ENHANCED WATER USE EFFICIENCY FOR IRRIGATED RICE IN INDONESIA WITH SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI)
ISBN: 978-979-99046-5-2
CSRD 2013
WVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
PROCEEDI GS
"Sustainable Rural Development - Towards a Better World"
Editorial Boards:jihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
1 . Prof. Robert C. Creese, Ph.D. PE. CCE.I West Virginia University, USA
2. Prof. Van Wang, Ph.D.1 Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
I Bogor Agricultural University, INDONESIA
3. Prof. Dr. Budi Indra SetiawanedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
4. Prof. Dr. Taku Nishimura I The University of Tokyo, JAPAN
5. Prof. Dr. Zulkifli Yusop I Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, MALAYSIA
6. Dr. Hideto Ueno I Ehime University, JAPAN
7. Dr. Tetsuya Araki I The University of Tokyo, JAPAN
8. Dr. Yasei Oikawa I Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, JAPAN
COLLABORATIVE:
P R O C E E D IN G S
O F IN T E R N A T IO N A L
S U S T A IN A B L E
CONFERENCE
RURAL DEVELOPM ENT
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2jihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
"S ustainable
Rural Development
Purwokerto,
ON
2013
- Towards a Better World"
Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013
IC S R O 2 0 1 3
~WVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGF
E d ito ria l B o a rd :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
I West Virginia University, USA
Prof. Robert C. Creese, Ph.D. PE. CCE.edcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Prof. Yan Wang, Ph.D. I Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Prof. Dr. Budi Indra Setiawan I Bogor Agricultural University, INDONESIA
Prof. Dr. Taku Nishimura I The University of Tokyo, JAPAN
Prof. Dr. Zulkifli Yusop I Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, MALAYSIA
Dr. Hideto Ueno I Ehime University, JAPAN
Or. Tetsuya Araki I The University of Tokyo, JAPAN
Dr. Yosei Oikawa I Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, JAPAN
P R O C E E D IN G S
O F IN T E R N A T IO N A L
DEVELOPM ENT
2013
"Sustainable
CONFERENCE
O N S U S T A IN A B L E
Rural Development - Toward a Better World"
Published by:
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Jenderal Soedirman University
JI. Dr. Soeparno, Karangwangkal, Purwokerto 53123
Phone/Fax. +62281 638791
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
L
RURAL
PROCEEDINGS
O F INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE
ON
SUSTAINABLERURALDEVELOPMENT2013jihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONML
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
"Sustainable
R ural D evelopm ent
Purwokerto,
'Preface
List of Contents
- T ow ards
a B etter W orld"
Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013
iii
vii
..
A. KEYNOTE SPEAKERS
1.
Sustainability Innovation Through First-Principles Modelling and SimulationedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONM
Lijuan H e, M asoum eh A m inzadeh, and V an W ang
1
2.
Utilization of Organic Wastes in Local Area to Improve Plant Production and
Soil Quality for Building Sustainable Agricultural Systems in Japan
H ideto U E N O
11
B. INVITED SPEAKERS
1.
Homegarden
Intensification
through
Cooperation
Stakeholders: Case Studies from Indonesia and Vietnam
among
Different
Y osei O IK A W A , V u-Linh N G U Y E N , and M asaaki Y A M A O A
2.
Field Evaluation of Infiltration Models under Oil Palm Plantation: Stemflow
and Throughfall Areas
M. A skari, F .A . A hm ad, A.M. M ohd S ayuti, C .B .S . T eh, S uhartono, H . S aito, Z.
3.
Environmental Sustainability of Biodiesel Production in Indonesia
Y usop, and K . W ijaya
21
31
A rm ansyah H . T am bunan
4,
Managing Concern: Indonesian Sustainability
Breeding Perspective
15
in Rice Production, A Rice
43
S uprayogi
C. SUPPORTING PAPERS
1
st
1.
Topic: Sustainable Agriculture, Agricultural Productivity, and Modern Technologies
Enhanced Water Use Efficiency for Irrigated Rice in Indonesia with System
of Rice Intensification (SRI)
C husnul A rif, B udi Indra S etiaw an, H anhan A hm ad
M artief, M asaru M izoguchi, and A rdiansyah
2.
S ofiyuddin, Lolly M artina
73
Direct Seeding Plantation Rice System is One of Alternative in Agriculture
Water Conservation Management Engineering at Farm Level
N urpilihan B afdal
3.
Modeling Water Movement in Limited Strip-Tillage with Strip Shallow
Irrigation for Crop Cultivation Concept
4.
Circular-Shaped Emitter as Alternative to Increase Irrigation Efficiency
Y . I. Intara and A . S apei
S atyanto K . S aptom o, B udi I. S etiaw an, K M S F erry R ahm an, Y udi C hadirin, P opi
R . O . M ustaningsih, and C husnul A rif
5.
Suitability Analysis of East Borneo Marginal Lands for Food Estate
6.
Study of Rice Growth and Yield as Well as the Available of N, P, K Soil
Content Given by Local Micro Organisms in System of Rice Intensification
Rice Fields in the Cilacap District
7.
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Application using Zigbee for Monitoring
Displacement Object
S idharta S ahirm an, M uham m ad R ifan, and A rdiansyah
W indi H aryanto, A rdiansyah, and /sm angil
D w i K urniaw an, Im ron R osyadi, and A zis W isni W idhi N
83
89
97
103
109
115
vii
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PROCEEDINGS
O F INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE
ON
SUSTAINABLERURALDEVELOPMENT2013
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
"Sustainable Rural Development - Towards a Better World"
rC S R D 2 0 1 3
~
8.
2
nd
1.
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Purwokerto,
Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013
Preliminary Experimental Investigation on Use of Low-Cost Components to
Construct
Instrument
for
Nondestructively
Measuring
Optical
(M usa acum inata)
Characteristics of Golden BananaedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
A. M argiw iyatno, S isw antoro, and R. E diati
Topic: Biodiversity, Agriculture, and Food Security
Mathematical Model for Estimating Staple Food Stock in Temanggung
Regency
133
A nton T irnur
2.
Application of Natural Preservation on Coconut Sap and Quality Profile
Evaluation of Solidified Coconut Sugar
3.
Ge Interaction Assesment of Sr Sweet Corn Yield Based on Additive Main
Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and Biplot in West Java
K arseno, T ri Y anto, P epita H aryanti, and R etno S etyaw ati
141
S yafi'i M , M e/ati R , W a/uyo B , and R usw andi 0
4.
5.
6.
7.
