TRANSLATION TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF SLANG EXPRESSION IN SPY MOVIE SCRIPT.

TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF SLANG

EXPRESSION

IN SPY MOVIE SCRIPT

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistic Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of

The degree of Magister Humaniora

By :

ANISA SRI MANTARI

Registration Number: 8146111005

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM SCHOOL STATE

UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

2016

i ABSTRAK

Anisa Sri Mantari.Strategi Terjemahan dari “Ungkapan Bahasa Slang”dalam Spy movie. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan.2016.

Penelitian ini mengenai strategi terjemahan yang berkaitan dengan cara menerjemahkan ungkapan slang di dalam sript film Spy. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis tipe dari strategi terjemahan, untuk menganalisis tipe dari ungkapan slang, dan untuk mengetahui alasan mengapa ungkapan slang digunakan didalam Spy movie. Data dari penelitian ini adalah kata- kata dan phrasa yang termasuk yngkapan slang, dan sumber data adalah script film spy baik dalam versi Inggris dan Indonesia. Analisis penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan theori dari Miles, Huberman, dan Saldana (2014) yang mengemukakan data condensation, data display dan drawing conclusion. Tipe dari strategi terjemahan di analisis berdasarkan theori dari Baker (1992), tipe dari ungkapan slang dianalisis berdasarkan theori Chapman ( 1988), dan alasan mengapa slang digunakan didalam slang movie di analisis berdasarkan slang theory. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada tiga slang yang tidak ditemukan dalam proses penerjemahan slang seperti ; translation by cultural substitution, translation by loan word, and translation by neutral/ less expressive words. Dalam proses penerjemahan penulis menggunakan translation by omission sebagai strategy yang paling dominan (30,3 %). Ketika peneliti menerapkan delapan strategy yang disarankan oleh Baker ( 1992 ) peneliti menemukan ada beberapa yang yang tidak dapat diterjemahkan, untuk mengatasi masalah itu peneliti menemukan strategi baru yaitu expansion strategi. Pada kesimpulannya, penerjemah harus mempunyai strategi dalam mengatasi ketidak setaraan dalam proses penerjemahan kedalam target bahasa, agar pesan dari terjemahan dapat disampaikan dengan baik.

ii ABSTRACT

ANISA SRI MANTARI . Translation Translation Strategies of Slang Expression in Spy Movie Script. English Applied Linguistics Study Program , Postgraduate School, State University of Medan. 2016.

This study is about translation strategies in relation to translate slang expression in Spy movie both in English and Indonesian version. The objectives of this research are to analyze the types of translation strategies and why do slang espression were used in Spy movie. This research is designed in descriptive- qualitative research. The data of this research are words and phrases in terms of slang expression, and sorce of data is Spy movie script in original and indonesian version. The analysis of this research is done with Miles, Huberman, and Saldana’s interactive model (2014) which encompasses data condensation, data display, and verification drawing conclusion. The types of translation strategies are analyzed based on Baker’s theory ( 1992), the types of slang are analyzed based on Chapman’s theory( 1988), and the reason of why slang expression were used in Spy movie is analyzed based on the analysis of slang theory. The result of this study shown that there were three translation strategies suggested by baker were not applied in the translation. They were : translation by more neutral / less expressive word, translation by cultural substitution, and translaion by loan word. in translationg slang expression into the target language, the translator used translation by omission as the most dominant (30,3 % ) When the translator applied the eight types of translation strategies proposed by Baker, in the other hand there were some translation of slang expression were not able translated by applying those strategies. In keeping sense of language and the aceptable meaning equivalence, the step could be done was applied another , namely expansion strategy. In conclusion, the translator has to know the strategies to overcome the problems of equivalence of words and phrases in the slang translation in order the messages from the soure language can be transferred proportionally into the target langugae.

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, in the name of Almighty ALLAH, the most Gracious and the most Merciful, first of all, the writer would like to thank God for His Blessing in the completion of this thesis. Praises are also addressed to our prophet Muhammad SAW who has guided us to the better life of today.

