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2. Face Validity
Ingram 1977: 18 as cited by Alderson, Clapham and Wall 1995: 289 defines face validity a
s “surface credibility or public acceptability”. In other words, a test’s face validity is the extent to which a test looks acceptable and
credible. Therefore, face validation involves spontaneous judgment about the how the test looks, which includes no more than a surface-level overview on the test.
3. Content Validity
Kerlinger 1973: 458 as cited by Alderson et al. 1995: 173 defines test content validity as content representativeness or sampling adequacy of a test. It
has something to do with content relevance between the test and its specifications. Content validation is thus a process of demonstrating that the language test is
relevant to and covers a “given area” of content or ability of the related language course. McNamara 2000: 51 mentions that content validation is an investigation
on the relevance of topics included in test to the topics that have been delivered to students. This research deals with the analysis of content validity of the reading
section of the national final examination year 2007 for vocational high schools. Therefore, measuring content validity is a process of demonstrating that national
final examination year 2007 for vocational high schools is relevant to and covers a given area of content in the related test specifications.
4. English National Final Examination
English national final examination is an English test that is administered at the end of the academic year of an education institution. The test is made by the
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government and is administered in all education institutions over the country at the same time. Heaton 1975: xi calls this kind of test as school-leaving
examination due to the assumption that students taking the test are at the final grade of a certain education unit. Heaton categorizes the school-leaving
examination, or national final examination, as an achievement test. National final examination functions as an achievement test because
it measures the students’ achievement of required competencies. The results of the national final
examination determine whether or not the students graduate from the education level they are studying at. This research deals with the national final examination
year 2007 for vocational high schools.
5. Vocational High School
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