Improving
Beef Cattle Production
Development in Central Java
System
147
for
Sustainable
Rural
A khm ad S odiq, S uw arno and A rif H arnow o S idhi
Biotic Investigation on A cacia S pecies in Kordofan Region Sudan Against
Climate Change
M aym oona A . E isa, Z einab M . H am m ad, and O sm an E . A . A bde/kareem
Physical and Chemical Cracteristics of Modified Corn Starch
Nur Aini, V. Prihananto, and Gunawan Wijonarko
Amino Acids Composition and Minerals Content of Potato Tubers Cultivar
Eigenheimer and Granola
C . W ibow o and N . B afda/
8.
rd
Dimensional Analysis for Measuring Coefficient of Unit
Conductance of Steelbalss for Non Cooking Oil Frying Application
163
169
Surface
187
Topic: Renewable Energy for Sustainable Rural Development
1.
A Grid Tied Photovoltaic System Using Three-Phase Five-Level CurrentSource Inverter with Controlled Reactive Power
2.
A Comprehensive Evaluation Effort of Current Situation in Kupang City as
Local Government to Achieve Indonesia Government Target in Reducing
C02 E Emission Based on Analysis of Kupang Input-Output Table
195
S uroso, D aru T ri N ugroho, W inasis, and T oshihiko N oguchi
A drianus A M H E K A , Y oshiro H /G A N O , T akeshi M /Z U N O Y A , and H e/m ut Y A B A R
4th
155
177
S isw antoro, S idharta S ahirm an, and A gus M argiw iyatno
3
121
203
Topic: Energy, Environment, and Sustainable Development
1.
Sustainable Development through Effective Waste Management in India:
Opportunities at Community Level
2.
Hydrothermal
Synthesis
of
AG 3 P04
Photocatalyst
for
Phenol
Decomposition under Visible Light Irradiation
U yi S u/aem an, E va Va ton ah, A nung R iapanitra, P onco /sw anto, S hu Y in, and
U pendra D . P ate/, R ajiv K . S inha, and M argi U . P ate/............................................
219
225
T sugio S ato
viii
r
PROCEEDINGS
O F INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE
ON
SUSTAINABLERURALDEVELOPMENT2013jihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONM
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
"Sustainable
R ural D evelopm ent
Purwokerto,
th
5 Topic:
Programs
1.
2.
Environmental
and Social
- T ow ards a B etter W orld"
Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013
Impact Assessment
rC S R D 2013
~
of Rural Development
Enhancing Social Capital of Local Chicken Farmers in Cianjur, West Java
for Sustainable Rural DevelopmentedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
M och. S ugiarto
In S itu Bioremediation of Glyphosate Herbicide Using T rich o d e rm a V irid e
235
Strain FRP 3
241
N ovi A rfarita, B udi P rasetya, Y ulia N uraini, and T suyoshi Im ai
3.
A Sustainable Smallholder Rubber Model: A Partnership between Private
Company and Local Communities
4.
Agricultural Manpower Dynamic and Change of Economic Structure in
Central Java
T im otius S etiaw an
253
5.
Human Capital and Survival of Small Scale Food Processing Firms Under
Economic Crisis in Central Java Indonesia
P alm arudi M appigau and A gussalim M ..
Impact of Climate Change on Hydrology of Gunungsewu Karst Area and
Local Community Adaptation
259
S udarm adji
275
247
M uham m ad R idw ansyah
6.
7.
Impack of Development in Bogor Municipality on The Local Greenhouse
Gas Emission
287
A rief S abdo Y uw ono
8.
Comparative Study Agriculture
Development
Reduction Evidences from Indonesia and China
Programs
for
Poverty
295
M uham ad R usliyadi
9.
Sustainable Livelihood Strategies after Merapi Volcanic Eruption (Aspects
of Sustainable Rural Development)
10.
Application of Small Scale Program of Farmer Participation on Land and
Water Conservation
Measures to
Simulate
Realistics
Waterhed
Management
305
N ugroho H ari P urnom o and W idodo H ariyono
311
S ahid S usanto, C handra S etyaw an, and S ukirno
6 th Topic: Community Health
1.
Criterias Identification of Eye Diseases in Order to Develop an Expert
System for Early Diagnosis of Glaucoma
R etno S upriyanti,
T utik Ida R osanti
G uruh S yahroni,
S ri W isnu R espati,
Y ogi R am adhani,
and
321
2.
The Hepatoprotective Effect of Ethanol Extract of Plantain (P la n ta g o m a jo r
L .) on Drug Induced Hepatotoxic Rat (R a ttu s n o rve g icu s) Model
E S utrisna, A A F itriani, I A S alim , A M M askoen,
M S ujatno, and H S.
3.
Potential Analysis of Cottonwood Parasite (Dendropthoe Pentandra) Stem
Extract in Decreasing of Mutant P53 Protein Expression on Cervical Cancer
Cell (Hela Cells) in Vitro
4.
Wareness and Willingnes to Health Policy: An Empirical
Reference to Malang Indonesia
331
S astram ihardja
339
G am al and E friko S eptananda
G am al
Study with
345
ix
PROCEEDINGS
O F INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE
ON
SUSTAINABLERURALDEVELOPMENT2013
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
"Sustainable Rural Development - Towards a Better World"
XCSRD 2013
~
5.
Purwokerto,
Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26,2013edcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
N ig e Jla sa tiva Gel Improves Granulation and Re-Epithelialization Tissue of
Diabetic Rats
Y unita S ari, D hadhang W ahyu K , S aryono, A rington /G, and N akatani T oshio .....
355
PostersjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
1.
Green House Effect Solar Dryers: An Appropriate Technology Pro-The Poor
2.
Initial Screening of Green Super Rice (GSR) Lines and Sub 1 Gene
Containing Varieties for Seedling Stage Drought Tolerance
3.
Climate Variability:
Biodiversity
4.
Application of Irradiation Mutation Technique Into Early Maturing Rice
Variety (90-104 Day) for the Development of Improved Agronomic
Performance-Ultra Early Maturing « 90 Days) Rice Variety
363
Y uw ana
373
U ntung S usanto, R ina H apsari W ening, M ade Jana M ejaya, and Jauhar A Ii
Need for
Collective
Action
in
Conserving
Agro379
K . C . S iva ba/an, B . S w am inathan, and S. N ithila
385
M oham ad Y am in S am aullah and U ntung S usanto
5.
On Farm Trial of Green Super Rice (GSR) Pre-Released Variety in Raifed
Lowland Areas of Indramayu
389
M oham ad Y am in S am aullah, U ntung S usanto, and M ade Jana M ejaya
6.
Life Cycle GHG Emission and Energy Consumption for Production of
Biodiesel Using Catalyst from Crude Palm Oil and Curde Jatropha Curcas Oil
in Indonesia
K im an S iregar, A rm ansyah H . T am bunan, A bdu/ K . /rw anto, S oni S . W iraw an, and
T etsuya A raki
7.
407
N uru/ R izki R am adhan, A rief R M A kbar, and S usi
8.
