DEVELOPING ENGLISH READING MATERIALS THROUGH AUTHENTICITY - CENTERED APPROACH ( ACA ) FOR VOCATIONAL STUDENTS OF COMPUTER NETWORK ENGINEERING IN SMK 1 TAPANULI TENGAH.
ABSTRACT
Susilaningsih, 8136112082, Developing English Reading Materials Through
Authenticity - Centered Approach ( ACA ) for Vocational Students of Computer
Network Engineering In SMK 1 Tapanuli Tengah. Thesis. English applied linguitic
study program. Postgraduate school. State university of Medan. 2016
This study deals with the development of English Reading Materials of vocational
school, SMK 1 Tapanuli Tengah, majoring Computer Network Engineering. The
objectives of this study are : 1) to know the existing English reading materials for
students of computer network engineering in SMK 1 Tapanuli Tengah 2) to find out
English reading materials are needed for students of computer network engineering in
SMK 1 Tapanuli Tengah 3) to develop English reading material through ACA..
Developing Reading materials relevant to the needs of students of computer network
engineering, especially grade XI. This study was conducted by a research and
development (R&D) method proposed by Borg and Gall (1987). The targeted clients of
this research were the number of totally reach 37 respondents namely :a) 33 the
students of computer network engineering grade XI of 2015 – 2016 academic years,
they were taken by random sampling technique. b) 1 stakeholder and c) 3 English
teacher. The instrumentations for collecting data were documentary sheet, questionnaire
and interview.
The results of the research show that the existing reading materials were less
comprehensively, less attractive and the existing English reading materials were not
relevant with students of computer network engineering, materials difficult were
comprehended by students and not suitable with students’ needs. Then, students needed
materials appropriate with their field, using vocabulary appropriate with their field,
completed full color, picture or photograph and using essay structure in assessment.
Therefore, the new english reading materials and syllabus were developed based on the
students’ need related to their field and workplace. After that materials validated and
suggested by two experts. They aggreed that new materials and syllabus were relevant
and easy to comprehend for students of computer network engineering grade XI. It is
suggested to english teacher to provide the materials based on the students’ need
i
ABSTRAK
Susilaningsih, 8136112082, mengembangkan materi membaca bahasa inggris
melalui pendekatan kealamian teks yang fokus pada materi (ACA) untuk siswa
teknik komputer jaringan di SMK 1 Tapanuli Tengah.Tesis, Pascasarjana.
Program Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Negeri Medan, 2016.
Penelitian ini berkenaan dengan pengembangan materi membaca bahasa inggris untuk
siswa SMK 1 Tapanuli Tengah jurusan teknik komputer jaringan. Tujuan penelitian ini
adalah 1) untuk mengetahui keadaan materi membaca bahasa inggris yg ada untuk siswa
jurusan teknik komputer jaringan 2) untuk menemukan kebutuhan siswa untuk materi
membaca bahasa inngris 3) untuk mengembangkan materi membaca bahasa inggris
melalui pendekatan kealamian teks yang fokus pada materi. Mengembangkan materi
membaca yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan siswa jurusan teknik komputer jaringan
khususnya kelas XI. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui metode penelitian pendidikan dan
pengembangan ( Educational & Development; R&D ) oleh Borg and Gall (1987).
Sasaran penelitian ini adalah berjumlah 37 orang yang terdiri dari 1) 33 orang siswa
yang diambil secara acak 2) 1 orang alumni dan 3) 3 guru bahasa inggris. Alat untuk
mengumpulkan data adalah dari dokumentasi, kuestionar dan interview.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keadaan materi membaca bahasa inggris yang ada
kurang dapat dipahami, kurang menarik dan keadaan materi membaca bahasa Inggris
yang ada tidak sesuai dengan siswa jurusan teknik komputer jaringan,materi terlalu sulit
untuk dipahamin oleh siswa dan tidak sesuai dengan kebutuhan murid. Kemudian, siswa
membutuhkan materi yang sesuai dengan bidang keahlian mereka, menggunakan
vocabulari yang sesuai dengan bidang mereka, lengkap dengan warna gambar dan
menggunakan bentuk essai dalam penugasan. Oleh karena itu, materi membaca bahasa
Inggris yang baru dan silabus dikembangkan berdasarkan kebutuhan siswa yang sesuai
dengan bidang keahlian dan dunia kerja. Setelah itu materi divalidasi dan disarankan
oleh dua orang pakar atau ahli. Mereka setuju bahwa materi membaca bahasa inggris
yang baru dan silabus telah sesuai dan mudah dipahami oleh siswa jurusan teknik
komputer jaringan kelas XI. Disarankan kepada guru bahasa Inggris untuk menyediakan
materi yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan siswa.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to Allah, the lord of the universe who has given me the opportunity to finish this
thesis. Thank you so much my dear lord. It is also impossible to be finished without guidance,
support and valuable knowledge from many people whose names can not be mentioned one by
one.
