An Analysis Of Intrinsic Elements As Portrayed In Louisa May Alcott’s Novel Little Woman

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AN ANALYSIS OF INTRINSIC ELEMENTS AS PORTRAYED

IN LOUISA MAY ALCOTT’S NOVEL LITTLE WOMAN

A PAPER

JANNATUL MAQWAH LUBIS REG. NO. 122202007

DIPLOMA – III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDY

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA MEDAN

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

JANNATUL MAQWAH LUBIS declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except where reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole in part from a paper from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed :

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : JANNATUL MAQWAH LUBIS

Title of paper : An Analysis of Intrinsic Elements as Portrayed in

Louisa May Alcott’s Novel Little Woman

Qualification : D-III / Ahli Madya

Study Program : English

I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Librarian of the Diploma III English Department Faculty of Culture Studies USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed :

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ABSTRACT

Novel is one of literary work that can express with the wishes of the author, and presented clearly in writing. Through the novel, the author is usually effected the mindset of the reader and feel the purpose by the author. Novel is an expression of the past story have ever experienced by the author. Therefore, in this paper will describe a novel about Little Woman that tells about family love. This novel tells about family march that life in poverty but they are happy. This family consists of a father who is very in love, wise mother and four girls who have different character. Murch girls that always complain with their life and also often fight Each other. But this is soon changed when their mother that called Marmee knocked on their hearts and minds to be grateful for the condition in which they live, and they are also able to change their bad qualities into good character. I do hope when the reader sees this novel the reader can realize the importance of love in the family.

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ABSTRAK

Novel adalah salah satu karya sastra yang mampu mengekspresikan perasaan, peristiwa dengan keinginan si pengarang, dan di paparkan secara gamblang, orisinil didalam tulisan. Melalui novel, si pengarang juga biasanya mempengaruhi pola pikr para pembaca agar terhanyut dan merasakan apa yang di maksud oleh pengarang. Novel merupakan ungkapkan seluruh kisah di masa lampau yang pernah di alami pengarang. Oleh karena itu, dalam paper ini akan dideskripsikan sebuah novel tentang Little Woman yang menceritakan tentang cinta keluarga. Little Women berkisah tentang keluarga March, yang meski miskin namun hidup bahagia. Keluarga ini terdiri dari ayah yang sangat dicintai, ibu yang bijaksana, dan keempat anak perempuan yang memiliki sifat berbeda-beda. Anak-anak March yang sering mengeluh dengan kehidupan mereka dan juga sering berantam satu sama lain. Namun hal ini segera berubah saat sang ibu yang dikenal dengan panggilan sayang ‘Marmee’ mampu mengetuk hati serta pikiran mereka untuk bersyukur atas kondisi yang meraka jalani, dan mereka juga mampu mengubah sifat-sifat buruk mereka menjadi sifat yang baik. Saya berharap dengan melihat novel ini para pembaca bias mengerti betapa pentingnya cinta dalam keluarga.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank and praise to the Almighty, Allah SWT for blessing and giving me health, strength, and ease to accomplish this paper. This paper is accomplished in order to fulfill one of the requirements to get Diploma III certificate from English Study Program in Faculty of Culture Study, University of Sumatera Utara.

I realize that, without helps and guidance from many people, since I have been studying in this program until this time I accomplish this paper, it is so hard for me to accomplish this paper. Because of that, I would like to express my deep gratitude, love, and appreciation to:

Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. as the dean of Faculty of Culture Study, University of Sumatera Utara.

Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. as the Head of English Diploma Study Program.

Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum. as my supervisor. Thank you for the time giving advice, suggestions, guidance, and help to write this paper.

Thank you very much Drs. Siamir Marulafau, M. Hum. as my reader for your time and advice.

All lecturers in English Study Program for giving me advice and knowledge.

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My beloved parents, Burhan Lubis and Mina Hasibuan and also my handsome brother, Udin lubis, Hendra Lubis,Mazid Japran Lubis and my sisters, Yanti Lubis, Nurainun Lubis and Suhaima Lubis who have given me the motivation, advice, pray, love and support. I present this paper for you all. I also say thank you so much to my grandfather Drs. Syahnan Hasibuan and my grandmother Almh. Ani for affection and finance during I study.

My best friends Bella Gayatri, Nurhalimatussadiah Frirawiati Adrianti, Nindya Kartika and Usman Halomoan Ritonga and my brother girl friend Iin iriyani who have helped me a lot in accomplishing this paper. And all my friends in English Diploma III class A and B. Thank you very much for your support.

Thank you for everybody who has helped the writer and that all of you will be remembered forever.

And finally, I hope the Almighty God is pleased to repay all the kindness from all people who helped me. Hopefully this paper can be useful to develop our knowledge.