Response Surface Methodology for Regeneration of Lithium Bromida in
Absorption Refrigeration System Using Vacuum Membrane Distillations
415
B ayu R udiyanto, T sair-W ang C hung, and A rm ansyah H . T am bunan
9.
Biodiesel
Production
Based
Transesterification Process
10.
Assesssment of Socio Economic and Environmental Impact of Community
Water Supply Schemes in Kandy District
Coconut
Oil
by
Esterification
and
425
N uru/ R izki R am adhan, A rief R M A kbar, and S usi
431
D .M .C .S . M im rose, E .R .N . G unaw ardena, and H .B . N ayakakora/a
11.
Global Rice Trade and Some Issues of Restriction
437
E vi N urifah Julitasari
12.
Bare Soil Surface Temperature Determination from Energy Balance Equation
443
A rdiansyah, S ho S hiozaw a, and B udi /ndra S etiaw an
13.
Hydram Pump for Water Supply at Banteran Village, Sumbang Sub-District,
Purwokerto
455
P utri R ieski /m anda, R eza K usum a N , A rdiansyah, and A fik H ardanto
14.
Isolation and Identification of
Bioethanol from N yp a F ru tica n s
Indigenous
Microbe
for
W i/udjeng T risasiw i, G unaw an W ijonarko, and M elisa R iska P utri
x
393
Prototype Reactor Design for Biodiesel Production Based Coconut Oil
Production
of
461
PROCEEDINGS
International Conference on Sustainable Rural Development
"Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World"
Purwokerto, 23-24 August 2013
2013
ISB N
1 st WVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCB
T O P IC
978-979-99046-5-2 zyxwvutsrqponmlkjih
ENHANCED WATER USE EFFICIENCY FOR IRRIGATED RICE IN
INDONESIA WITH SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI)
Chusnul
2
Arif\
Budi Indra Setlawan ', Hanhan Ahmad Sofiyuddin",
Masaru Mizoguchi3 , and Ardiansyah"
Lolly Martina Martief2 ,
1 Departmentof Civil and EnvironmentalEngineering,Sogor Agricultural University, Indonesia
Experimental Station for Irrigation,ResearchCenter for Water Resources, Ministry of Public Work, Indonesia
3 Departmentof Global Agricultural Sciences,the University of Tokyo, Japan
4 Departmentof Agricultural Engineering,Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia
E-mail: chusnul_arif@ipb.ac.id
ABSTRACT
Conventional rice cultivation with continuous flooding irrigation that commonly used in rice production
characterized by insufficient water use because the quantity of irrigation water is usually supplied to the field is
greater than plant water requirement.The current study was performed to evaluate System of Rice Intensification
(SRI) practice in raising water use efficiency for sustainable rice production in Indonesia particularly in the rainy
season. Achieving this goal, a field experiment was conducted in Karang Sari Village, Sekasi, West Java,
Indonesia during the first rice season 2007/2008 (December 2007 to April 2008) in the rainy season. Here, two
cultivation practices with different regimes were compared i.e., SRI regime and Conventional Practice (CP)
regime. As the results, it was clearly observed that SRI regime raised water use efficiency index up to 37.6% by
saving water input up to 26.07% compared to CP regime. The SRI regime also reduced excess water through
percolation and runoff significantly.The SRI regime also resulted in better yield and crop performance compared
to continuous flooding irrigation even if not significant. The main reason is that under SRI with intermittent
irrigation, aerobic condition was created. This condition promoted higher activity of the plants for the
establishmentof a larger and deeper root as reported previous studies. Therefore, the results suggested that SRI
is suitable way to raise water use efficiencywithout decreasingyield for irrigated rice in Indonesia.
Keywords: water management,water use efficiency,paddy fields, system of rice intensification
INTRODUCTION
RiceedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
(O ryza sa tiva L.) has become the most important staple food in Indonesia, and it covers the
largest agricultural area. The total harvested area and rice production in 2011 were 13.2 million ha and
65.8 million tons, respectively [1]. Recently, the challenges related to improving rice productivity in
Indonesia have been increasing due to the increased population and reduced arable area. In addition,
climate change issues have been affecting paddy irrigation water requirements during the rainy and
dry seasons [2].
Commonly in Indonesia, rice is cultivated under continuous flooding irrigation by maintaining the depth
of water between 2 and 5 cm to control weeds, reduce the frequency of irrigation, and secure against
possible future shortage of water due to the unreliable water delivery system. Consequently,
agriculture is the largest consumer of fresh water especially for irrigation. The data in 2010 showed
that water used for irrigation was 89% following by fisheries (7%), domestic and industrial (4%) and
livestock (0.2%) [3]. Continuous flooding irrigation is less efficient because the quantity of irrigation
water is usually greater than actual water requirement. This weakens water saving effects, causing
large amounts of surface runoff, seepage and percolation [4]. Hence, an alternative rice production
with less water input is needed to ensure a sufficient food supply.
From previous findings, rice is highly possible to be produced by water saving regimes under system
of rice intensification (SRI) in which continuous flooding irrigation is no longer essential to gain high
yields and biomass production [5, 6, 7]. SRI is well-known as a set of crop management practices for
73
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v.=ti
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International
PROCEEDINGS
Conference on Sustainable Rural Development
2013
"Sustainable Rural Development-Towards
A Better World"
Purwokerto, August 25-26, 2013
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1· st
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raising the productivity of rice by changing the management of plants, soil, water, and nutrients.
Although some critics were dismissed to SRI [8, 9, 10], its benefits have been validated in 42 countries
of Asia, Africa and Latin America [11]. In SRI paddy fields, intermittent irrigation is applied in which the
field is allowed to dry during particular time instead of keeping them continuously flooding, a practice
called alternate wetting and drying irrigation [12].
Many researchers have been conducted to verify this system. As the results, it was clearly observed
that this system can increase water use efficiency significantly by saved water input as provided data
for different countries, e.g., in Japan [13], 38.5% in Iraq [14], 43.9% in China [7]. The results revealed
that the increasing water use efficiency by SRI varied among different countries. This was due to
different climate, rice variety and soil type among the countries.
However, only few information have been reported on enhancing water use efficiency under SRI
compared to conventional practice in Indonesia, e.g. Sato et. al [6] in eastern Indonesia. The aim of
the current study is to investigate enhancing water use efficiency by SRI practice in western Indonesia
particularly in the rainy season.
METHODOLOGY
Field Location and Rice Cultivation
This study was conducted in the paddy fields in Karang Sari village, district of Cikarang Timur, Bekasi,
West Java, Indonesia during the first rice season 2007/2008 (December 2007 to April 2008) in the rainy
season. The soil was alluvial and had a heavy clay texture with a soil pH of 5.8 and a low organic matter
content (1.7%). Here, we prepared six plots and each plot was a 9.6 m x 18 m rectangular shape. All
plots were planted with the local variety of rice (O ryza sativa L), S intanur, a hybrid rice variety.
