v
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstrak i
Abstract ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Content v
List of Tables vi
List of Figures vii
List of Abbreviations, Symbols and Nomenclatures viii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of Study
1 1.2
Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objectives
3 1.4
Scope 4
1.5 Project Organization
4
vi
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Introduction
5 2.2
Stainless Steel 5
2.2.1 Corrosion of Stainless Steel 8
2.3 Hydroxyapatite HA
11 2.3.1 Structural Characteristics of HA
11 2.3.2 Properties of HA
12 2.3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of HA
13 2.3.4 Applications of HA
13 2.3.5 Coating of HA on Metallic Alloy
14 2.4
Sol-Gel Dip Coating Process 15
2.4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Process 16
2.4.2 Process Route 17
2.4.3 Precursor 20
2.4.4 Application of Sol-Gel Coating 22
2.5 Testing and Analysis Technique
23 2.5.1 Hank
’s Solution 23
2.5.2 Corrosion Testing 24
2.5.2.1 Potentiodynamic Polarization Method 25
2.5.3 Surface Morphology Analysis 28
2.5.3.1 Sxanning Electron Microscope SEM 28
vii
2.5.3.2 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy EDX 28
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 29
3.1 Introduction
29 3.2
Research Methodology Chart 32
3.3 Raw Material
34 3.3.1 Stainless Steel
34 3.3.2 Hydroxyapatite HA
35 3.4
Electrochemical Cells 35
3.5 Stainless Steel Samples
37 3.6
Experimental Procedures 38
3.6.1 Sample Preparation 38
3.6.2 Experimental Setup 43
3.7 Surface Morphology Analysis
45 3.7.1 Scanning Electron Microscope SEM Analysis
45 3.7.2 Energy Dispersive X-Ray EDX Analysis
46
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 47
4.1 Electrochemical Testing
47 4.1.1 Corrosion Test of Control Substrate and HA Coated
49 Substrate
4.1.1.1 Hank’s Solution
49
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4.1.1.2 Sodium Chloride Solution 51
4.1.2 Comparison of HA Coated Substrates in both Solutions 53
4.2 Surface Morphology and Elemental Analysis
55 4.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM
55 4.2.1.1 Uncoated Substrate after Corrosion Test
55 4.2.1.2 Coated Substrate before Corrosion Test
56 4.2.1.3 Coated Substrate after Corrosion Test
58 4.2.2 Energy Dispersive X-Ray EDX
59 4.2.2.1 Uncoated Substrate after Corrosion Test
59 4.2.2.2 Coated Substrate before Corrosion Test
60 4.2.2.3 Coated Substrate after Corrosion Test
62 4.2.3 Five Layers Coating
65
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 67