Medan, 2015 The writer,

Reg. No. 122202007 Jannatul Maqwah Lubis

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... iii

ABSTRAK ... iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii

1. INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 2

1.2 Problem of the Study ... 2

1.3 Scope of the Study ... 2

1.4 Purpose of the Study ... 3

1.5 Method of the Study ... 3

1.6 Review of Related Literature. ... 3

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 5

2.1 The definition of novel ... 5

2.2 The theme ... 6

2.3 The Plot ... 8

2.4 The Characterization ... 9

2.5 The Setting ... 11

2.6 The Point of View ... 13

3. THE ANALYSIS OF LOUISE MAY ALCOTT’S NOVEL LITTLE WOMAN ... 16

3.1 The Theme ... 16

3.2 Plot ... 18

3.3 The Analaysis of The Main Character ... 20

3.4 Supporting Character ... 22

3.5 Setting ... 24

3.6 Point of View ... 24

4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 26

4.1 Conclusion ... 26

4.2 Suggestion ... 26

REFERENCES ... 28

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ABSTRACT

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ABSTRAK

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Novel is one of written works in literature, especially those considered of superior or lasting artistic. According to Merriam Webster, literature is written works such as poems, plays, and novels that are considered to be very good and to have lasting importance. Basic genre of literature are poetry, drama, and prose. Novel is a literary prose shaped like a short story. It generally tells all problems that occurring human life. So distinguish between the novel of the short story is the scope of the problem presented. The novel has the broader scope, not only focused on one incident / problem alone. Even allowed to reveal the whole episode a novel way of life story characters. The problems that had not had a strong enough connection with the characters or the story can be include in the novel. The purpose of the problem that is not too strong to do with character or subject matter that is the problem or incident that if the issue / incident is not included in this story will not effect or interrupt the cohesiveness of the story. A side issue is commonly referred to as digress. By understanding the above can be concluded that the novel is a prose literary works that tell the human life episodes or characters that give freedom to the emergence of degrees or not should always be centered on the main story. By the digress, this novel is generally divided into fragments. From that sense we can know that a novel does not have a specific reference in terms of quantity of writing.The novel does generally have a long story but did not rule out the existence of a short novel.

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In this paper, the writer in interested to analyze the Intrinsic Elements of the novel such as Theme, Plot, Character, Setting and point of view . Little

Woman tells about murch family that have four children but they have different

character. Jo, Meg, Beth, and Amy March are four sisters living with their mother in New England. Their father is away serving as a chaplain in the Civil War, and the sisters struggle to support themselves and keep their household running despite the fact that the family recently lost its fortune. In the process, they become close friends with their wealthy neighbor, Theodore Laurence, known as "Laurie."

As the girls grow older, each faces her own personal demons and moral

challenges. Jo, our beloved protagonist, must tame her tomboyish ways and learn to be more ladylike while pursuing her ambition to be a great writer. Meg, the oldest, must put aside her love of wealth and finery in order to follow her heart. Beth, the shy one, must conquer her bashfulness, while Amy, the youngest, has to sacrifice her aristocratic pride. The girls are guided in their personal growth by their mother, "Marmee," and by their religious faith.

1.2 Problem of the study

1. What are intrinsic elements found in the novel?

1.3 Scope of the study

In analyzing this novel the writer would like give limitation.

they are finding out the theme and the plot, describing the setting of the novel, and explaining the character and the point of view.

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1.4 The Purpose of The Study

The purpose of this study is to find out the theme and the plot of the

novel, to describe the setting of the novel, and the last is to explain the character and the point of view of the novel.

1.5 Method of the study

There are two method for getting the data of this paper They are

qualitative and quantitative but on this circumstances, she applies qualitative because all the data are taken from the novel.

1.6 Review of Related Literature

Novel Intrinsic Elements are the elements that build up in the literary

works of literature itself. The purpose of the elements that is included in the literary work itself. In general, the intrinsic elements of literary works including novels such as theme, plot, character and setting.

Abrahams (1981:119) says that novel which means a work of prose fiction which moderately long, not too long, but also too short

Suharianto ( 2005) says that The theme is the basic story that dominated the subject matter of literary work. The theme was the staring point in compiling the work of literary authors. This theme is to be conveyed and solved by the author through his stor. The theme became the basis of development of the whole story; the theme was nature animates all parts of the story from beginning to end.

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Characterization is one of main element in a story which tells the story of human life with all the miscellaneous life. With that understanding there would have been required as a manifestation of the human figure and his life to be told. The characters in this story will do its job to be a source story. Figure is a living thing ( humans ) who have physical and temperament. Characterizations often called disposition, which is depiction of the characters. This depiction includes a state of physical and spiritual leaders. The situation is a form of birth figures and who the characters, characters attitudes, beliefs, costumes.atc.

All events that occur in human life certainly will not escape from the bondage of space and time. So also, in the short story or novel in which it is the telling of human life and all problem. The scene and will continue to establish the timing behavior of the life of every character in the story. Thus it can be interpreted that background is a place and time of occurrence or the story. Background or setting is often called in literature prose (short stories and novels) not only serves as a pointer place and time of the story. Background in literary prose is also used as a place of extraction of these values to express the author of the story. According Nurgiyantoro ( 2004:227-233) background can divided into three elements, namely setting the place, time setting, social setting.

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2. REVIEW AND RELATED OF LITERATURE

2.1 The definition of novel

The word “novel” comes from the Italian, Novella, which means the new staff that small. The novel was originally developed in the region from other forms or narrative nonfiction, such as letters, biographies, and history. But with a shift in society and development time, the novel is not only based on data nonfiction, author of novel can change according to the desired imagination. Rees (1973:106) says that novel is a fictitious prose narrative of considerable length in which characters and action representative of real live are portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity.

A novel is a totality, a comprehensiveness that is artistic. As a totality, the novel has passages elements, most related to one another in close and mutually dependent. The elements of a novel-builder who then collectively form a totality that-in addition to the formal elements of language, there are many more kinds. The division of the element in question is the intrinsic and extrinsic elements. Novels, however are fictional, that is to say, they have been made up. A character in a novel can’t be compared to a real person from whom he or she has been copied, because, for example, there is no Jane Eyre in real life. She or any other character in a novel, only exist on the page. If an author tells you that a character is five foot with blue eyes, you can’t say: “no, I think the character is nearly six foot with brown eyes.”