In the completion of this thesis, the writer wishes to acknowledge his deepest gratitude for all generous guidance and assistance which has been given to his by a lot of people.

The highest appreciation goes to his two advisors, Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni,. M.S as my first advisor and Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed, TESP. as my second advisor for their all guidance through the completion of this thesis.

Then, his appreciation also goes to. Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed. as the Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program and Dr. Anni Holilla Pulungan, M.Hum.. as the Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program who have assisted his in processing the administration requirements during the process of hih studies in the Postgraduate School of the State University of Medan.

The writer’s great thanks also goes to his reviewers and examiners, Prof.

Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd and Dr. Anni Holilla Pulungan, M.Hum..M.S. They had given valuable inputs, suggestions, criticisms, and improvements for this thesis. He also would like to express his thankfulness for all lecturers taught him during the academic years of LTBI.

iv

Finally, her special gratitude is dedicated to her beloved parents H. Amni Tanjung and Hj. Syamsul Anwar Panggabeanf who give his pray, motivation, love support, and also endless praying. And also special thank for my beloved sister, brother, and the whole families who always support her and no suitable word that can fully describe their everlasting love and express how much he loves them.

Then, last but not least, his gratitude goes to his friends of LTBI A2 who have supported him to conduct this thesis, especially for khadijah, yanti, wiwid, rahmi, jenk pida thanks for alway there for her.

Medan, Mei 2016 The writer,

Anisa Sri Mantari____ Reg. No. 8146111038

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 T he Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 The Problems of the Study ... 6

1.3 The Objectives of the Study ... 7

1.4 The Scope of the Study ... 7

1.5 The Significance of the Study ... 7

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 8

2.1 Translation ... 8

2.2 Types of translation ... 9

2.3 Approach in Translation ... 10

2.4 Problems in Translation ... 11

2.5 Translation strategies... 15

2.6 Meaning ... 20

2.7 Translation of Slang expression ... 23

2.8 Slang...…………... 27

2.9 Relevant Studies... 31

2.10 Conceptual Framework……….. 33

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD ... 36

3.1 Research Design ... 36

3.2 The Data and the Source of Data ... 36

3.3 Techniques of Data Collection ... 37

3.4 Techniques of Data Analysis ... 37

CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 41

4.1 Data Analysis ... 41

4.1.1 Slang expressiion Occur in Translating Spy movie... 42

4.1.2 Translation Strategies are Used in Spy movie ... 46

4.1.3 The Most Dominant Slang expression and Translation strategies are Used in Spy movie ... 54

vi

4.2 Research Findings ... 54

4.3 Discussions ... 55

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 57

5.1 Conclusions ... 57

5.2 Suggestions ... 58

vii

LIST OF TABLES

Pages Table 4.1Translation Strategies by Mona Baker ...63

ix

LIST OF APPENDIXES

Pages Appendix I ...62

1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Background of Study

Language can be used both in oral and written forms based on their contexts. While from its context, language can be used in formal and informal situations. People usually use formal or standart language in formal context, while in informal context people usually use informal one. There are some kinds of language variaties that used in informal context, one of them is slang. The use of slang has developed from time to time. Long time ago, slang was mostly used by criminals, but now many communities make their own slang. They create a lot of new words and modify standard words for internal using.

According to Chloupek ( 2013), “slang is an ever changing set of words and phrases that speakers use to establish or reinforce social identity or cohesiveness within a group or with a trend or fashion in society at large. The existence of vocabulary of this sort within a language is possibly as old as language itself, for slang seems to be part of any language used in ordinary interaction by a community large enough and diverse enough to have identifiable subgroups.”

It is often taboo and unlikely to be used by people of high status. It tends to displace conventional terms. Coleman (2004) Slang is informal, nonstandard words and phrases, generally shorter lived than the expressions of ordinary colloquial speech, and typically formed by creative, often witty juxtapositions of words or images an important aspect in American culture.

