carotid artery in Mongolian gerbils. The brain infarction was detected in brain slices cut at 6 mm away from the frontal pole by the 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining methods described
in Materials and methods. 0.5 and 2 green tea extracts GTE were given to the animals for 3 weeks before induction of ischemia. A; sham control, B; 5 min-ischemia 48 h-reperfusion, C; 5 min-ischemia 48 h-reperfusion after 0.5 GTE pretreatment for 3 weeks, D; 5 min-ischemia 48 h-reperfusion after
2 GTE treatment for 3 weeks. E; Infarction volumes n56. ; significant difference from ischemia reperfusion group P,0.05, [ significant difference from 0.5 green tea group.
extract Fig.
4. The
values were
39006600 and
fold higher 384061731 than in the sham control 410061200 in the animals pretreated by 0.5 and 2 green
1840650. Pretreatment with green tea extract did not tea for 3 weeks, respectively. After 3 days, the locomotor
induce any further decrease in the ischemia reperfusion- activity in the ischemia reperfusion animals was still 2–3-
induced increase of locomotor activity Fig. 4.
J .T. Hong et al. Brain Research 888 2001 11 –18
15
of cerebral ischemia has been widely studied [16,4]. In this investigation, it was found that pretreatment with green tea
extract had inhibitory effects on the ischemia reperfusion- induced increase of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation
products and 8-oxodG a form of oxidative DNA damage levels. Moreover, pretreatment with green tea attenuated
ischemia reperfusion-induced brain infarction and cell death.
Both the modification of enzymes involving the free radical generating procedure and treatment of free radical
scavengers have been used by many investigators to ameliorate brain injury in animals following focal or global
cerebral ischemia. Chan et al. [3] reported that increased endogenous superoxide dismutase activity in transgenic
mice resulted in the alteration of the antioxidant system that favored cytoprotection of the brain against ischemia
injury. Dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO and ethanol, having an ability to scavenge free radicals were also found to reduce
5-min ischemia 5-day reperfusion-evoked neuronal cell death in the gerbil hippocampus [18]. Melatonin protected
ischemia reperfusion-induced oxidative lipid and DNA damage by scavenging free radicals [22]. The effect of
green tea on the hydrogen peroxide level in the brain was first examined since hydrogen peroxide is one of the major
reactive oxygen species present after ischemia reper- fusion-induced oxidative brain injury. The hydrogen
peroxide level had increased about 30 after ischemia reperfusion. This increased level was prevented in green
tea extract pretreated animals. This suggests that green tea extract acts as a scavenger of existing hydrogen peroxide,
as seen in the other in vitro and in vivo systems [12,6,23]. The hydrogen peroxide levels found in the 2 green tea
extract pretreated group was far lower than that found in the sham control group. This inhibitory effect of green tea
extract on the hydrogen peroxide level partly results from the preventive effect on hydrogen peroxide production via
increasing enzyme activity or expression of the enzyme. In fact, it was reported that pretreatment with green tea
extract increased the level of catalase activity in the liver, lung and kidney [12,9,26].
Fig. 2. Level of hydrogen peroxide A, lipid peroxidation products malondialdehyde plus 4-hydroxynonenal, B and 8-oxodeoxyguanosine
The next stage was to determine whether the production
8-OxodG, C in the 5 min-ischemia 48 h-reperfusion brain caused by
of hydrogen peroxide subsequently resulted in oxidative
the bilateral common carotid artery occlusion of Mongolian gerbils. 0.5
damage to the lipids and DNA lipid peroxidation and
and 2 green tea extracts GTE were treated for 3 weeks before
formation of 8-oxodG and whether green tea pretreatment
induction of ischemia n56. ; significant difference from normal group
could inhibit such damage. Consistent with the hydrogen
P,0.05.
peroxide level, the lipid peroxidation products malon- aldehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal level had increased as a
result of ischemia reperfusion. However, this increase was