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Novel is one of many possible prose narrative forms. Richard Gill in his book (1985:78) states that; in the writing, there is a recognition that a novel is something especially made by an author so that a reader will respond to it in a particular way. The good candidate has recognize three things about a novel: the events of the novel, the author who has created them, and the reader for whom the novel is written. In any good writing about a novel, these three things should be mentioned. They are, however not separable. For instance, the events of a novel are only there because the author has put them there, and they are only recognized as events when read by a reader.

The author, of course is the most important element; the events of the novel and the reactions of the reader depend upon what he or she chooses to do. Because without an author there could be no book at all, but there is also a much more important reason: a novel is a world especially made in words by an author. Novel is narrative text informing of prose with a long shape that including some figures and fiction event. The intrinsic elements of novel are plot, setting, characterization, point of view, and theme.

Intrinsic elements (intrinsic) are the elements that build the literary work itself. Elements are what because the literary presents as a work of Martial Arts. Intrinsic elements of a novel element (directly) participate and build the story.

2.2 The Theme

Theme is one of the fundamental components of fiction. Theme means what the novel can be summed up as saying. Another way of putting it would be

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to talk of the ‘ideas’ of the book. According to Wikipedia, theme is a broad idea, message or moral of a story. The message may be about life, society or human nature. Themes often explore timeless and universal ideas and are almost implied rather than stated explicitly.

Robert Stanton (1965:14) says, Tema merupakan aspek cerita yang sejajar dengan makna dalam pengalaman manusia, sesuatu yang menjadikan suatu pengalaman begitu diingat. Ada banyak cerita yang menggambarkan dan menelaah kejadian atau emosi yang di alami manusia seperti cinta, derita, rasa takut, kedewasaan, keyakinan, pengkhianatan manusia terhadap diri sendiri, disilusi atau bahkan usia tua.

It means the theme is a story is that parallel with the meaning of human experience, and make an experience when remembered. There are some story that described events and emotions that experienced by human such as love, suffering, maturity, confidence, human betrayal of self or even old age.

Themes distilled from the motifs contained in the relevant work that determines the presence of events, conflicts and situations. The theme became the basis of development of the whole story, so he is animating the whole story. A common theme has a generalization, wider, and abstract. Principal themes as the meaning of a work of fiction is not deliberately hidden because precisely this that is offered to the reader. However, the overall theme is the meaning of which supported his story by itself would be hidden behind a story that supports it. Theme is the main idea that the writer expresses. Theme can also be defined as the underlying meaning of the story. Theme is another prime element of literature,

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which contains the central idea of all literary forms such as a novel, drama and short story. It reflects innocence, experience, live, death, reality, fate, madness, sanity, love, society, individual, etc.

Theme is also a general basic idea that supports a literature, and it implies in the text as semantic structure and connects with similarities and differences. Themes become basic development of the whole story, so it must represent the whole part of novel.

2.3 The Plot

Stanton (1965:14), suggested the plot is a story that contains the sequence of events, but each incident is only connected in cause and effect, an event which caused or led to the occurance of events. Kenny (1966:14), promoted to the plot as the events shown in the story is not simple, because the author set the events based on the relation of cause and effect.

Perrine (1974:41) says that plot is the sequence of incident or events which the story is composed by and it may conclude what character says or thinks, as well as what he does, but it leaves out description and analysis and concentrate ordinarily on major happening.

Kenny (1966: 14) says that the plot as the event are displayed in a not simple story, because the author set the events was based on a causal connection. The plot is basically sequences of events in logical and chronological relations are interrelated and are caused or experienced by the characters. The plot outline is divided into three parts, namely early, middle, and end. The first part contains the

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exposition that contains instability and conflicts. The middle part contains the climax which is the height of the conflict. The final section contains troubleshooting.

Plot is the serial arrangement of incidents, ideas or events. In literature, the plot encompasses all the incidents and provides aesthetic pleasure. The story of the novel progresses through various plots and conflicts.

Plot may be defined as a story’s sequence of incidents, arranged in dramatic order. One is tempted to insert the word “chronological.” But doing so would exclude many stories that depart from this strict ordering of events.

Hartoko (1985:48) says that there are two types of plot. They are: a) Flashback plot (mixed plot)

This technique is used by the author to display events in the past. b) Flash-forward plot (progressive plot)

This technique is easier to understand by the reader because the author tells the story chronologically.

2.4 The Characterization

Abram (1981:76) says that character is people who are appeared in a narrative prose or novel and it is interpreted by the readers as a person who has moral quality and certain tendency such as being expressed in what they say and what they do.

Fiction is a form of creative work, so how authors create characters and

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the life model which attitudes and experienced by the characters of story according to how the author in looking life itself. Because the author is

deliberately created the world in fiction, he has the complete freedom to display the characters according to his taste, whoever the person, whatever his social status, however his attitude and whatever the problems faced.

In fiction, a character may be defined as a verbal representation of a human being. Through action, speech, description, and commentary, authors portray character that are worth caring about, rooting for, and even loving, although there are also characters you may laugh at, dislike, or even hate.