First, the writer would you like to express her sincere gratitude to Dr. I. Wayan
Dirgayasa M.Hum her first advisor and Dr. Eddy Setia, M. Ed., TESP her second
adviser, for their valuable advice, guidance, constructive comments and previous time
spent on supervising and commeting the process of writing until it come to its present
form. Second her special gratitude goes to the head of English applied linguistics,
Dr.Rahmad Husein, M.Ed who has generously encouraged her in completing this study,
all lectures, for her valuable knowledge and instruction they have implemented to her
during the years studying and librarians of the state university of Medan for leading
some useful books and other sources that are needed in writing this thesis.
The writer would you like to express her sincere gratitude to examiner
Prof.Dr.Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd, Prof, Dr. Busmin Gurning M.Pd, and Prof. Dr. Lince
Sihombing M.Pd without their excellent academic guidance and support, this thesis
would not have been possible.
The writer would you like to expresss her sincere gratitude to head master SMA
Negeri 2 Tukka who has given permitted study in the post graduate school state
university of Medan.
Then, a very special dept of gratitude is directed to family her beloved father Nasrul,
beloved mother Hj.Asmaniarti, her parent in law Nirwani Siregar , her beloved husband Wahyu
nadjrin tambunan, her son Fajar Ilham tambunan, her sister Eva susilawati, her brother Hendra
sahputra and young sister Intan purnama sari for their full love, support, care and prayer.
Finally, a special debt of gratitude is addressed to all her beloved friends in SMA Negeri
2 Tukka, all her classmates LTBI B3for their close friendship and encouragement in finishing
this thesis.
Last but not least, she must confess that she has done her most to accomplish this thesis
but she realized but it is still far from being perfect. Therefore, any constructive, criticisms,
suggestions or comments will be highlyappreciated.
Medan,
Susilaningsih
8136112082
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...........................................................................
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...............................................................................
iii
LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................
viii
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................
ix
LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................
x
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study ...........................................................................
1
1.2 Research Problem of the Study ............................................................
5
1.3 The Objectives of the Study ...................................................................
6
1.4 The Scope of Study ................................................................................
6
1.5 The Significance of the Study ................................................................
6
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Theoritical Framework ..........................................................................
8
2.1.1 English for Specific Purpose .........................................................
8
2.1.2 Types of ESP ..................................................................................
9
2.1.2.1 English as a Restricted Language .........................................
9
2.1.2.2 English for Academic and Occupational Purposes ...............
10
2.1.2.3 English with Specific Topics ....................................................
11
2.1.3 Learning Material ..........................................................................
12
2.1.4. Principles of Learning Materials ...................................................
14
2.1.5 Material Development ....................................................................
15
2.1.6 Reading Materials ..........................................................................
19
2.1.7 Reading Text for Computer Network Engineering .....................
21
2.1.8 Authenticity Centered Approach (ACA)......................................
23
2.1.8.1 Sources of Authentic Materials ................................................
24
2.1.8.2 Advantages of Using Authentic Materials ..............................
25
2.1.9 The English Reading Material for Computer Network Engineering and
Authenticity – Centred Approach ......................................................
2.1.10 Need analysis .....................................................................................
26
28
2.2 The Relevant Previous Studies ................................................................
30
2.3 Conceptual Framework ..........................................................................
32
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY OF THE REASEARCH
3.1 Location and Place ...................................................................................
34
3.2 Research Method ....................................................................................
34
3.3 Target Clients ..........................................................................................
35
3.4 The Technique for Collecting Data .........................................................
35
3.5 The Trusthwortiness of the Data ............................................................
36
3.6 Technique for Analyzing Data ...............................................................
36
3.6.1 Phase 1. Evaluation and Need Analysis ..........................................
36
3.6.2 Phase 2. The Development of the Syllabus ....................................
37
3.6.3 Phase 3. Development and Designing the Learning Materials......
38
3.8.4 Phases 4. Validating the Learning Materials ..................................
38
CHAPTER 1V
DATA, DATA ANALYSIS, AND MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT
4.1. The Evaluation and Need Analysis ............................................................
41
4.1.1 The Evaluation of The Existing Learning Materials
and Existing Syllabus .............................................................................