Three plots were planted by SRI practice consisting some elements such as single planting of young
seedling (10 days after seedling) spaced at 30 x 30 cm, using an organic fertilizer at 7 tons/ha and no
chemical fertilizer. Moreover, indigenous microorganisms grown in a bamboo sprout and fruits mixture
were supplied to the field 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days after transplanting (OAT). The indigenous
microorganisms enhance the biological activity of the soil [15]. Meanwhile, others plots were planted
by conventional practice with some elements such as old ceedlinq (30 days after seedling), spaced at
20 x 20 cm, using chemical fertilizer based on guideline of agricultural department officer.
Plant growth was observed a Id recorded every ten days, starting from 15 OAT. For each plot, we measured
plant height and number of tillers/hill to assess effects of cultivation practices on plant performances.
Irrigation Regimes
The detail irrigation regimes, SRI and Conventional practice (CP) were illustrated in Figure1. Here, the
experimental design was a single factorial design with three replications. Data were analyzed by one-way
analysis of variance (ANOVA) hypothesizing irrigation regime to be the significant source of variation.
For the SRI regime, the soil was kept moist but with no standing water during vegetative stage, i.e.,
stage I (initial) and stage 11 (crop development stages), then shallow standing water ranging in depth
from -5 to 2 cm was applied during reproductive stage (stage Ill) and finally water was drained to
maintain saturated soil until harvesting day (stage IV). Meanwhile, for CP regime, the field was
maintained by ponding water with the interval 2-5 cm water depth during planting period except stage
I, then in the stage IV, water was drained to maintain saturated soil until harvesting day.
74
PROCEEDINGS
International Conference on Sustainable Rural Development 2013
"Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World"
Purwokerto, 23-24 August 2013
·
1 st T O PIC zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfed
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
l::~~'~'~~~~'~~
CP : Conventional Practice
SRI: System of Rice Intensification
'2:~
J_:~~~
o
7
20
StageI
40
Stage11
75
StageIII
Harvesting
StageIV
-----+ ---1 -------+ -------1
Day after transplanting
Figure 1. Irrigation regimes in this study
Water Balance and Water Use Efficiency in the Field
Water balance analysis was performed to determine the water supply and water use within the crop
season in daily basis based on the following equation:
dS
-
+
W L = pet)
+
I(t)
+
G w (t) - Q r(t) - D P(t) - E T c(t)
(1)
dt
dS
where -
is the change in water depth (mm), WL is water level measured from soil surface (mm), Pis
dt
precipitation (mm), I is irrigation water (mm), Gw is groundwater (mm), Or is runoff (mm), DP is deep
percolation (mm) and ETc is crop evapotranspiration
(mm). Here, Gw, water that comes from the
ground, was assumed to be zero due to the negligible rate.
Here, precipitation (P) was measured by a rain gauge and water level (WL) was measured by a
piezometer. Meanwhile, runoff was defined as excess water from precipitation that was removed from
the field artificially to maintain desired water levels during the planting period and its rate was
measured by a water meter. Then, the change in water depth was calculated based on a soil retention
curve by using Genuchten model [16].
To calculate and estimate the other parameters, such as percolation, crop evapotranspiration,
and
irrigation water, Microsoft Excel's Solver was used as described by Abdel-Fattah et al. [17] and the
guide to use it could be referred to Morrison [18]. In this study, we tried to find the combination of the
parameters to minimize the following error:
E rror for the period =edcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
L Iso - Sm I
(2)
where, So is daily-observed soil water storage (water depth mm), Srn is model based soil water storage
(mm) estimated by the Excel Solver estimation.
Water use efficiency index is defined as a measure of crop yield (dry matter) per unit water supplied,
by following equation [12]:
75
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PROCEEDINGS
International Conference on Sustainable Rural Development 2013
"Sustainable Rural Development-Towards
A Better World"
Purwokerto,August25-26,2013jihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPO
W U E (kg/ha/m m )=
Y ield(kglha)
------'---= ------'-- edcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
(3)
L Irrigationw atcr(m m )
Furthermore,
we calculated water productivity
(WP) to look up another
relationship. In paddy fields, WP is calculated using the following equation [12]:
water-rice
production
Y ield (kg/ha)
= --'--'-E T c(m m )
W P (kg/ha/m m )
(4)
where, ETc is crop evapotranspiration
(mm) derived from water balance analysis previously.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plant Growth and Yield
Plant performance between two cultivation practices are shown in Figure 2. In the SRI practice, with
the same physiological age, the plant height was higher than that in the conventional practice. This is
probably due to the plant had greater growth potential of root and shoot by the application of young
seedling and wider spacing [11]. Moreover, SRI promotes increased plant activity in roots and shoots
due to optimal water and oxygen availability under mostly aerobic soil conditions [19]. However, in the
last growth stage, both the plant heights were comparable with the maximum plant height of 136 cm
for both practices.
140
50
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40
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Figure 2. Comparing plant growth between SRI practice and conventional
(B) tiller number per hill
40
60
80
100
120
D ays after sow ing
practice: (A) plant height,
The same trend was seen for the tiller number per hill. The tiller number in the SRI was higher than that
in the conventional particularly in the initial, crop development and late stages. It showed that under SRI
with wider spacing, the ability of rice tillering could be enhanced to some extent when the plant had a
wider space to grow. Rice tillering could also be enhanced by application of straw mulching under nonflooded irrigation as reported by the previous study [20]. Overall, in both practices, rice tiller number
gradually increased and reached a peak at about 65 days after sowing (Figure 2B). The maximum tiller
number per hill was 48 and 42 for the SRI and conventional practices, respectively.
Water availability in the field
Both cultivation practices were irrigated to maintain the water level at the interval level during the crop
season, as described previously (Figure 1). However, measurement of the actual water level was quite
different from that of the desired water level, as affected by high precipitation in the rainy season as
76
PROCEEDINGS
International Conference on Sustainable Rural Development 2013
1 st WVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDC
T O P IC
ISB N 978· 979· 99046-5-2
"Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World"
Purwokerto, 23-24 August 2013jihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4. This occurred when the restarting of irrigation time was determined
visually and the natural environment was unpredictable, particularly in terms of precipitation. Even if it
was kept saturated for 7 to 20 days after transplanting (DAT), the actual water level dropped below the
soil surface, particularly within 12 to 17 DAT due to the high evaporation that occurred on some days.
Furthermore, the actual water level increased dramatically on 20 DAT and reached approximately 10
cm above the soil surface in both regimes. This was caused by a high amount of precipitation (136
mm) over three days.