Characters may be flat, minor characters; or round and major. The main

characters in a story is generally known as protagonist, the character who opposes him is antagonist. Character is revealed by how a character responds to conflict. Character is the people in a novel are referred as characters. We asses them on the basic of what the author tells us about them and on the basic of what they do and say. Another point to remember is that the characters are part of broader pattern. They are members of a society, and the author distinctive view of who people relate to society will be reflected in the presentation of every character.

a.Main and peripheral character

The main character are actors which appear the most in the story and always have connection with others actors. The main characters are the most dominant told in the story either do an action. Main characters really determine the development of plot. The main character in a novel could be more than one in the different major quality.

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Peripheral characters are the actors who have part in supporting the story. The presence of the peripheral characters in whole story is smaller.in other words, peripheral characters in the whole story are limited and they are usually only related to the main characters.

2.5 The Setting

Rene and Austin (1982:131) say that setting refers to geographical location of the story, time priod, daily lifestyle of the characters and climate of the story. Gill (1985:106) says that setting is a broad word. It covers the places in which characters are presented; the social context of characters, such as their families, friends and classes; the customs, beliefs and rules of behavior of their society; the scenes that are background or the situation for the events of the novel; and the total atmosphere, mood or feel that id created by these. All of them are examples of setting. When we study a novel, we should pay attention to setting, because it can make a contribution to the book. A successful setting is one which is appropriate to the section of the novel in which it appears and also, possibly, to the book as whole.

Background elements can be divided into three main elements, namely a place, time, and social. Backgrounds on the location of the place suggest the occurrence of the events recounted in a work of fiction. Elements may be used where the places with a certain name, initials, there may be certain locations without exact name. Background of the time associated with the problem of “when” of events recounted in a work of fiction problem “when” is normally

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associated with the factual, the time to do or be associated with the historical events. Social background suggested on matters relating to the conduct of social life of the community in a place that is told.

When the reader reads a novel, they actually are faced a world that had

been completed by the character and the events in the novel. But of course, those things are less complete because the characters need living space, place and time, like human’s living in the real world.

In other hand, novel not only needs characters, story and plot, but also setting. Setting usually directs to the definition of place, connection of time and social environment where the event happens. Setting gives the basic of story correctly and clear. The setting is important to give realistic impression to the readers, created a certain situation at a glanced is really happened. So, the readers feel easier to create their imagination and participation to criticize the story.

2.5.1 Setting of Place

Setting of place directs to the location where the event happened in a story. The use of setting which certain name should reflect the geographical condition of place. Each place must have their characteristic, which different with the others. The description of the place is important to give impression to the readers, because they will consider that the event really happened in the place of the story. Setting of place in a novel usually consist of several locations and it will move from one place to another place because there’s a development of plot and characters. Setting of place is decided by the accuracy of description, function, and the unity with another setting’s elements.

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2.5.2 Setting of Time

Setting of time is related to the problem of when the event happens in a story. The problem of when is usually connected with factual time, that has connection with historical events. The readers try to understand and enjoy the story based on period.

2.5.3 Setting of Society

Social setting directs to the problem which are related to the behavior of social life in certain place and certain time in a novel. Social setting has connection with the system of social life that contains many problems in complex scope, it can be habits, costumes, religion, ideology, and the way of thinking.

2.6 The Point of View

The point of view can be interpreted as how a story is told. Abrams state that point of view is the way of the author used s a means of displaying the characters, actions, background, and various events that make up the story in a fictional text to the readers. So, the point of view is the way, strategy, or tactic that is deliberately chosen by the writer to express stories and ideas. Selection of point of view in fiction, in many cases will affect the freedom, sharpness, and objectivity in telling stories, and it will also influence the level of plausibility of the story.

Point of view suggests the way a story is told. It is the way and or views of the author used as means for presenting the characters, actions, background and events that make up the story in a work of fiction to the reader. Today the

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importance of perspective in works of fiction no longer challenged. Viewpoint is considered as one of the important elements of fiction and decisive. The deviation angle of view is not just a matter of first of third person, but rather a selection of characters who “he” or “I”, anyone who tell it, kids, adults, the villagers who do not know anything, modern man, politicians, students, or other.

The point of view or narrative perspective, characterization the way in

which a text present a person, event, and setting. The point of view discusses about who is telling story, or from which position the events are perceived. In general, point of view is differentiated into three kinds : first person point of view, third person point of view, and mixed point of view.

Almost all narrative points of view can be classified as either first person or third person. In first person narration, the narrator is a participant in the action. He or she may be either a major character or a minor character and may be close to the event in time or distant from it.

Points of view is the author’s vision, that is, the angle from which the events are seen narrated, from the outside, from inside, from above or below. While the style as the sound of the author’s voice (that is, as the mode of utterance rather than the tone). And the spesific relationship between voice and vision is this: whatever the particular voice may be tenor or bass, light or dark, gentle or tough the vision should suit the voice.

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2.6.1 The omniscient point of view

In which the author himself tells the story in the third person. The narrator knows everything about everyone in the story and can bring into plays as much of that knowledge as he chooses.

2.6.2 The first of point of view

The writer must whether the “I” is to be major or minor character, protagonist or observer, or someone merely repeating a narrative he has heard at second hand.

2.6.3 Observer’s point of view

In a modification of omniscient point of view, there is the narrative related from the vision of the single character used by the author as a central observer or central intelligence through whom anything cleared.

2.6.4 The objective point of view

Though it is the third person narrative, like the omniscient point of view, the author using this technique refrains from making a sides, commenting on the action, or addressing the reader. The author becomes a seeing eye that reports but does not interpret.

