Children’s reported language use

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4.1.4 Contact through institutions

Amio-Gelimi speakers have regular contact with speakers of Mangseng and Avau through shared churches and a school. Atui Elementary is located in the Amio-Gelimi language area, but it is also attended by students from the Mangseng village of Penlolo. The churches in both Amio and Atui are also attended by Mangseng speakers, and people from Poronga go to church and school on Valanguo Island, which are also attended by Avau speakers. This contact could pose a threat to the vitality of the Amio- Gelimi language, particularly since Tok Pisin is the primary language used at the school and churches mentioned above. Some residents of Poronga reportedly use Avau when speaking to Avau speakers, but those who work at Lindenhafen resort use Amio-Gelimi when interacting with Avau colleagues. Respondents in Amio, Kaskas and Atui reported that they use primarily Amio-Gelimi when speaking to Mangseng speakers, presumably outside the formal institutions of church and school. These reports indicate that their interaction with Mangseng speakers is not likely to have a significant impact on the vitality of the Amio-Gelimi language.

4.1.5 Summary of contact with other languages

Amio-Gelimi speakers have limited contact with speakers of other languages through immigration, emigration, transportation and economics. While they do have regular contact with Mangseng and Avau speakers at school and church, this contact does not appear to have a negative impact on the vitality of the Amio-Gelimi language. A relatively small segment of the Amio-Gelimi population, only 6.5 percent, consists of immigrants. Most female immigrants speak Amio-Gelimi well and all children of immigrants speak Amio-Gelimi well, which are both positive factors for language vitality. Around ten percent of the Amio-Gelimi population have left the area for work or marriage. These emigrants all speak Amio-Gelimi when returning to the area, although their children speak only Tok Pisin. Because emigrants and their children only visit the area occasionally, this contact does not seem to have a negative influence on the vitality of Amio-Gelimi. Amio-Gelimi people are geographically isolated and do not often travel to other language areas. Some people make occasional trips to Kimbe where they interact with speakers of other languages, but this contact is minimal. The remoteness of the Amio-Gelimi communities and difficulty of travelling to urban centres are positive factors for the vitality of the Amio-Gelimi language. People from Amio-Gelimi are largely able to meet their economic needs from within their own community. Some people sell food and other goods to outsiders, with whom they speak Tok Pisin, but this happens only rarely. A few Amio-Gelimi people work in environments where they interact with speakers of other languages. They usually speak Tok Pisin in these interactions, but when speaking with people from Lulakevi, they use Amio-Gelimi. The limited amount of economic contact Amio-Gelimi speakers have with speakers of other languages has a positive effect on language vitality. Amio-Gelimi speakers share a school and two churches with Mangseng speakers and another church with Avau speakers, and Tok Pisin is the primary language used at these institutions. Respondents in Poronga reportedly use both Avau and Amio-Gelimi when speaking to Avau people, and Amio-Gelimi speakers in the other three villages reportedly use Amio-Gelimi when speaking to Mangseng people. This contact is therefore not likely to greatly affect language vitality in the Amio-Gelimi area.

4.2 Language use

4.2.1 Children’s reported language use

Amio-Gelimi is reportedly the primary language spoken by children in the language area, which is a positive sign for language vitality. Children in all four villages speak Amio-Gelimi, and most speak Tok Pisin as well. While only some children in Poronga speak Tok Pisin, it was reported that all of the children in the other three villages speak Tok Pisin, although people in Atui said children cannot speak 25 Tok Pisin until they start school. In addition, some children in Poronga can speak Avau, children in Atui can understand Mangseng and Amio children who have been to school can understand English. However, although children are able to speak other languages, in all four villages it was reported that they learn Amio-Gelimi first, speak it as well as adults by the time they go to school and speak primarily Amio-Gelimi to their family members in the village. Forty-seven of the immigrants to the area have children, and all of their children are also reportedly able to speak Amio-Gelimi well. In Kaskas, Atui and Poronga, children were reported to speak only Amio-Gelimi to their grandparents, parents, siblings and friends, or when they are angry. In Amio children reportedly speak Amio-Gelimi when they are addressing their parents and grandparents, or when they are angry, but they use both Amio-Gelimi and Tok Pisin when speaking to their siblings and friends. It was also reported in every village that children do mix other languages with Amio-Gelimi. In Amio children mix a little Tok Pisin with Amio-Gelimi, and respondents said that that is not good because children should speak Tok Pisin and English at school but not mix them with Amio-Gelimi. People in Kaskas said that children mix a lot of Tok Pisin with Amio-Gelimi and they think that is not good because use of the local language decreases when languages are mixed. In Atui children mix a lot of Tok Pisin at school, which their parents think is all right, and they use only Amio-Gelimi when they are at home in the village. Children in Poronga reportedly often mix other unspecified languages with Amio- Gelimi, and people think that is good.

4.2.2 Children’s observed language use