http:www.sciencedirect.comscience?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6VR3-4G0YTNW- 1_user=6763742_coverDate=102F312F2005_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=search_sort=d_doca
nchor=view=c_searchStrId=1369826608_rerunOrigin=scholar.google_acct=C000070526_versio n=1_urlVersion=0_userid=6763742md5=fd8c62243b8ca37cdfb0a84ce4bf5779
3. Results
3.1. Population structure and status
The species was present in nine of the 16 sites investigated and absent from the six permanently waterlogged sites and one seasonally flooded location. The palm seems to be sensitive to
changes in the water table. Although the palm tolerated seasonally flooded sites, the abundance in this type of habitat was very low. Sucker growth was very slow ca. 15 cm per 6 months and
even lower for seedlings ca. 5 cm per 6 months unpublished data. The growth rate was insufficient to reach the autotrophic layer above water surface when the water table increased
and sites were waterlogged in the next wet season.
Kahn and Mejia 1990 also found that palm
density and diversity was very low in the Peruvian Amazonia forests which were periodically flooded by blackwater streams.
3.1.1. Population structure
Population structure of C. renda was represented in two ways: by stem height class Fig. 2
, Fig.
3 and
Fig. 4 and by stage class
Fig. 5 . The stem height class distribution showed a
preponderance of individuals in the 2.1 –4.0 m height class 27.5 and a strong right hand skew
typical of populations in which recruitment and mortality were continuous and density dependent, rather than episodic. The relative frequencies of individuals in the next two classes
4.1 –6.0 and 6.1–8.0 m were also important
Fig. 2 , reflecting a reduced rate of stem growth
once stems found a suitable, exposed layer in the canopy. C. renda preferred moderate sunlight exposure, occupying the intermediate canopy, 2
–10 m. At 2–4 m in height, plants started to produce flowers. Thus more energy might be allocated for reproduction than for vertical growth.
Full-size image 16K
Fig. 2. Stem height-class frequency distribution of C. renda at Kerumutan Reserve n = 506.
Full-size image 40K
Fig. 3. Stem height-class frequency distribution of C. renda at various sites with different drainage qualities within Kerumutan Reserve n = 506. WD: well-drained site, SF: seasonally
flooded site.
http:www.sciencedirect.comscience?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6VR3-4G0YTNW- 1_user=6763742_coverDate=102F312F2005_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=search_sort=d_doca
nchor=view=c_searchStrId=1369826608_rerunOrigin=scholar.google_acct=C000070526_versio n=1_urlVersion=0_userid=6763742md5=fd8c62243b8ca37cdfb0a84ce4bf5779
Full-size image 40K
Fig. 4. Stem height-class frequency distribution of C. renda at various sites with different disturbance level within Kerumutan Reserve n = 506. IF: intact forest, DF: disturbed forest.
Full-size image 18K
Fig. 5. Population structure of C. renda by stage class at Kerumutan Reserve n = 4609, unit area = 154.2 ha. Error bars are one standard error.
Population structure in terms of stem height class varied amongst sites with different drainage qualities, but younger plants tended to dominate at most sites as indicated by their mean
frequency distributions Fig. 3
. At Merbau River upstream and Galoga rubber plantation, adult individuals 6 m were absent. Populations at Kempas Creek and Galoga Border comprised a full
population structure of different height classes. The variations reflected local scale disturbance levels and regeneration events
Fig. 4 . At Merbau River, populations were harvested relatively
intensively. Population structure in terms of stage class distribution varied between sites but displayed the same general structure as the stem height class distributions
Fig. 5 .
Abundance parameters measured in the study area comprising clump frequency, tree density, basal area, and canopy circle area were presented in
Table 1 . At high tree densities and high
canopy circle areas, e.g. in Galoga Border and Kempas Creek Table 1
, where competition for light and space was assumed to be intense, sucker densities were not substantially lower,
implying that suckers could tolerate low light conditions.
Table 1. Abundance parameters of C. renda measured in different locations within Kerumutan Reserve in
association with forest vegetation association and habitat type
http:www.sciencedirect.comscience?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6VR3-4G0YTNW- 1_user=6763742_coverDate=102F312F2005_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=search_sort=d_doca
nchor=view=c_searchStrId=1369826608_rerunOrigin=scholar.google_acct=C000070526_versio n=1_urlVersion=0_userid=6763742md5=fd8c62243b8ca37cdfb0a84ce4bf5779
Loca tion
Posit ion
Forest associa
tion Type
of habit
at Nu
mb er
of clu
mp s
ha
– 1
Me an
nu mb
er of
ste ms
clu mp
–1
Ra ng
e ste
ms clu
m p
–1
Clu mp
freq uen
cy Nu
mb er
of ad
ults ha
– 1
Nu mb
er of
juv enil
es ha
–1
Stem densi
ty ste
ms ha
–1
Basal area
m
2
h a
–1
Nu mb
er of
suc ker
s ha
– 1
Cano py
circle area
m
2
h a
–1
Galo ga
Bord er
N 00°0
9.15 1
Anacar diaceae
domina nt
Well- drain
ed forest
6.1 1
6.8 2
1 –
34 0.19 20.