2

It is more effective than standard or conventional English to describing sport, sex, and intoxication in daily conversation. .

Slang’s primary reason for being was to establish a sense of commonality among its speakers. What differentiate slang from other categories of speech is the reasons for using it. Hotten (2008) says that the reason for using slang language is the desire to be different, to enrich the language, to engage in playfulness, to identify one’s self with the certain school, trade or social class and to be secret. Slang is always used self-consciously, with the desire to create a particular identity. Slang changes its identity according to who is speaking. What is slang toone, to another is not, depending on ones educational, economic or social position, and even according to location and generation. Slang also changes over time, and either disappears quickly.

Slang expressions often embody attitudes and values of group members. They may thus contribute to a sense of group identity and may convey to the listener information about the speaker’s background. Before an apt expression becomes slang, however, it must be widely adopted by members of the subculture. Slang emanates from conflicts in values, sometimes superficial, often fundamental. When an individual applies language in a new way to express hostility, ridicule, or contempt, often with sharp wit, he may be creating slang, but the new expression will perish unless it is picked up by others. If the speaker is a member of a group that finds that his creation projects the emotional reaction of its members toward an idea, person, or social institution, the expression will gain currency according to the unanimity of attitude within the group.

3

There are some reasons which make slang become a problem for the translator in translating film. They are the difficulties in understanding the meaning and in finding the equivalence. It needs the translator understanding about the meaning of slang it self. It is because slang is uncommon language. Sometimes, it causes the translator misunderstand the real meaning of slang because slang contains specific terms. It means that slang should be tackled carefully in translation.

Schjoldager (2008) states that translating non-standard language such slang words is not a simple task. Even though the skilled translator has understood the original of the source text, the cultural background, and the social level, the problem of translation still remains of how to reproduce the different variety of English and how to transfer it to another language. Thus, it needs some strategies of translation in order to overcome these issues. In this research, thw writer choose the translation strategies proposed by Mona Baker to analyze the translation of slang expression in the “ Spy” movie script.

A study about slang expression and it’s strategies has been conducted by Allison (2012) with entitle “ An analysis of slang expression in “The Expandable “ movie into persian. The authors of this study have applied translation strategies of translation to English-Persian slang expression, this study aims to decide how successful the two Persian translations had been in preserving the slangs of the

movie and to discuss the major problems in translating slang in the movie ―The

4

In this study, 72 slang items were randomly regarded, compared and analyzed based on the Mona Baker’s strategy. The results showed that in the case of preserving slang items in the translation of dialogues, based on the strategy proposed by Mona Baker and with regard to the results of both translations are similar in their application of the strategies in preserving slang items. The results also indicate that the most frequently employed translation strategy for transferring slang in ―”The Expandable” in both translations is translation by a more general word (superordinate) “Translation by a more general word (superordinate) is one of the commonest strategies dealing with many types of non equivalence, particularly in the area of propositional meaning”. Since there is a trend of domestication in the target text, it attests to the fluency of the translation and the translator's invisibility. It should be considered that although many readers understand and accept translations which are domesticated, the cultural and linguistic features of the ST are sacrificed for the naturalness and fluency of the translation.

However, using strategy can reproduce the original picture and truthfully transform the human atmosphere and spiritual essence of the ST, especially to the parts where the source culture is different from the target cultures. It is good for combining two cultures and is beneficial for keeping the characteristics of the SL texts. Nevertheless, it may cause an information overload and cultural shock, and thus may be difficult for the TT readers to accept and understand the translation.

5

Based on the prior observations, some studies have reported significant differences in the opposite direction. There was a gap between fact and theory. According to Mona Baker ( 1992) there are eight translation strategy that we used to translate text, book, or even movie, But after analyzed a half of data in “Spy” the writer found that the translation strategy proposed by Mona Baker is not enought to translate the slang expression in the “ Spy” movie.