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3. THE ANALYSIS OF LOUISE MAY ALCOTT’S NOVEL LITTLE WOMAN

3.1 The Theme

Theme in particular for literary work is defined as the central idea of the work. It is the conclusion of the whole story till the end. Theme can be divided into several sub-themes; yet, the central idea cannot be separated any more into any other small ideas. In short, theme represents all the events in the very beginning of the story till the end.

There are four types of love including Agape, This is an unconditional

love that sees beyond the outer surface and accepts the recipient for whom he/she is, regardless of their flaws, shortcoming or faults. It’s the type of love that everyone strives to have for their fellow human beings. Philo is love of fellow a friend. It makes you desire friendship with someone.

Storge is a kind of family and friendship love or love between brother and sister. This is the love that parents naturally feel for their children; the love that member family have for each other.

Eros is a passionate and intense love that arouses romantic feelings; it is the kind that often triggers high feelings in a new relationship and makes you say “I love him / her ” It is simply an emotional and sexual love.

The theme of the novel Little woman is family love and included on the type of Storge love. Love is supposed to be a foundation to the members of the family. Love is kind of cement that ties friendship, togetherness, equality,

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readiness to face trouble or family matters. Above all, love is a valuable thing to share for the happiness or unhappiness experienced by members of the family. The novel is basically related to family members including these four March sisters: Meg (Margaret) is the oldest at 16 years, Jo (Josephine) is 15, Beth (Elizabeth) is around 13, Amy (Amelia) is 12 and their motherMrs. March_{. From} the name of the characters that all represents woman implies that the matter of the family is about love among women. How women express their standpoints about love is the key point or theme of the novel.

Love is fundamentally universal for all people in the world. There is no one living in the world recognizes no love in his or her heart. Love is naturally born from birth to death. One can share kindness is because of love; and one can hate the other because of wrong love. So, love is a kind of response towards something good in life. It is true love can make people feel disappointed and desperate. It is true as well that love can make someone realize who she or he is. Love, in short, may result something good or bad either.

Christmas won’t be Christmas without any present; grumbled Jo, lying on the rug.

It’s so dreadful to be poor! sighed Meg, looking down at her old dress. I don’t think it’s fair some girls to have plenty of pretty things, and other girls nothing at all, added little Amy, with an injured sniff. We’ve got Father and Mother and each other; said Beth, contentedly from her corner. The four young faces in which the firelight shone brightened at the cheerful words, but each silently added it, thinking of Father away, where the fighting was.

Nobody spoke for a minute; then Meg said in an altered tone: You know the reason Mother proposed not having any present this Christmas was because it is going to be a hard winter for everyone; and she thinks we ought not to spend money for pleasure when our men are suffering in the army. We can’t do much, but we can make our little sacrifices, and ought to gladly.

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3.2 Plot

3.2.1 Beginning

Meg and Jo are going out on Saturday, and Amy wants to know where they are going. She is bored and lonely because Beth is plying her piano. Amy guesses that they are going somewhere with Laurie. Meg and Jo say she is right, but tell her to stop bothering them. Amy realizes that they are going to the theater to see Seven Castle. She is upset when her sister tell her she has a cold, and so must wait to get next week with Beth and Hannah. Amy says that she has been indoors so long that she can’t take it anymore Her sister debate whether to take or not. Jo says that she will be too fidgety. Amy gets mad and starts putting on her boots. Jo tells her it is rude to want to go when she wasn’t invited, and that their seats are reserved, so Laurie will have to give up his place and get a seat somewhere else, and Meg tries to reason with her. The sister prepare to leave, and Amy yells down the stairs “ You’ll be sorry for this Jo Marc, see if you ain’t.” Jo slams the door and is gone.

3.2.2 Rising Action

When they come home, Amy is reading in the parlor and doesn’t ask any

questions about the play. Beth asks, and it is described to her. Jo goes to her room and looks around, because during her last fight with Amy, Amy have dumped out one of her dresser drawers. Everything is in its place, so Jo assumes Amy has forgiven her. The next day, though, Jo discovers that the manuscript of a book she has been writing is missing. Jo notices a change in Amy’s face and asks her where it was. Amy says she doesn’t have it.

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“Scold me as much as you like, you’ll never see your silly old book again; Cried Amy, Getting excited in her turn. ( Louise, 1994:88) Amy says that she burned the book. Jo turns pale. She says that Amy is a wicked girl and that she will never forgive her.

3.2.3 Climax

The next day, because her family is a little hateful to her for not forgiving Amy, Jo goes looking for Laurie. Jo sees Amy following them, but ignores her. Laurie tells Jo to keep to the shore because the ice in the middle isn’t safe. Jo thinks to herself that she doesn’t care if Amy heard that; She can take care of herself. Laurie skates away, and Jo skates after him, but something makes her turn around in time to see Amy fall through the ice. Laurie rushes by her, telling her to get her home quickly.

3.2.4 Falling

Jo fell horrible about this, feeling that it would have been all her fault if Amy died.” It’s my dreadful temper! I try to cure it; I think I have, and then it breaks out worse than ever. Oh Mother, what shall I do?’ cried for Jo, in despair.” (Louise 1994: 93).

3.2.5 Resolution

When someone makes a mistakes especially from our family try to

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3.3 The Analysis of The Main Characters

The central or main character in this novel are Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy March and their mother Mrs. March Called Marmee.