41
4.1.1.1 Existing English Reading Materials ...............................................
42
4.1.1.2 Existing Syllabus ..............................................................................
44
4.1.2 The Need Analysis of Teaching and Learning of
English for Computer ...........................................................................
4.1.3 The Result of Interview and Documentation .......................................
45
50
4.2. The Developing Syllabus of English for Computer Network
Engineering ....................................................................................................
52
4.3. The Developing of English Reading Materials for Computer
Network Engineering ................................................................................
56
4.4. Validating New Reading Materials...............................................................
59
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions ....................................................................................................
63
5.2 Suggestions ......................................................................................................
64
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................
66
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 : Parameters to Measure the Level of students’ needs .........................
40
Table 2 : parameter for validating the reading materials ..................................
40
Table 3 : Level of needs for analysis in type of linguitic features ....................
46
Table 4 : The names of topics or themes of reading materials
needed by the students ......................................................................
47
Table 5 : Level of need analysis for types of layout .........................................
48
Table 6 : Level of need analysis for types vocabulary.......................................
49
Table 7 : Level of need analysis for types of test for reading comprehension ..
50
Table 8 : The score of expert judgement of english reading materials
for computer network engineering ......................................................
61
LIST OF FIGURES
Fiqure 1
: The configuration of authenticity – centered approach and English
reading materials for computer network engineering ......................... 28
Figure 3
: Final form of developing reading material for students of
computer network .........................................................................
59
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of Study
In Indonesia, there are two kinds of Senior High School, namely senior
high school (SMA) and vocational school (SMK). SMA differs from SMK. In
general the students of SMA are prepared to continue their study to the university
because they study general knowledge, while students of SMK are prepared to be
ready for work because they study specific knowledge based on their competency,
although they are not limited to continue their study to the university.
In line with Government Regulation RI No.20 of 2003 article 18 which
stated that vocational school is a school in which the students are prepared to
work in particular field. Vocational students need to be prepared to enter the
working world after they graduated and should have some special abilities to
support their knowledge. The government encourages the graduates of junior
secondary level to proceed to vocational school. This encouragement is intended
to prepare the human resources are ready to work in order to reduce
unemployment in the productive age and reduce the number of poverty.
SMK 1 in Tapanuli Tengah have some majors. One of majors
is
computer network engineering. Computer network engineers, also known as
network architects, are responsible for the testing, designing and maintenance of
computer networking systems. These systems may involve a local office network
or a large global network system. Those who work well independently and are
interested in computers and advanced Internet technology are ideally suited to get
started in this career.
English in its curriculum considered to be important for now and the future
for vocational school. Students are expected to master English fluently.
Development of the language skills are aimed at the improvement of students’
proficiency in English. Language classes at higher educational school use the text
of specific professional fields. The text should be focused on the communicative
needs of the students of a certain higher school level. In this case, teaching and
learning of english through specific content and materials.
In Learning English focus on four basic skills: listening, reading, speaking
and writing. Reading is one of important skill as the window to the world. It is an
important skill for learners to acquire since gives the ability to understand words
and sentences of English in general. Reading can be defined as perceifing a
written text in order to understand its contents. Grellet (1986) explains that
understanding a written text means extracting the required information from it as
effective as possible.
According to Kennedy and Bolitho (1984), materials for reading play the
role of activities; students are asked to read and try to comprehend as they are
allowed to use dictionaries to learn new structures and vocabulary. Students have
to skim, scan, relate graphs to text, relate diagrams to text, predict and sequence
the structure of a text, and understand elliptical writing-telexes. Such activities are
means of joy as well as of teaching and learning. They help students in using and
practising their available language recourses as to develop their own skills,
strategies and level of comprehension; they are the practical contribution of
theoretical lessons. Each material for reading is given to students in order to make
them master specific points which themselves are helpful for their studies.
Appropriate of reading materials are needed to get rich information and
increase mastery of vocabulary because when the students read the text, they will
find new vocabulary there. It is supported by Hammer (1998) which stated that
reading text provide oppurtunities to study language : vocabulary, grammar,
punctuation and the way the students construct sentence, paragraph and texts. In
other words, the students learn new vocabulary when they read a text. Vocabulary
should be thaught only in context, never in word lists to be memorized with
dictionary defenitions (Scheleppegrell, 1986) as practiced by the teacher above.