The impersonal was found there are several slang expression that can’t be translate by using translation strategy proposed by Baker. The writer found one new strategy that can be use to translate slang expression that can’t translate by translation strategy proposed by Baker . The new strategy is expansion. Expansion is used when the original requires an explanation because of some cultural nuance not retrievable in the target language. It adds an explanation in the TT because some cultural references from ST do not exist in the TT.

Example :

ST : I shouldn't have been looking for my ChapStick TT : Aku seharusnya tidak mencari lipstikku

The speaker uttered the expression chapstick, becaused the speaker wanted to express her dissapointed for wasting her time to look for something meanwhile she has important bussiness to doat the time. The translator translates the the slang

expression “ my chapstick “ into lipstikku in Indonesian because the source item

is not lexicalized at all in target language. So, we need expansion strategy as an explanation because of some cultural nuance not retriviable in the target language.

6

From the preliminary data above, it can be conclude that The translation of slang is a difficult task for every translator since this language phenomenon is closely knit with the culture and society of the source language. The strategies discussed in the translation of slang help much to perform the action of translation. However, the translator should achieve such translation which is linguistically correct and acceptable to the reader of the target language.

1.2. Problem of Study

Based on the description of the background of the study stated above, the problems of the study are formulated as following:

1. What types of translation strategies were used in “Spy” movie ?

2. How the translation strategies were transferred into the target language ?

3. Why the translation strategies were used in “Spy” movie ?

1.3. The Objectives of Study

The objectives of this study are to answer the three research questions, as formulated above. To be more specific, the objectives of the study are:

1. To analyze the types of translation strategies in “Spy” movie

2. To analyze How the translation strategies were transferred into the target language

3. To analyze the reason why translation strategies were used in “Spy” movie in “Spy” movie

7

The Significances of the Study

Finding of the study are expected taken significant theoretical and practical. Theoretically, the findings of the present study are expected to be useful for those who are interested in translation work especially for the translation of phrasal verb.

Practically, it is also hoped that it will be useful for translator who is concerned with translating and the researcher hopes that this research will provide additional references for those who want to conduct studies in this field.

It is more effective than standard or conventional English to describing sport, sex, and intoxication in daily conversation. .

Slang’s primary reason for being was to establish a sense of commonality among its speakers. What differentiate slang from other categories of speech is the reasons for using it. Hotten (2008) says that the reason for using slang language is the desire to be different, to enrich the language, to engage in playfulness, to identify one’s self with the certain school, trade or social class and to be secret. Slang is always used self-consciously, with the desire to create a particular identity. Slang changes its identity according to who is speaking. What is slang toone, to another is not, depending on ones educational, economic or social position, and even according to location and generation. Slang also changes over time, and either disappears quickly.

Slang expressions often embody attitudes and values of group members. They may thus contribute to a sense of group identity and may convey to the listener information about the speaker’s background. Before an apt expression becomes slang, however, it must be widely adopted by members of the subculture. Slang emanates from conflicts in values, sometimes superficial, often fundamental. When an individual applies language in a new way to express hostility, ridicule, or contempt, often with sharp wit, he may be creating slang, but the new expression will perish unless it is picked up by others. If the speaker is a member of a group that finds that his creation projects the emotional reaction of its members toward an idea, person, or social institution, the expression will gain currency according to the unanimity of attitude within the group.

There are some reasons which make slang become a problem for the translator in translating film. They are the difficulties in understanding the meaning and in finding the equivalence. It needs the translator understanding about the meaning of slang it self. It is because slang is uncommon language. Sometimes, it causes the translator misunderstand the real meaning of slang because slang contains specific terms. It means that slang should be tackled carefully in translation.

Schjoldager (2008) states that translating non-standard language such slang words is not a simple task. Even though the skilled translator has understood the original of the source text, the cultural background, and the social level, the problem of translation still remains of how to reproduce the different variety of English and how to transfer it to another language. Thus, it needs some strategies of translation in order to overcome these issues. In this research, thw writer choose the translation strategies proposed by Mona Baker to analyze the translation of slang expression in the “ Spy” movie script.