Meg As the oldest of the girls, Meg is mature and mother-like from the

beginning of the story. Their poverty state is difficult for her to endure because she is old enough to remember when they had all the money they needed and were able to enjoy some of the luxuries of the monied classes. She complains wistfully on occasion, but never within her mother’s hearing. While she is nearly always ladylike and dependable, she is capable of forgetting responsibilities as she does when her mother goes to Washington and Beth becomes sick. She is also a bit too critical of herself; although she indulges in a little wild partying during her stay at the Moffats, she certainly doesn’t behave any worse than any of the other girls. It seems worse because the shallow flirtation and silliness is not really a part of her character and is therefore not expected from her by either the reader or the other characters.

Jo is the focal character of the novel and is the character in whom LMA

visualized herself. She is frank and down to earth, but has a quick temper and acts impulsively. She is also quick to apologize and the first to make peace in the event of any rivalry. Her emotions are intense and honest, although in her own mind one emotion she is not interested in is romantic love. She is an easy friend because she is undemanding and quick to give of herself. However, her blunt nature also causes her trouble because she doesn’t always stop to think that it might not be wise to express her opinions or feelings in every situation. Jo feels the impact of

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events and situations so keenly that she sometimes feels as if she has the greatest burden of the entire family. Her first love is for her family and her initial goal is to keep her sisters, parents and closest friends near at hand for her entire life. She eventually realizes that her dream is impossible and unfair to her sisters

Amy begins the story as a self-centered child who thinks primarily of the

benefit to herself even when she does something good for other people. She is a little rebellious and doesn’t take her education too seriously-hence her problems with grammar and spelling- but she is very bright and shows an ability to do whatever she sets her mind to. As she matures, she learns to think of other people first, something her father notices immediately when he returns from the hospital in Washington. Her self-centeredness transforms into an innate knowledge of a behavior that will impress the right people and acquire the things she desires without much effort on her part. In spite of their financial situation, Amy learns early to conduct herself with class. She never has the tomboy wildness of Jo, but neither is she a snob. She wants friends among the wealthy, so she emulates the expected behaviors but does it in a way that gains many friends. She does learn the hard way that friendship with the wealthy is sometimes a one way street, and the girls that seem to be her pals in the art school ignore her invitation to pursue a longer lasting friendship outside of school

Beth is almost a minor character, except that she is so important to her

own family and to the Laurences. Her family’s adoration of her contributes to her development more than anything she does on her own. Also, for a short time she

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fills a gap in the life of Mr. Laurence who lost a granddaughter much like her. She is quiet, devoted to her parents, committed to household chores and performing kindnesses to others, and is incredibly shy, a flaw that Laurie and Mr. Laurence help her to overcome. Her primary purpose is to bring out the best in other characters. Thus she finds the gentleness in Mr. Laurence and has a calming influence on her sisters, especially Jo.

Mrs. March is a flat character in the story although she is a major one. She is the only character who never seems to make a mistake, who seems to have learned everything life has to offer and lives only to pass her wisdom on to her children. Nevertheless, she is not a nagging or preaching Mom. She seldom offers advice until the girls ask, and she generally finds lessons in their own experiences. She doesn’t "work" outside the home but spends a great deal of time visiting all of the sick and needy in the community. She is a presence and a voice more than a person as there is not even a clear description of her appearance in the book. She is diminished as an individual but exerts a clear influence over her daughters as they seek to live up to her expectations. Few growing children in real life appreciate their mothers to the extent that the March sisters do.

3.4 Supporting Character Laurie

Mr. Laurence’s grandson

1. Hannah

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2. Father

The girl's father

3. Mr.Laurence

The next door neighbor 4. Mr. Brooke

Laurie’s tutor-marries Meg 5. The Moffats

(Sally-best friend of Meg’s)

6. Fred and Frank Vaughn

English friends of Laurie’s. Fred proposes to Amy in France. 7. Aunt Carrol

The Aunt who goes to Europe and takes Amy as a companion for herself and a cousin named Flo.

8. Aunt March

A wealthy widowed aunt for whom both Amy and Jo work as a

companion at different times. Puts up the money for Amy to go to Europe. She wills her house to Jo.

9. Professor Bhaer

German teacher in the house in New York. Marries Jo. 10.Mrs. Kirke

A New York friend of Mrs. March who hires Jo as a governess for her children.

11.Mr. Dashwood

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12.Daisy and Demi Meg’s twins. 13.The Scotts

Neighbors to Meg and John. 14.The Chesters

Wealthy people in the community who put on a fair and ask Amy to participate.

3.5 Setting

Little Women is set in the 1860s in a New England town modeled on Concord, Massachusetts. Most of the action in Part I revolves around the March family home or With Father away, serving as a clergyman for soldiers fighting in the Civil War, the four daughters and their mother remain at home, struggling to live as comfortably as possible under the circumstances.

The first setting is the reader met that When Marmee returns home, the girls learn that she has received a letter from their father. The girls and their mother gather in front of the fire and read the letter. Such a picture can be seen in the following statement :

‘Now come and hear the letter, Mrs march ask. They all drew to the fire, Mother in the big chair, with Beth at her face, Meg and Amy perched on either arm of the chair, and Jo learning on the back.(Louise, 1994:9)

3.6 Point of View

The narrator of Little Women is an omniscient, disembodied voice that

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and without. We get a good example of this in the first chapter, in which the narrator gives the reader a description of each of the March sisters – her appearance and her personality – as the girls sit by the fire knitting:

Margaret, the eldest of the four, was sixteen, and very pretty, being plump and fair, with large eyes, plenty of soft brown hair, a sweet mouth, and white hands, of which she was rather vain. Fifteen-year-old Jo was very tall, thin, and brown, and reminded one of a colt, for she never seemed to know what to do with her long limbs, which were very much in her way. [. . .] Elizabeth, or Beth, as everyone called her, was a rosy, smooth-haired, bright-eyed girl of thirteen, with a shy manner, a timid voice, and a peaceful expression which was seldom disturbed. [. . .] Amy, though the youngest, was a most important person, in her own opinion at least.( Louise,1994:4)

Most of the time, the narrator focuses on our protagonist, Jo March. For example, when Jo wakes up on Christmas morning, the narrator describes her actions and feelings:

Then she remembered her mother's promise and, slipping her hand

under her pillow, drew out a little crimson-covered book. She knew it very well, for it was that beautiful old story of the best life ever lived, and Jo felt that it was a true guidebook for any pilgrim going on a long journey. (Louise,1994:13)

But when it's necessary for the story, the narrator can delve into the mind of any character, from Marmee to John Brooke. In these cases, the narrator tends to drop into the perspective of that character in order to tell the reader things that no other character knows – at least not yet. For example, here's a passage told from Marmee's perspective:

_{Hoping to impress the lesson more deeply, Mrs. March, who had a} good deal of humor, resolved to finish off the trial in an appropriate manner, so she gave Hannah a holiday and let the girls enjoy the full effect of the play system. (Louise,1994:120)

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4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

4.1 Conclusion

After reading and analyzing the entire contents of Little Woman Novel the work of Louise May Alcott in the authors conclude that all the intrinsic element contained in this novel turned out to have a close relationship with each other, thus forming a coherent whole.

Theme in the novel Little Woman Novel is that of family love. With the theme of the novel is known to conclude that the elements of the theme associated with the element of the character. Where, the theme is played by the main character March girls and Mrs march ( marmee). Element of the theme will not be included if there is not in the novel the main character. The main character is of course to the beginning if its activities later in the activity of these figures are conflict, in conflict there will be culmination of a problem is called the climax. After the climax, there will be what the ending of the novel is called resolution. Then the plot requires setting. Setting determines where the main character action took place activities.

4.2 Suggestion

After reading and analyzing the overall content of Louise May Alcott’s

Novel Little Woman in the writer conclude that this novel is so important. The reason that this novel has a sense of deep remorse for family love especially when march girls quarreled and finally forgive each other. Family love contained in

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this novel gives a good lesson. Moral and Values contained in this novel give us the studied to act early to think before doing something. Because love in family and take care on each other is number one. So I hope the reader can possess the desire to read this novel because it will better understand the true meaning of repentance. Apart from understanding the meaning of remorse for what readers also know how to take care on each other in our family although has the different character is like March girls in this novel.

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REFERENCES

Castle, Gregory. 2007. The Blackwell Guide To Literary Theory. SydneyBlackwell Publishing Ltd.

Nursisto. 2000. Ikhtisar Kesusasteraan Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Adicita.

Rees, R.J. 1973. English Literature. London: Macmillen Education Limited. Sembiring, Matius C.A. 2014. Buku Panduan Program D3 Bahasa Inggris.

Medan, Fib: Unpublished

Sembiring, Matius C.A. 2014. Sastra Inggris. Metode Penelitian. Medan, Fib: Unpublished

Siswanto, Wahyudi. 2008. Pengantar Teori Sastra. Jakarta: Grasindo Stanton, Robert. 2007. Teori Fiksi. Yogyakarta: Adicita.

Stanton, Robert.1965. An Introduction of Fiction. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.

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APPENDICES

A. Summary of Little Woman

Little Women opens on the lives of the four March girls just as the two

youngest are entering adolescence. Meg and Jo are teenagers. The story follows the girls through about 15 years of their lives and is written in a very pronounced omniscient voice. Each girl has an imaginary "castle" for which she hopes, but each ends with a very different "future" than she would have imagined for herself. Meg, the one who most dearly misses the wealth of the old days before her father had lost his fortune, marries Mr. Brooke, the tutor of Laurie Laurence, and lives in a very modest house. Even then, however, she has to learn to cope with the fact that she is not rich and cannot engage in activities that her rich friend Sally Moffat is able to enjoy. In the end, however, she finds out that for all her money, Sally becomes a very lonely lady with a husband who lives in his own world and thinks only of himself. Jo has a talent for writing which she develops in spurts, writing first innocent romances for a local paper, a novel that receives mixed reviews and finally "sensation" stories for a tabloid in NY. Only after her sister Beth dies does Jo find the mixture of pathos and heartfelt sincerity that enables her to write stories that have the publisher begging for more of the same. Beth, the third child, is the only one without ambitions, whose only desire is to live at home with her parents and practice her music. She is a model of selflessness and gentleness, almost too good to be real. She complains the least about the things they can’t have and always has just the right kind word for any situation. Her primary fault is

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that she is so extremely shy that she is unable to attend a public school and therefore gets her schooling at home. Amy is the youngest and the one who intends to marry for money. She wants to move about in high society and have wealthy friends, expensive jewels and rich clothes. However, when she actually gets the opportunity to fulfill her dreams, she turns it away, turning instead to Laurie, their childhood friend. The irony is that in giving up her dreams of marrying wealth, she actually gets it anyway as Laurie’s grandfather Mr. Laurence is very wealthy and will leave his entire estate to Laurie. In the end all of the girls learn that no amount of wealth can bring more happiness than that of a close and loving family.

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B. Biography of the Author Louisa May Alcott

Louisa May Alcott was an American novelist. She is best known for the novel Little Women, written and set in the Alcott family home, Orchard House in Concord, Massachusetts and published in 1868. This novel is loosely based on her childhood experiences with her three sisters.