SR I: System of R ice Intensification
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WVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
PROCEEDI GS
"Sustainable Rural Development - Towards a Better World"
Editorial Boards:jihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
1 . Prof. Robert C. Creese, Ph.D. PE. CCE.I West Virginia University, USA
2. Prof. Van Wang, Ph.D.1 Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
I Bogor Agricultural University, INDONESIA
3. Prof. Dr. Budi Indra SetiawanedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
4. Prof. Dr. Taku Nishimura I The University of Tokyo, JAPAN
5. Prof. Dr. Zulkifli Yusop I Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, MALAYSIA
6. Dr. Hideto Ueno I Ehime University, JAPAN
7. Dr. Tetsuya Araki I The University of Tokyo, JAPAN
8. Dr. Yasei Oikawa I Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, JAPAN
COLLABORATIVE:
P R O C E E D IN G S
O F IN T E R N A T IO N A L
S U S T A IN A B L E
CONFERENCE
RURAL DEVELOPM ENT
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2jihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
"S ustainable
Rural Development
Purwokerto,
ON
2013
- Towards a Better World"
Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013
IC S R O 2 0 1 3
~WVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGF
E d ito ria l B o a rd :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
I West Virginia University, USA
Prof. Robert C. Creese, Ph.D. PE. CCE.edcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Prof. Yan Wang, Ph.D. I Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Prof. Dr. Budi Indra Setiawan I Bogor Agricultural University, INDONESIA
Prof. Dr. Taku Nishimura I The University of Tokyo, JAPAN
Prof. Dr. Zulkifli Yusop I Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, MALAYSIA
Dr. Hideto Ueno I Ehime University, JAPAN
Or. Tetsuya Araki I The University of Tokyo, JAPAN
Dr. Yosei Oikawa I Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, JAPAN
P R O C E E D IN G S
O F IN T E R N A T IO N A L
DEVELOPM ENT
2013
"Sustainable
CONFERENCE
O N S U S T A IN A B L E
Rural Development - Toward a Better World"
Published by:
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Jenderal Soedirman University
JI. Dr. Soeparno, Karangwangkal, Purwokerto 53123
Phone/Fax. +62281 638791
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
L
RURAL
PROCEEDINGS
O F INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE
ON
SUSTAINABLERURALDEVELOPMENT2013jihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONML
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
"Sustainable
R ural D evelopm ent
Purwokerto,
'Preface
List of Contents
- T ow ards
a B etter W orld"
Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013
iii
vii
..
A. KEYNOTE SPEAKERS
1.
Sustainability Innovation Through First-Principles Modelling and SimulationedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONM
Lijuan H e, M asoum eh A m inzadeh, and V an W ang
1
2.
Utilization of Organic Wastes in Local Area to Improve Plant Production and
Soil Quality for Building Sustainable Agricultural Systems in Japan
H ideto U E N O
11
B. INVITED SPEAKERS
1.
Homegarden
Intensification
through
Cooperation
Stakeholders: Case Studies from Indonesia and Vietnam
among
Different
Y osei O IK A W A , V u-Linh N G U Y E N , and M asaaki Y A M A O A
2.
Field Evaluation of Infiltration Models under Oil Palm Plantation: Stemflow
and Throughfall Areas
M. A skari, F .A . A hm ad, A.M. M ohd S ayuti, C .B .S . T eh, S uhartono, H . S aito, Z.
3.
Environmental Sustainability of Biodiesel Production in Indonesia
Y usop, and K . W ijaya
21
31
A rm ansyah H . T am bunan
4,
Managing Concern: Indonesian Sustainability
Breeding Perspective
15
in Rice Production, A Rice
43
S uprayogi
C. SUPPORTING PAPERS
1
st
1.
Topic: Sustainable Agriculture, Agricultural Productivity, and Modern Technologies
Enhanced Water Use Efficiency for Irrigated Rice in Indonesia with System
of Rice Intensification (SRI)
C husnul A rif, B udi Indra S etiaw an, H anhan A hm ad
M artief, M asaru M izoguchi, and A rdiansyah
2.
S ofiyuddin, Lolly M artina
73
Direct Seeding Plantation Rice System is One of Alternative in Agriculture
Water Conservation Management Engineering at Farm Level
N urpilihan B afdal
3.
Modeling Water Movement in Limited Strip-Tillage with Strip Shallow
Irrigation for Crop Cultivation Concept
4.
Circular-Shaped Emitter as Alternative to Increase Irrigation Efficiency
Y . I. Intara and A . S apei
S atyanto K . S aptom o, B udi I. S etiaw an, K M S F erry R ahm an, Y udi C hadirin, P opi
R . O . M ustaningsih, and C husnul A rif
5.
Suitability Analysis of East Borneo Marginal Lands for Food Estate
6.
Study of Rice Growth and Yield as Well as the Available of N, P, K Soil
Content Given by Local Micro Organisms in System of Rice Intensification
Rice Fields in the Cilacap District
7.
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Application using Zigbee for Monitoring
Displacement Object
S idharta S ahirm an, M uham m ad R ifan, and A rdiansyah
W indi H aryanto, A rdiansyah, and /sm angil
D w i K urniaw an, Im ron R osyadi, and A zis W isni W idhi N
83
89
97
103
109
115
vii
r
PROCEEDINGS
O F INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE
ON
SUSTAINABLERURALDEVELOPMENT2013
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
"Sustainable Rural Development - Towards a Better World"
rC S R D 2 0 1 3
~
8.
2
nd
1.
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Purwokerto,
Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013
Preliminary Experimental Investigation on Use of Low-Cost Components to
Construct
Instrument
for
Nondestructively
Measuring
Optical
(M usa acum inata)
Characteristics of Golden BananaedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
A. M argiw iyatno, S isw antoro, and R. E diati
Topic: Biodiversity, Agriculture, and Food Security
Mathematical Model for Estimating Staple Food Stock in Temanggung
Regency
133
A nton T irnur
2.
Application of Natural Preservation on Coconut Sap and Quality Profile
Evaluation of Solidified Coconut Sugar
3.
Ge Interaction Assesment of Sr Sweet Corn Yield Based on Additive Main
Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and Biplot in West Java
K arseno, T ri Y anto, P epita H aryanti, and R etno S etyaw ati
141
S yafi'i M , M e/ati R , W a/uyo B , and R usw andi 0
4.
5.
6.
7.
Improving
Beef Cattle Production
Development in Central Java
System
147
for
Sustainable
Rural
A khm ad S odiq, S uw arno and A rif H arnow o S idhi
Biotic Investigation on A cacia S pecies in Kordofan Region Sudan Against
Climate Change
M aym oona A . E isa, Z einab M . H am m ad, and O sm an E . A . A bde/kareem
Physical and Chemical Cracteristics of Modified Corn Starch
Nur Aini, V. Prihananto, and Gunawan Wijonarko
Amino Acids Composition and Minerals Content of Potato Tubers Cultivar
Eigenheimer and Granola
C . W ibow o and N . B afda/
8.
rd
Dimensional Analysis for Measuring Coefficient of Unit
Conductance of Steelbalss for Non Cooking Oil Frying Application
163
169
Surface
187
Topic: Renewable Energy for Sustainable Rural Development
1.