Based on the realities many reading material available gives the concept of
a subject matter described differently. The largest proportion of does not
appropriate with knowledge field. In this case cause many SMK gradutaes do not
have knowledge and lack information appropriate their field and they are not
ready for the job because their ability and knowldege toward job field
not
accordance with the demand of the market.
Also, the existing learning materials at vocational school can not encourage
and motivate the students optimally because it apparently does not designed by
using students-centered learning. The teachers seems to be more dominant in
teaching and learning process, while the students tend to be a good listener. The
materials are designed not to be based on students activities so that the students
are actively involved in teaching and learning process.
In SMK 1 Tapanuli Tengah
uses book “ Key to Success English for
Vocational School” published by Tiga Serangkai. It is not supply discussion in
reading material appropriate their field. The materials are given focus on the
grammar,exercise without covering
the specific needs student of computer
network engineering and so does the syllabus of computer network engineering.
This school don’t have the relevant book in teaching process. In addition, the text
of reading seem irrelevant to the competency standart because the existing reading
materials do not relate to the students’ professionalism. For instance, the
irrelevant text are in chapter I about hobbies and handling guest, in chapter II
about general text, in chapter III about diagrams and job description, etc. This text
seems inappropriate to the competency standard for students computer network
engineering. The text was too general for them.
According to Hutchinson and Waters (1987:8) that to improve the learners’
motivation and make learning better and faster, the lectures should prepare
materials which are relevant to the students’ need and interest. In addition For
ESP teachers, the selection extends the use of what is available. Sometimes, they
need to adapt or look for over the shelf materials in order to help ESP students
achieve their aims Teacher must know that students have a specific purpose for
learning English and specific term but they are seldom do needs analysis to find
out what was necessary to actually achieve it. Or they probably do not know topic
to teach appropriate the students’ need.
Further, if associated with theory of authentic materials, the existing
materials, particularly reading materials in teaching- learning process essentially
should give the real information or situation related to the students’ field because
authentic materials are important tools for use in ESP classes, they motivate and
immerse learners in specific areas of the target language in which practice is
needed. Beside that, choosing the reading material of computer network
engineering should also concern to the language features ( the sentence pattern,
the technical vocabularies and the functional words), the level difficulties and the
kinds of genres should be learned.
Therefore, this study is devoted to studying and designing reading materials
of English for students of computer netwok engineering. In the other words, this
research intended to analyze th existing syllabus and reading materials. If the
existing reading materials are not in accordance with syllabus and relevant to the
computer network engineering students’ needs, designing reading materials are
really required. The design of reading materials will use Authenticity - Centred
Approach (ACA). According to Mishan (2005), authenticity centred approach is
materials - centred and upholds the importance of materials design not only as a
professional skill applied by course book writers, but as one used by individual
teaching contexts. Simply, authenticity - centred approach is defined as a teaching
approach which focuses on the materials, in this case authentic materials. The
teacher gives an authentic text to the students in teaching learning process.
1.2
The Problems of The Study
Based on the background of the study, the research problems can be
formulated as follows:
1. How are the existing English reading materials used for students of
computer network engineering in SMK 1 Tapanuli Tengah?
2. What English reading materials are needed by students of computer
network engineering in SMK 1 Tapanuli Tengah?
3. How to develop the English reading materials for students of computer
network engineering in SMK 1 Tapanuli Tengah through ACA?
1.3
The Objectives of The Study
The research intends to the computer tchnique students needs in English.
Therefore the objective of the research are:
1.
To know the existing English reading materials for students of
computer network engineering in SMK 1 Tapanuli Tengah
2.
To find out English reading materials are needed for students of
computer network engineering in SMK 1 Tapanuli Tengah
3.
1.4
To develop English reading material through ACA
The Scope of The Study
The study focused on the design and develop English reading materials
which are relevant for students of computer network engineering through ACA.
1.5
The Significance of The Study
Findings of the study are expected to be significant and relevant theoritically
and practicall
(1) Theoritically
This study is expected to develop the state of art of reading material
through ACA. The materials are expected to provide a good reference
and useful in developing the knowledge and science.