A study about slang expression and it’s strategies has been conducted by Allison (2012) with entitle “ An analysis of slang expression in “The Expandable “ movie into persian. The authors of this study have applied translation strategies of translation to English-Persian slang expression, this study aims to decide how successful the two Persian translations had been in preserving the slangs of the movie and to discuss the major problems in translating slang in the movie ―The Expandable 2 by using Mona Baker’s strategy.

In this study, 72 slang items were randomly regarded, compared and analyzed based on the Mona Baker’s strategy. The results showed that in the case of preserving slang items in the translation of dialogues, based on the strategy proposed by Mona Baker and with regard to the results of both translations are similar in their application of the strategies in preserving slang items. The results also indicate that the most frequently employed translation strategy for transferring slang in ―”The Expandable” in both translations is translation by a more general word (superordinate) “Translation by a more general word (superordinate) is one of the commonest strategies dealing with many types of non equivalence, particularly in the area of propositional meaning”. Since there is a trend of domestication in the target text, it attests to the fluency of the translation and the translator's invisibility. It should be considered that although many readers understand and accept translations which are domesticated, the cultural and linguistic features of the ST are sacrificed for the naturalness and fluency of the translation.

However, using strategy can reproduce the original picture and truthfully transform the human atmosphere and spiritual essence of the ST, especially to the parts where the source culture is different from the target cultures. It is good for combining two cultures and is beneficial for keeping the characteristics of the SL texts. Nevertheless, it may cause an information overload and cultural shock, and thus may be difficult for the TT readers to accept and understand the translation.

Based on the prior observations, some studies have reported significant differences in the opposite direction. There was a gap between fact and theory. According to Mona Baker ( 1992) there are eight translation strategy that we used to translate text, book, or even movie, But after analyzed a half of data in “Spy” the writer found that the translation strategy proposed by Mona Baker is not enought to translate the slang expression in the “ Spy” movie.

The impersonal was found there are several slang expression that can’t be translate by using translation strategy proposed by Baker. The writer found one new strategy that can be use to translate slang expression that can’t translate by translation strategy proposed by Baker . The new strategy is expansion. Expansion is used when the original requires an explanation because of some cultural nuance not retrievable in the target language. It adds an explanation in the TT because some cultural references from ST do not exist in the TT.

Example :

ST : I shouldn't have been looking for my ChapStick TT : Aku seharusnya tidak mencari lipstikku

The speaker uttered the expression chapstick, becaused the speaker wanted to express her dissapointed for wasting her time to look for something meanwhile she has important bussiness to doat the time. The translator translates the the slang expression “ my chapstick “ into lipstikku in Indonesian because the source item is not lexicalized at all in target language. So, we need expansion strategy as an explanation because of some cultural nuance not retriviable in the target language.

From the preliminary data above, it can be conclude that The translation of slang is a difficult task for every translator since this language phenomenon is closely knit with the culture and society of the source language. The strategies discussed in the translation of slang help much to perform the action of translation. However, the translator should achieve such translation which is linguistically correct and acceptable to the reader of the target language.

1.2. Problem of Study

Based on the description of the background of the study stated above, the problems of the study are formulated as following:

1. What types of translation strategies were used in “Spy” movie ?

2. How the translation strategies were transferred into the target language ? 3. Why the translation strategies were used in “Spy” movie ?

1.3. The Objectives of Study

The objectives of this study are to answer the three research questions, as formulated above. To be more specific, the objectives of the study are:

1. To analyze the types of translation strategies in “Spy” movie

2. To analyze How the translation strategies were transferred into the target language

3. To analyze the reason why translation strategies were used in “Spy” movie in “Spy” movie

The Significances of the Study

Finding of the study are expected taken significant theoretical and practical. Theoretically, the findings of the present study are expected to be useful for those who are interested in translation work especially for the translation of phrasal verb.

Practically, it is also hoped that it will be useful for translator who is concerned with translating and the researcher hopes that this research will provide additional references for those who want to conduct studies in this field.