A Grid Tied Photovoltaic System Using Three-Phase Five-Level CurrentSource Inverter with Controlled Reactive Power
2.
A Comprehensive Evaluation Effort of Current Situation in Kupang City as
Local Government to Achieve Indonesia Government Target in Reducing
C02 E Emission Based on Analysis of Kupang Input-Output Table
195
S uroso, D aru T ri N ugroho, W inasis, and T oshihiko N oguchi
A drianus A M H E K A , Y oshiro H /G A N O , T akeshi M /Z U N O Y A , and H e/m ut Y A B A R
4th
155
177
S isw antoro, S idharta S ahirm an, and A gus M argiw iyatno
3
121
203
Topic: Energy, Environment, and Sustainable Development
1.
Sustainable Development through Effective Waste Management in India:
Opportunities at Community Level
2.
Hydrothermal
Synthesis
of
AG 3 P04
Photocatalyst
for
Phenol
Decomposition under Visible Light Irradiation
U yi S u/aem an, E va Va ton ah, A nung R iapanitra, P onco /sw anto, S hu Y in, and
U pendra D . P ate/, R ajiv K . S inha, and M argi U . P ate/............................................
219
225
T sugio S ato
viii
r
PROCEEDINGS
O F INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE
ON
SUSTAINABLERURALDEVELOPMENT2013jihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONM
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
"Sustainable
R ural D evelopm ent
Purwokerto,
th
5 Topic:
Programs
1.
2.
Environmental
and Social
- T ow ards a B etter W orld"
Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013
Impact Assessment
rC S R D 2013
~
of Rural Development
Enhancing Social Capital of Local Chicken Farmers in Cianjur, West Java
for Sustainable Rural DevelopmentedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
M och. S ugiarto
In S itu Bioremediation of Glyphosate Herbicide Using T rich o d e rm a V irid e
235
Strain FRP 3
241
N ovi A rfarita, B udi P rasetya, Y ulia N uraini, and T suyoshi Im ai
3.
A Sustainable Smallholder Rubber Model: A Partnership between Private
Company and Local Communities
4.
Agricultural Manpower Dynamic and Change of Economic Structure in
Central Java
T im otius S etiaw an
253
5.
Human Capital and Survival of Small Scale Food Processing Firms Under
Economic Crisis in Central Java Indonesia
P alm arudi M appigau and A gussalim M ..
Impact of Climate Change on Hydrology of Gunungsewu Karst Area and
Local Community Adaptation
259
S udarm adji
275
247
M uham m ad R idw ansyah
6.
7.
Impack of Development in Bogor Municipality on The Local Greenhouse
Gas Emission
287
A rief S abdo Y uw ono
8.
Comparative Study Agriculture
Development
Reduction Evidences from Indonesia and China
Programs
for
Poverty
295
M uham ad R usliyadi
9.
Sustainable Livelihood Strategies after Merapi Volcanic Eruption (Aspects
of Sustainable Rural Development)
10.
Application of Small Scale Program of Farmer Participation on Land and
Water Conservation
Measures to
Simulate
Realistics
Waterhed
Management
305
N ugroho H ari P urnom o and W idodo H ariyono
311
S ahid S usanto, C handra S etyaw an, and S ukirno
6 th Topic: Community Health
1.
Criterias Identification of Eye Diseases in Order to Develop an Expert
System for Early Diagnosis of Glaucoma
R etno S upriyanti,
T utik Ida R osanti
G uruh S yahroni,
S ri W isnu R espati,
Y ogi R am adhani,
and
321
2.
The Hepatoprotective Effect of Ethanol Extract of Plantain (P la n ta g o m a jo r
L .) on Drug Induced Hepatotoxic Rat (R a ttu s n o rve g icu s) Model
E S utrisna, A A F itriani, I A S alim , A M M askoen,
M S ujatno, and H S.
3.
Potential Analysis of Cottonwood Parasite (Dendropthoe Pentandra) Stem
Extract in Decreasing of Mutant P53 Protein Expression on Cervical Cancer
Cell (Hela Cells) in Vitro
4.
Wareness and Willingnes to Health Policy: An Empirical
Reference to Malang Indonesia
331
S astram ihardja
339
G am al and E friko S eptananda
G am al
Study with
345
ix
PROCEEDINGS
O F INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE
ON
SUSTAINABLERURALDEVELOPMENT2013
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
"Sustainable Rural Development - Towards a Better World"
XCSRD 2013
~
5.
Purwokerto,
Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26,2013edcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
N ig e Jla sa tiva Gel Improves Granulation and Re-Epithelialization Tissue of
Diabetic Rats
Y unita S ari, D hadhang W ahyu K , S aryono, A rington /G, and N akatani T oshio .....
355
PostersjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
1.
Green House Effect Solar Dryers: An Appropriate Technology Pro-The Poor
2.
Initial Screening of Green Super Rice (GSR) Lines and Sub 1 Gene
Containing Varieties for Seedling Stage Drought Tolerance
3.
Climate Variability:
Biodiversity
4.
Application of Irradiation Mutation Technique Into Early Maturing Rice
Variety (90-104 Day) for the Development of Improved Agronomic
Performance-Ultra Early Maturing « 90 Days) Rice Variety
363
Y uw ana
373
U ntung S usanto, R ina H apsari W ening, M ade Jana M ejaya, and Jauhar A Ii
Need for
Collective
Action
in
Conserving
Agro379
K . C . S iva ba/an, B . S w am inathan, and S. N ithila
385
M oham ad Y am in S am aullah and U ntung S usanto
5.
On Farm Trial of Green Super Rice (GSR) Pre-Released Variety in Raifed
Lowland Areas of Indramayu
389
M oham ad Y am in S am aullah, U ntung S usanto, and M ade Jana M ejaya
6.
Life Cycle GHG Emission and Energy Consumption for Production of
Biodiesel Using Catalyst from Crude Palm Oil and Curde Jatropha Curcas Oil
in Indonesia
K im an S iregar, A rm ansyah H . T am bunan, A bdu/ K . /rw anto, S oni S . W iraw an, and
T etsuya A raki
7.
407
N uru/ R izki R am adhan, A rief R M A kbar, and S usi
8.
Response Surface Methodology for Regeneration of Lithium Bromida in
Absorption Refrigeration System Using Vacuum Membrane Distillations
415
B ayu R udiyanto, T sair-W ang C hung, and A rm ansyah H . T am bunan
9.
Biodiesel
Production
Based
Transesterification Process
10.
Assesssment of Socio Economic and Environmental Impact of Community
Water Supply Schemes in Kandy District
Coconut
Oil
by
Esterification
and
425
N uru/ R izki R am adhan, A rief R M A kbar, and S usi
431
D .M .C .S . M im rose, E .R .N . G unaw ardena, and H .B . N ayakakora/a
11.