(2) Practically
This study is a conceptual contribution to
a) The findings are expected to be used as inputs for the teachers,
administrators, developers and educational institution in implemating
and select appropriate English reading materials for their students.
b) The students of computer network engineering to improve their ability
in English and to master English that they need
c) The researcher in term of promoting and exploring relevant materials
to be thought and references in relevant study
Susilaningsih, 8136112082, Developing English Reading Materials Through
Authenticity - Centered Approach ( ACA ) for Vocational Students of Computer
Network Engineering In SMK 1 Tapanuli Tengah. Thesis. English applied linguitic
study program. Postgraduate school. State university of Medan. 2016
This study deals with the development of English Reading Materials of vocational
school, SMK 1 Tapanuli Tengah, majoring Computer Network Engineering. The
objectives of this study are : 1) to know the existing English reading materials for
students of computer network engineering in SMK 1 Tapanuli Tengah 2) to find out
English reading materials are needed for students of computer network engineering in
SMK 1 Tapanuli Tengah 3) to develop English reading material through ACA..
Developing Reading materials relevant to the needs of students of computer network
engineering, especially grade XI. This study was conducted by a research and
development (R&D) method proposed by Borg and Gall (1987). The targeted clients of
this research were the number of totally reach 37 respondents namely :a) 33 the
students of computer network engineering grade XI of 2015 – 2016 academic years,
they were taken by random sampling technique. b) 1 stakeholder and c) 3 English
teacher. The instrumentations for collecting data were documentary sheet, questionnaire
and interview.
The results of the research show that the existing reading materials were less
comprehensively, less attractive and the existing English reading materials were not
relevant with students of computer network engineering, materials difficult were
comprehended by students and not suitable with students’ needs. Then, students needed
materials appropriate with their field, using vocabulary appropriate with their field,
completed full color, picture or photograph and using essay structure in assessment.
Therefore, the new english reading materials and syllabus were developed based on the
students’ need related to their field and workplace. After that materials validated and
suggested by two experts. They aggreed that new materials and syllabus were relevant
and easy to comprehend for students of computer network engineering grade XI. It is
suggested to english teacher to provide the materials based on the students’ need
i
ABSTRAK
Susilaningsih, 8136112082, mengembangkan materi membaca bahasa inggris
melalui pendekatan kealamian teks yang fokus pada materi (ACA) untuk siswa
teknik komputer jaringan di SMK 1 Tapanuli Tengah.Tesis, Pascasarjana.
Program Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Negeri Medan, 2016.
Penelitian ini berkenaan dengan pengembangan materi membaca bahasa inggris untuk
siswa SMK 1 Tapanuli Tengah jurusan teknik komputer jaringan. Tujuan penelitian ini
adalah 1) untuk mengetahui keadaan materi membaca bahasa inggris yg ada untuk siswa
jurusan teknik komputer jaringan 2) untuk menemukan kebutuhan siswa untuk materi
membaca bahasa inngris 3) untuk mengembangkan materi membaca bahasa inggris
melalui pendekatan kealamian teks yang fokus pada materi. Mengembangkan materi
membaca yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan siswa jurusan teknik komputer jaringan
khususnya kelas XI. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui metode penelitian pendidikan dan
pengembangan ( Educational & Development; R&D ) oleh Borg and Gall (1987).
Sasaran penelitian ini adalah berjumlah 37 orang yang terdiri dari 1) 33 orang siswa
yang diambil secara acak 2) 1 orang alumni dan 3) 3 guru bahasa inggris. Alat untuk
mengumpulkan data adalah dari dokumentasi, kuestionar dan interview.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keadaan materi membaca bahasa inggris yang ada
kurang dapat dipahami, kurang menarik dan keadaan materi membaca bahasa Inggris
yang ada tidak sesuai dengan siswa jurusan teknik komputer jaringan,materi terlalu sulit
untuk dipahamin oleh siswa dan tidak sesuai dengan kebutuhan murid. Kemudian, siswa
membutuhkan materi yang sesuai dengan bidang keahlian mereka, menggunakan
vocabulari yang sesuai dengan bidang mereka, lengkap dengan warna gambar dan
menggunakan bentuk essai dalam penugasan. Oleh karena itu, materi membaca bahasa
Inggris yang baru dan silabus dikembangkan berdasarkan kebutuhan siswa yang sesuai
dengan bidang keahlian dan dunia kerja. Setelah itu materi divalidasi dan disarankan
oleh dua orang pakar atau ahli. Mereka setuju bahwa materi membaca bahasa inggris
yang baru dan silabus telah sesuai dan mudah dipahami oleh siswa jurusan teknik
komputer jaringan kelas XI. Disarankan kepada guru bahasa Inggris untuk menyediakan
materi yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan siswa.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to Allah, the lord of the universe who has given me the opportunity to finish this
thesis. Thank you so much my dear lord. It is also impossible to be finished without guidance,
support and valuable knowledge from many people whose names can not be mentioned one by
one.
