15 definition does not include mangrove reforestation areas or areas under “sasi” sasi is a
traditional form of management found in Eastern Indonesia that refers to a system of open and closed seasons, not a permanent closure or prohibition.
2.2 Benefits of a Community-Based Marine Sanctuary
Several broad categories of benefits from marine sanctuaries were presented to the participants based on a review of existing literature. These were generally defined as
those that provide benefit to the community, and serve a conservation function. Specifically, they result in final outcomes such as improved reef quality, increased fish
production andor income generated from tourism. Other potential benefits include greater community empowerment. Beyond the community, government and the general
public can see benefits in terms of CB-MS as a means to addressing broader CRM issues and possibly as more cost effective and sustainable over the long-term. These benefits or
final outcomes can also be referred to as CB-MS impacts. Other outcomes such as widespread participation by the community in the planning process or an ordinance
approved can be seen as intermediate outcomes. It is assumed that these intermediate interventions will eventually lead to the final desired results or impacts. A successful
community-based marine sanctuary is the dependent variable from which a number of independent variables are hypothesized to influence success. “Success” can be measured
by a number of variables. A compilation of specific success measures organized into the broad benefit categories mentioned above was presented and then modified by the focus
groups. The final compiled list is provided in Table 1 below.
Table 1: Success Measures for Community-Based Marine Sanctuaries
Marine Conservation
• Increased fish abundance and diversity in the sanctuary
• Relatively stable or improved coral cover and diversity in the sanctuary. No
evidence of recent human induced damage reduction of threats such as illegal fishing and bombdynamite fishing
• Rehabilitation of coastal resources that impact a larger systemnetwork
• Recruitment larval production for other areas
• Biodiversity conservation of global significance, e.g., tuna, marine turtles
• Enhancement of adjacent reef areas – spillover effects
Community
Socioeconomic •
Increased fish catch per unit of effort by local fishers reef associated target species in area adjacent to the sanctuary
• Perceptions by people in the community that fish abundance, fish catch total
catch or catch rates andor habitat is improving or stable. •
Perceptions by the community that they are better off. •
Alternative or supplemental livelihoods developed. •
A cleaner overall community environment. •
Greater community understanding of the value of the resources. •
Creation of environmental education sites.
16
Table 1: continued
• Establishment of a demonstration site for neighboring communities.
• Increased household income and other measures of quality of life.
• Spiritual
benefits. •
Intergenerational benefits. Governanace
• Functional management by the community and LGU is occurring as
evidenced by surveillance patrols, public education activities, environmental monitoring, management institution meetings, etc.
• Enhanced self-governance, self-esteem and community empowerment as
evidenced by perceptions of the people that they have greater control over the adjacent coral reef and fisheries resources of their community
• A high level of community support approval rating for the marine
sanctuary •
Improvement of local government •
Competence and accountability of organizations involved
Broader Government and Public
• The CB-MS is a means to address broader CRM issues in the community
or on a larger scale as evidenced by the extent to which other issues have been addressed in the community or larger-scale CRM programs have
been established
• A CB-MS is cost effective and sustainable in the long term as evidenced by
continuing funding support for implementation in local and regional government budgets, or from other sources endowments or grants from
outside donors, use fees, donations, fines, etc.
• Neighboring communities are motivated to develop sanctuaries based on
observations and perceptions of success in communities that have already established a CB-MS
• Community leaders serve as motivators and trainers for neighboring
communities in the establishment of CB-MS
2.3 The General Program Model and Conceptual Framework