Global Rice Trade and Some Issues of Restriction
437
E vi N urifah Julitasari
12.
Bare Soil Surface Temperature Determination from Energy Balance Equation
443
A rdiansyah, S ho S hiozaw a, and B udi /ndra S etiaw an
13.
Hydram Pump for Water Supply at Banteran Village, Sumbang Sub-District,
Purwokerto
455
P utri R ieski /m anda, R eza K usum a N , A rdiansyah, and A fik H ardanto
14.
Isolation and Identification of
Bioethanol from N yp a F ru tica n s
Indigenous
Microbe
for
W i/udjeng T risasiw i, G unaw an W ijonarko, and M elisa R iska P utri
x
393
Prototype Reactor Design for Biodiesel Production Based Coconut Oil
Production
of
461
PROCEEDINGS
International Conference on Sustainable Rural Development
"Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World"
Purwokerto, 23-24 August 2013
2013
ISB N
1 st WVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCB
T O P IC
978-979-99046-5-2 zyxwvutsrqponmlkjih
ENHANCED WATER USE EFFICIENCY FOR IRRIGATED RICE IN
INDONESIA WITH SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI)
Chusnul
2
Arif\
Budi Indra Setlawan ', Hanhan Ahmad Sofiyuddin",
Masaru Mizoguchi3 , and Ardiansyah"
Lolly Martina Martief2 ,
1 Departmentof Civil and EnvironmentalEngineering,Sogor Agricultural University, Indonesia
Experimental Station for Irrigation,ResearchCenter for Water Resources, Ministry of Public Work, Indonesia
3 Departmentof Global Agricultural Sciences,the University of Tokyo, Japan
4 Departmentof Agricultural Engineering,Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia
E-mail: chusnul_arif@ipb.ac.id
ABSTRACT
Conventional rice cultivation with continuous flooding irrigation that commonly used in rice production
characterized by insufficient water use because the quantity of irrigation water is usually supplied to the field is
greater than plant water requirement.The current study was performed to evaluate System of Rice Intensification
(SRI) practice in raising water use efficiency for sustainable rice production in Indonesia particularly in the rainy
season. Achieving this goal, a field experiment was conducted in Karang Sari Village, Sekasi, West Java,
Indonesia during the first rice season 2007/2008 (December 2007 to April 2008) in the rainy season. Here, two
cultivation practices with different regimes were compared i.e., SRI regime and Conventional Practice (CP)
regime. As the results, it was clearly observed that SRI regime raised water use efficiency index up to 37.6% by
saving water input up to 26.07% compared to CP regime. The SRI regime also reduced excess water through
percolation and runoff significantly.The SRI regime also resulted in better yield and crop performance compared
to continuous flooding irrigation even if not significant. The main reason is that under SRI with intermittent
irrigation, aerobic condition was created. This condition promoted higher activity of the plants for the
establishmentof a larger and deeper root as reported previous studies. Therefore, the results suggested that SRI
is suitable way to raise water use efficiencywithout decreasingyield for irrigated rice in Indonesia.
Keywords: water management,water use efficiency,paddy fields, system of rice intensification
INTRODUCTION
RiceedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
(O ryza sa tiva L.) has become the most important staple food in Indonesia, and it covers the
largest agricultural area. The total harvested area and rice production in 2011 were 13.2 million ha and
65.8 million tons, respectively [1]. Recently, the challenges related to improving rice productivity in
Indonesia have been increasing due to the increased population and reduced arable area. In addition,
climate change issues have been affecting paddy irrigation water requirements during the rainy and
dry seasons [2].
Commonly in Indonesia, rice is cultivated under continuous flooding irrigation by maintaining the depth
of water between 2 and 5 cm to control weeds, reduce the frequency of irrigation, and secure against
possible future shortage of water due to the unreliable water delivery system. Consequently,
agriculture is the largest consumer of fresh water especially for irrigation. The data in 2010 showed
that water used for irrigation was 89% following by fisheries (7%), domestic and industrial (4%) and
livestock (0.2%) [3]. Continuous flooding irrigation is less efficient because the quantity of irrigation
water is usually greater than actual water requirement. This weakens water saving effects, causing
large amounts of surface runoff, seepage and percolation [4]. Hence, an alternative rice production
with less water input is needed to ensure a sufficient food supply.
From previous findings, rice is highly possible to be produced by water saving regimes under system
of rice intensification (SRI) in which continuous flooding irrigation is no longer essential to gain high
yields and biomass production [5, 6, 7]. SRI is well-known as a set of crop management practices for
73
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International
PROCEEDINGS
Conference on Sustainable Rural Development
2013
"Sustainable Rural Development-Towards
A Better World"
Purwokerto, August 25-26, 2013
WVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
1· st
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raising the productivity of rice by changing the management of plants, soil, water, and nutrients.
Although some critics were dismissed to SRI [8, 9, 10], its benefits have been validated in 42 countries
of Asia, Africa and Latin America [11]. In SRI paddy fields, intermittent irrigation is applied in which the
field is allowed to dry during particular time instead of keeping them continuously flooding, a practice
called alternate wetting and drying irrigation [12].
Many researchers have been conducted to verify this system. As the results, it was clearly observed
that this system can increase water use efficiency significantly by saved water input as provided data
for different countries, e.g., in Japan [13], 38.5% in Iraq [14], 43.9% in China [7]. The results revealed
that the increasing water use efficiency by SRI varied among different countries. This was due to
different climate, rice variety and soil type among the countries.
However, only few information have been reported on enhancing water use efficiency under SRI
compared to conventional practice in Indonesia, e.g. Sato et. al [6] in eastern Indonesia. The aim of
the current study is to investigate enhancing water use efficiency by SRI practice in western Indonesia
particularly in the rainy season.
METHODOLOGY
Field Location and Rice Cultivation
This study was conducted in the paddy fields in Karang Sari village, district of Cikarang Timur, Bekasi,
West Java, Indonesia during the first rice season 2007/2008 (December 2007 to April 2008) in the rainy
season. The soil was alluvial and had a heavy clay texture with a soil pH of 5.8 and a low organic matter
content (1.7%). Here, we prepared six plots and each plot was a 9.6 m x 18 m rectangular shape. All
plots were planted with the local variety of rice (O ryza sativa L), S intanur, a hybrid rice variety.
Three plots were planted by SRI practice consisting some elements such as single planting of young
seedling (10 days after seedling) spaced at 30 x 30 cm, using an organic fertilizer at 7 tons/ha and no
chemical fertilizer. Moreover, indigenous microorganisms grown in a bamboo sprout and fruits mixture
were supplied to the field 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days after transplanting (OAT). The indigenous
microorganisms enhance the biological activity of the soil [15]. Meanwhile, others plots were planted
by conventional practice with some elements such as old ceedlinq (30 days after seedling), spaced at
20 x 20 cm, using chemical fertilizer based on guideline of agricultural department officer.