First, the writer would you like to express her sincere gratitude to Dr. I. Wayan
Dirgayasa M.Hum her first advisor and Dr. Eddy Setia, M. Ed., TESP her second
adviser, for their valuable advice, guidance, constructive comments and previous time
spent on supervising and commeting the process of writing until it come to its present
form. Second her special gratitude goes to the head of English applied linguistics,
Dr.Rahmad Husein, M.Ed who has generously encouraged her in completing this study,
all lectures, for her valuable knowledge and instruction they have implemented to her
during the years studying and librarians of the state university of Medan for leading
some useful books and other sources that are needed in writing this thesis.
The writer would you like to express her sincere gratitude to examiner
Prof.Dr.Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd, Prof, Dr. Busmin Gurning M.Pd, and Prof. Dr. Lince
Sihombing M.Pd without their excellent academic guidance and support, this thesis
would not have been possible.
The writer would you like to expresss her sincere gratitude to head master SMA
Negeri 2 Tukka who has given permitted study in the post graduate school state
university of Medan.
Then, a very special dept of gratitude is directed to family her beloved father Nasrul,
beloved mother Hj.Asmaniarti, her parent in law Nirwani Siregar , her beloved husband Wahyu
nadjrin tambunan, her son Fajar Ilham tambunan, her sister Eva susilawati, her brother Hendra
sahputra and young sister Intan purnama sari for their full love, support, care and prayer.
Finally, a special debt of gratitude is addressed to all her beloved friends in SMA Negeri
2 Tukka, all her classmates LTBI B3for their close friendship and encouragement in finishing
this thesis.
Last but not least, she must confess that she has done her most to accomplish this thesis
but she realized but it is still far from being perfect. Therefore, any constructive, criticisms,
suggestions or comments will be highlyappreciated.
Medan,
Susilaningsih
8136112082
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...........................................................................
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...............................................................................
iii
LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................
viii
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................
ix
LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................
x
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study ...........................................................................
1
1.2 Research Problem of the Study ............................................................
5
1.3 The Objectives of the Study ...................................................................
6
1.4 The Scope of Study ................................................................................
6
1.5 The Significance of the Study ................................................................
6
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Theoritical Framework ..........................................................................
8
2.1.1 English for Specific Purpose .........................................................
8
2.1.2 Types of ESP ..................................................................................
9
2.1.2.1 English as a Restricted Language .........................................
9
2.1.2.2 English for Academic and Occupational Purposes ...............
10
2.1.2.3 English with Specific Topics ....................................................
11
2.1.3 Learning Material ..........................................................................
12
2.1.4. Principles of Learning Materials ...................................................
14
2.1.5 Material Development ....................................................................
15
2.1.6 Reading Materials ..........................................................................
19
2.1.7 Reading Text for Computer Network Engineering .....................
21
2.1.8 Authenticity Centered Approach (ACA)......................................
23
2.1.8.1 Sources of Authentic Materials ................................................
24
2.1.8.2 Advantages of Using Authentic Materials ..............................
25
2.1.9 The English Reading Material for Computer Network Engineering and
Authenticity – Centred Approach ......................................................
2.1.10 Need analysis .....................................................................................
26
28
2.2 The Relevant Previous Studies ................................................................
30
2.3 Conceptual Framework ..........................................................................
32
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY OF THE REASEARCH
3.1 Location and Place ...................................................................................
34
3.2 Research Method ....................................................................................
34
3.3 Target Clients ..........................................................................................
35
3.4 The Technique for Collecting Data .........................................................
35
3.5 The Trusthwortiness of the Data ............................................................
36
3.6 Technique for Analyzing Data ...............................................................
36
3.6.1 Phase 1. Evaluation and Need Analysis ..........................................
36
3.6.2 Phase 2. The Development of the Syllabus ....................................
37
3.6.3 Phase 3. Development and Designing the Learning Materials......
38
3.8.4 Phases 4. Validating the Learning Materials ..................................
38
CHAPTER 1V
DATA, DATA ANALYSIS, AND MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT
4.1. The Evaluation and Need Analysis ............................................................
41
4.1.1 The Evaluation of The Existing Learning Materials
and Existing Syllabus .............................................................................