In 1840, after several setbacks with the school, the Alcott family moved to a cottage 2 acres (8,100 m2) along the Sudbury River in Concord, Massachusetts. The Alcott family moved to the Utopian Fruitlands community for a brief interval in 1843-1844 and then, after its collapse, to rented rooms and finally to a house in Concord purchased with her mother's inheritance and financial help from Emerson. Alcott's early education included lessons from the naturalist Henry David Thoreau. She received the majority of her schooling from her father. She also received some instruction from writers and educators such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Margaret Fuller, who were all family friends. She later described these early years in a newspaper sketch entitled "Transcendental Wild Oats." The sketch was reprinted in the volume Silver Pitchers (1876), which relates the family's experiment in "plain living and high thinking"at Fruitlands.

As an adult, Alcott was an abolitionist and a feminist. In 1847, the family housed a fugitive slave for one week. In 1848 Alcott read and admired the "Declaration of Sentiments" published by the Seneca Falls Convention on women'srights.

Poverty made it necessary for Alcott to go to work at an early age as an

occasional teacher, seamstress, governess, domestic helper, and writer. Her first book was Flower Fables (1855), a book of tales originally written for Ellen Emerson, daughter of Ralph Waldo Emerson. In 1860, Alcott began writing for the Atlantic Monthly. She was a nurse in the Union Hospital at Georgetown, D.C., for six weeks in 1862-1863. Her letters home, revised and published in the Commonwealth and collected as Hospital Sketches (1863, republished with additions in 1869), garnered her first critical recognition for her observations and humor. Her novel Moods (1864), based on her own experience, was also promising.

She also wrote passionate, fiery novels and sensation stories under the nom de plume A. M. Barnard. Among these are A Long Fatal Love Chase and Pauline's Passion and Punishment . Her protagonists for these tales are willful and relentless in their pursuit of their own aims, which often include revenge on those who have humiliated or thwarted them. These works achieved immediate commercial success in theirday.

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Alcott also produced moralistic and wholesome stories for children, and, with the exceptions of the semi-autobiographical tale Work (1873), and the anonymous novelette A Modern Mephistopheles (1875), which attracted suspicion that it was written by Julian Hawthorne, she did not return to creating works for adults. Alcott wrote until her death, which was attributed to the after-effects of mercury poisoning contracted during her American Civil War service. She had received calomel treatments for the effects of typhoid. She died in Boston on March 6, 1888 at age 55, two days after visiting her father on his deathbed. Her last words were "Is it not meningitis?"

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REFERENCES

Castle, Gregory. 2007. The Blackwell Guide To Literary Theory. SydneyBlackwell Publishing Ltd.

Nursisto. 2000. Ikhtisar Kesusasteraan Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Adicita.

Rees, R.J. 1973. English Literature. London: Macmillen Education Limited. Sembiring, Matius C.A. 2014. Buku Panduan Program D3 Bahasa Inggris.

Medan, Fib: Unpublished

Sembiring, Matius C.A. 2014. Sastra Inggris. Metode Penelitian. Medan, Fib: Unpublished

Siswanto, Wahyudi. 2008. Pengantar Teori Sastra. Jakarta: Grasindo Stanton, Robert. 2007. Teori Fiksi. Yogyakarta: Adicita.

Stanton, Robert.1965. An Introduction of Fiction. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.

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APPENDICES

A. Summary of Little Woman

Little Women opens on the lives of the four March girls just as the two youngest are entering adolescence. Meg and Jo are teenagers. The story follows the girls through about 15 years of their lives and is written in a very pronounced omniscient voice. Each girl has an imaginary "castle" for which she hopes, but each ends with a very different "future" than she would have imagined for herself. Meg, the one who most dearly misses the wealth of the old days before her father had lost his fortune, marries Mr. Brooke, the tutor of Laurie Laurence, and lives in a very modest house. Even then, however, she has to learn to cope with the fact that she is not rich and cannot engage in activities that her rich friend Sally Moffat is able to enjoy. In the end, however, she finds out that for all her money, Sally becomes a very lonely lady with a husband who lives in his own world and thinks only of himself. Jo has a talent for writing which she develops in spurts, writing first innocent romances for a local paper, a novel that receives mixed reviews and finally "sensation" stories for a tabloid in NY. Only after her sister Beth dies does Jo find the mixture of pathos and heartfelt sincerity that enables her to write stories that have the publisher begging for more of the same. Beth, the third child, is the only one without ambitions, whose only desire is to live at home with her parents and practice her music. She is a model of selflessness and gentleness, almost too good to be real. She complains the least about the things they can’t have and always has just the right kind word for any situation. Her primary fault is

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B. Biography of the Author Louisa May Alcott

Poverty made it necessary for Alcott to go to work at an early age as an occasional teacher, seamstress, governess, domestic helper, and writer. Her first book was Flower Fables (1855), a book of tales originally written for Ellen Emerson, daughter of Ralph Waldo Emerson. In 1860, Alcott began writing for the Atlantic Monthly. She was a nurse in the Union Hospital at Georgetown, D.C., for six weeks in 1862-1863. Her letters home, revised and published in the Commonwealth and collected as Hospital Sketches (1863, republished with additions in 1869), garnered her first critical recognition for her observations and humor. Her novel Moods (1864), based on her own experience, was also promising.

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An Analysis Of Intrinsic Elements As Portrayed In Louisa May Alcott’s Novel Little Woman