Plant growth was observed a Id recorded every ten days, starting from 15 OAT. For each plot, we measured
plant height and number of tillers/hill to assess effects of cultivation practices on plant performances.
Irrigation Regimes
The detail irrigation regimes, SRI and Conventional practice (CP) were illustrated in Figure1. Here, the
experimental design was a single factorial design with three replications. Data were analyzed by one-way
analysis of variance (ANOVA) hypothesizing irrigation regime to be the significant source of variation.
For the SRI regime, the soil was kept moist but with no standing water during vegetative stage, i.e.,
stage I (initial) and stage 11 (crop development stages), then shallow standing water ranging in depth
from -5 to 2 cm was applied during reproductive stage (stage Ill) and finally water was drained to
maintain saturated soil until harvesting day (stage IV). Meanwhile, for CP regime, the field was
maintained by ponding water with the interval 2-5 cm water depth during planting period except stage
I, then in the stage IV, water was drained to maintain saturated soil until harvesting day.
74
PROCEEDINGS
International Conference on Sustainable Rural Development 2013
"Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World"
Purwokerto, 23-24 August 2013
·
1 st T O PIC zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfed
ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2
l::~~'~'~~~~'~~
CP : Conventional Practice
SRI: System of Rice Intensification
'2:~
J_:~~~
o
7
20
StageI
40
Stage11
75
StageIII
Harvesting
StageIV
-----+ ---1 -------+ -------1
Day after transplanting
Figure 1. Irrigation regimes in this study
Water Balance and Water Use Efficiency in the Field
Water balance analysis was performed to determine the water supply and water use within the crop
season in daily basis based on the following equation:
dS
-
+
W L = pet)
+
I(t)
+
G w (t) - Q r(t) - D P(t) - E T c(t)
(1)
dt
dS
where -
is the change in water depth (mm), WL is water level measured from soil surface (mm), Pis
dt
precipitation (mm), I is irrigation water (mm), Gw is groundwater (mm), Or is runoff (mm), DP is deep
percolation (mm) and ETc is crop evapotranspiration
(mm). Here, Gw, water that comes from the
ground, was assumed to be zero due to the negligible rate.
Here, precipitation (P) was measured by a rain gauge and water level (WL) was measured by a
piezometer. Meanwhile, runoff was defined as excess water from precipitation that was removed from
the field artificially to maintain desired water levels during the planting period and its rate was
measured by a water meter. Then, the change in water depth was calculated based on a soil retention
curve by using Genuchten model [16].
To calculate and estimate the other parameters, such as percolation, crop evapotranspiration,
and
irrigation water, Microsoft Excel's Solver was used as described by Abdel-Fattah et al. [17] and the
guide to use it could be referred to Morrison [18]. In this study, we tried to find the combination of the
parameters to minimize the following error:
E rror for the period =edcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
L Iso - Sm I
(2)
where, So is daily-observed soil water storage (water depth mm), Srn is model based soil water storage
(mm) estimated by the Excel Solver estimation.
Water use efficiency index is defined as a measure of crop yield (dry matter) per unit water supplied,
by following equation [12]:
75
•
PROCEEDINGS
International Conference on Sustainable Rural Development 2013
"Sustainable Rural Development-Towards
A Better World"
Purwokerto,August25-26,2013jihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPO
W U E (kg/ha/m m )=
Y ield(kglha)
------'---= ------'-- edcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
(3)
L Irrigationw atcr(m m )
Furthermore,
we calculated water productivity
(WP) to look up another
relationship. In paddy fields, WP is calculated using the following equation [12]:
water-rice
production
Y ield (kg/ha)
= --'--'-E T c(m m )
W P (kg/ha/m m )
(4)
where, ETc is crop evapotranspiration
(mm) derived from water balance analysis previously.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plant Growth and Yield
Plant performance between two cultivation practices are shown in Figure 2. In the SRI practice, with
the same physiological age, the plant height was higher than that in the conventional practice. This is
probably due to the plant had greater growth potential of root and shoot by the application of young
seedling and wider spacing [11]. Moreover, SRI promotes increased plant activity in roots and shoots
due to optimal water and oxygen availability under mostly aerobic soil conditions [19]. However, in the
last growth stage, both the plant heights were comparable with the maximum plant height of 136 cm
for both practices.
140
50
A
120
B
40
100
~"
0;,
";:;
..c
~
0:
.c
~
~
30
E
20
0-
80
.rJ
60
::s
'"
~
40
f::
--+-
20
SR I
-
10
C onventional
0
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
20
D ays after sow ing
Figure 2. Comparing plant growth between SRI practice and conventional
(B) tiller number per hill
40
60
80
100
120
D ays after sow ing
practice: (A) plant height,
The same trend was seen for the tiller number per hill. The tiller number in the SRI was higher than that
in the conventional particularly in the initial, crop development and late stages. It showed that under SRI
with wider spacing, the ability of rice tillering could be enhanced to some extent when the plant had a
wider space to grow. Rice tillering could also be enhanced by application of straw mulching under nonflooded irrigation as reported by the previous study [20]. Overall, in both practices, rice tiller number
gradually increased and reached a peak at about 65 days after sowing (Figure 2B). The maximum tiller
number per hill was 48 and 42 for the SRI and conventional practices, respectively.
Water availability in the field
Both cultivation practices were irrigated to maintain the water level at the interval level during the crop
season, as described previously (Figure 1). However, measurement of the actual water level was quite
different from that of the desired water level, as affected by high precipitation in the rainy season as
76
PROCEEDINGS
International Conference on Sustainable Rural Development 2013
1 st WVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDC
T O P IC
ISB N 978· 979· 99046-5-2
"Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World"
Purwokerto, 23-24 August 2013jihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4. This occurred when the restarting of irrigation time was determined
visually and the natural environment was unpredictable, particularly in terms of precipitation. Even if it
was kept saturated for 7 to 20 days after transplanting (DAT), the actual water level dropped below the
soil surface, particularly within 12 to 17 DAT due to the high evaporation that occurred on some days.
Furthermore, the actual water level increased dramatically on 20 DAT and reached approximately 10
cm above the soil surface in both regimes. This was caused by a high amount of precipitation (136
mm) over three days.
SR I: System of R ice Intensification
200
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150
100
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Precipitation(mm)
-Observedwater l€lvel(mm)
......... Calculatedwater leQ~r{~fIi~reshold
-100
400
-150
500
,
,,
60
,........,50
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o
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I I
" edcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
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"1 1
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c:::=::::JEstimated"irrigation
1Dg
water (mm)
- - - - Runoff (mm)
;::::;
,........,
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