41
4.1.1.1 Existing English Reading Materials ...............................................
42
4.1.1.2 Existing Syllabus ..............................................................................
44
4.1.2 The Need Analysis of Teaching and Learning of
English for Computer ...........................................................................
4.1.3 The Result of Interview and Documentation .......................................
45
50
4.2. The Developing Syllabus of English for Computer Network
Engineering ....................................................................................................
52
4.3. The Developing of English Reading Materials for Computer
Network Engineering ................................................................................
56
4.4. Validating New Reading Materials...............................................................
59
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions ....................................................................................................
63
5.2 Suggestions ......................................................................................................
64
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................
66
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 : Parameters to Measure the Level of students’ needs .........................
40
Table 2 : parameter for validating the reading materials ..................................
40
Table 3 : Level of needs for analysis in type of linguitic features ....................
46
Table 4 : The names of topics or themes of reading materials
needed by the students ......................................................................
47
Table 5 : Level of need analysis for types of layout .........................................
48
Table 6 : Level of need analysis for types vocabulary.......................................
49
Table 7 : Level of need analysis for types of test for reading comprehension ..
50
Table 8 : The score of expert judgement of english reading materials
for computer network engineering ......................................................
61
LIST OF FIGURES
Fiqure 1
: The configuration of authenticity – centered approach and English
reading materials for computer network engineering ......................... 28
Figure 3
: Final form of developing reading material for students of
computer network .........................................................................
59
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of Study
In Indonesia, there are two kinds of Senior High School, namely senior
high school (SMA) and vocational school (SMK). SMA differs from SMK. In
general the students of SMA are prepared to continue their study to the university
because they study general knowledge, while students of SMK are prepared to be
ready for work because they study specific knowledge based on their competency,
although they are not limited to continue their study to the university.
In line with Government Regulation RI No.20 of 2003 article 18 which
stated that vocational school is a school in which the students are prepared to
work in particular field. Vocational students need to be prepared to enter the
working world after they graduated and should have some special abilities to
support their knowledge. The government encourages the graduates of junior
secondary level to proceed to vocational school. This encouragement is intended
to prepare the human resources are ready to work in order to reduce
unemployment in the productive age and reduce the number of poverty.
SMK 1 in Tapanuli Tengah have some majors. One of majors
is
computer network engineering. Computer network engineers, also known as
network architects, are responsible for the testing, designing and maintenance of
computer networking systems. These systems may involve a local office network
or a large global network system. Those who work well independently and are
interested in computers and advanced Internet technology are ideally suited to get
started in this career.
English in its curriculum considered to be important for now and the future
for vocational school. Students are expected to master English fluently.
Development of the language skills are aimed at the improvement of students’
proficiency in English. Language classes at higher educational school use the text
of specific professional fields. The text should be focused on the communicative
needs of the students of a certain higher school level. In this case, teaching and
learning of english through specific content and materials.
In Learning English focus on four basic skills: listening, reading, speaking
and writing. Reading is one of important skill as the window to the world. It is an
important skill for learners to acquire since gives the ability to understand words
and sentences of English in general. Reading can be defined as perceifing a
written text in order to understand its contents. Grellet (1986) explains that
understanding a written text means extracting the required information from it as
effective as possible.
According to Kennedy and Bolitho (1984), materials for reading play the
role of activities; students are asked to read and try to comprehend as they are
allowed to use dictionaries to learn new structures and vocabulary. Students have
to skim, scan, relate graphs to text, relate diagrams to text, predict and sequence
the structure of a text, and understand elliptical writing-telexes. Such activities are
means of joy as well as of teaching and learning. They help students in using and
practising their available language recourses as to develop their own skills,
strategies and level of comprehension; they are the practical contribution of
theoretical lessons. Each material for reading is given to students in order to make
them master specific points which themselves are helpful for their studies.
Appropriate of reading materials are needed to get rich information and
increase mastery of vocabulary because when the students read the text, they will
find new vocabulary there. It is supported by Hammer (1998) which stated that
reading text provide oppurtunities to study language : vocabulary, grammar,
punctuation and the way the students construct sentence, paragraph and texts. In
other words, the students learn new vocabulary when they read a text. Vocabulary
should be thaught only in context, never in word lists to be memorized with
dictionary defenitions (Scheleppegrell, 1986) as practiced by the teacher above.
Based on the realities many reading material available gives the concept of
a subject matter described differently. The largest proportion of does not
appropriate with knowledge field. In this case cause many SMK gradutaes do not
have knowledge and lack information appropriate their field and they are not
ready for the job because their ability and knowldege toward job field
not
accordance with the demand of the market.
Also, the existing learning materials at vocational school can not encourage
and motivate the students optimally because it apparently does not designed by
using students-centered learning. The teachers seems to be more dominant in
teaching and learning process, while the students tend to be a good listener. The
materials are designed not to be based on students activities so that the students
are actively involved in teaching and learning process.
In SMK 1 Tapanuli Tengah
uses book “ Key to Success English for
Vocational School” published by Tiga Serangkai. It is not supply discussion in
reading material appropriate their field. The materials are given focus on the
grammar,exercise without covering
the specific needs student of computer
network engineering and so does the syllabus of computer network engineering.
This school don’t have the relevant book in teaching process. In addition, the text
of reading seem irrelevant to the competency standart because the existing reading
materials do not relate to the students’ professionalism. For instance, the
irrelevant text are in chapter I about hobbies and handling guest, in chapter II
about general text, in chapter III about diagrams and job description, etc. This text
seems inappropriate to the competency standard for students computer network
engineering. The text was too general for them.
According to Hutchinson and Waters (1987:8) that to improve the learners’
motivation and make learning better and faster, the lectures should prepare
materials which are relevant to the students’ need and interest. In addition For
ESP teachers, the selection extends the use of what is available. Sometimes, they
need to adapt or look for over the shelf materials in order to help ESP students
achieve their aims Teacher must know that students have a specific purpose for
learning English and specific term but they are seldom do needs analysis to find
out what was necessary to actually achieve it. Or they probably do not know topic
to teach appropriate the students’ need.
Further, if associated with theory of authentic materials, the existing
materials, particularly reading materials in teaching- learning process essentially
should give the real information or situation related to the students’ field because
authentic materials are important tools for use in ESP classes, they motivate and
immerse learners in specific areas of the target language in which practice is
needed. Beside that, choosing the reading material of computer network
engineering should also concern to the language features ( the sentence pattern,
the technical vocabularies and the functional words), the level difficulties and the
kinds of genres should be learned.
Therefore, this study is devoted to studying and designing reading materials
of English for students of computer netwok engineering. In the other words, this
research intended to analyze th existing syllabus and reading materials. If the
existing reading materials are not in accordance with syllabus and relevant to the
computer network engineering students’ needs, designing reading materials are
really required. The design of reading materials will use Authenticity - Centred
Approach (ACA). According to Mishan (2005), authenticity centred approach is
materials - centred and upholds the importance of materials design not only as a
professional skill applied by course book writers, but as one used by individual
teaching contexts. Simply, authenticity - centred approach is defined as a teaching
approach which focuses on the materials, in this case authentic materials. The
teacher gives an authentic text to the students in teaching learning process.
1.2
The Problems of The Study
Based on the background of the study, the research problems can be
formulated as follows:
1. How are the existing English reading materials used for students of
computer network engineering in SMK 1 Tapanuli Tengah?
2. What English reading materials are needed by students of computer
network engineering in SMK 1 Tapanuli Tengah?
3. How to develop the English reading materials for students of computer
network engineering in SMK 1 Tapanuli Tengah through ACA?
1.3
The Objectives of The Study
The research intends to the computer tchnique students needs in English.
Therefore the objective of the research are:
1.
To know the existing English reading materials for students of
computer network engineering in SMK 1 Tapanuli Tengah
2.
To find out English reading materials are needed for students of
computer network engineering in SMK 1 Tapanuli Tengah
3.
1.4
To develop English reading material through ACA
The Scope of The Study
The study focused on the design and develop English reading materials
which are relevant for students of computer network engineering through ACA.
1.5
The Significance of The Study
Findings of the study are expected to be significant and relevant theoritically
and practicall
(1) Theoritically
This study is expected to develop the state of art of reading material
through ACA. The materials are expected to provide a good reference
and useful in developing the knowledge and science.
(2) Practically
This study is a conceptual contribution to
a) The findings are expected to be used as inputs for the teachers,
administrators, developers and educational institution in implemating
and select appropriate English reading materials for their students.
b) The students of computer network engineering to improve their ability
in English and to master English that they need
c) The researcher in term of promoting and exploring relevant materials
to be thought and references in relevant study