28 21.
39 41.67
± 8. 14
0.167 ± 0.0
20 550
.28 386.6
7 ± 39 .42
8.27
E 102°
30.0 52
Kem pas
Cree k
N 00°0
8.97 7
Diptero carpace
ae domina
nt Well-
drain ed
forest 3.1
6 5.4
2 1
– 19
0.11 9.0 4
8.0 7
17.11 ± 6.
23 0.080
± 0.0 20
106 .01
207.3 2 ± 27
.19 9.28
E 102°
36.3 83
Bulu h
Cree k
N 00°0
9.15 1
Pandan aceae
domina nt
Well- drain
ed forest
2.6 9
3.3 6
1 –
11 0.15 4.2
3 4.8
1 9.04
± 2.6 4
0.032 ± 0.0
17 48.
08 74.75
± 18.7 1
9.83
E 102°
28.8
Keto pata
n Cree
N 00°0
7.99 8
Clusiac eae
domina nt
Well- drain
ed forest
0.4 4
4.5 1
– 8
0.06 1.0 1.0
2.00 ± 1.7
3 0.011
± 0.0 03
8.5 6
20.34 ± 5.19
12.12
http:www.sciencedirect.comscience?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6VR3-4G0YTNW- 1_user=6763742_coverDate=102F312F2005_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=search_sort=d_doca
nchor=view=c_searchStrId=1369826608_rerunOrigin=scholar.google_acct=C000070526_versio n=1_urlVersion=0_userid=6763742md5=fd8c62243b8ca37cdfb0a84ce4bf5779
Loca tion
Posit ion
Forest associa
tion Type
of habit
at Nu
mb er
of clu
mp s
ha
– 1
Me an
nu mb
er of
ste ms
clu mp
–1
Ra ng
e ste
ms clu
m p
–1
Clu mp
freq uen
cy Nu
mb er
of ad
ults ha
– 1
Nu mb
er of
juv enil
es ha
–1
Stem densi
ty ste
ms ha
–1
Basal area
m
2
h a
–1
Nu mb
er of
suc ker
s ha
– 1
Cano py
circle area
m
2
h a
–1
k E
102° 26.4
52 Mer
bau Rive
r upstr
eam S
00°0 6.66
4 Diptero
carpace ae
domina nt
Well- drain
ed forest
0.5 6
3.7 1
1 –
12 0.03 0.0
2.0 8
2.08 ± 1.3
5 0.003
± 0.0 01
9.4 4
21.96 ± 2.23
10.56
E 102°
24.9 17
Linta ng
Cree k
S 00°0
2.26 9
Anacar diaceae
domina nt
Seas onall
y flood
ed forest
1.4 5
3.1 1
2 –
7 0.11 1.7
7 2.7
4 4.51
± 1.2 7
0.024 ± 0.0
02 18.
39 44.41
± 6.43 10.17
E 102°
36.2 41
Teru san
Siam Strea
S 00°0
4.12 Rubiace
ae- Myrtac
eae Seas
onall y
flood 0.6
1 2.5
1 –
9 0.05 0.5
5 0.9
8 1.03
± 0.4 6
0.004 ± 0.0
01 9.3
3 15.89
± 2.99 10.42
http:www.sciencedirect.comscience?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6VR3-4G0YTNW- 1_user=6763742_coverDate=102F312F2005_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=search_sort=d_doca
nchor=view=c_searchStrId=1369826608_rerunOrigin=scholar.google_acct=C000070526_versio n=1_urlVersion=0_userid=6763742md5=fd8c62243b8ca37cdfb0a84ce4bf5779
Loca tion
Posit ion
Forest associa
tion Type
of habit
at Nu
mb er
of clu
mp s
ha
– 1
Me an
nu mb
er of
ste ms
clu mp
–1
Ra ng
e ste
ms clu
m p
–1
Clu mp
freq uen
cy Nu
mb er
of ad
ults ha
– 1
Nu mb
er of
juv enil
es ha
–1
Stem densi
ty ste
ms ha
–1
Basal area
m
2
h a
–1
Nu mb
er of
suc ker
s ha
– 1
Cano py
circle area
m
2
h a
–1
m domina
nt ed
forest E
102° 34.3
95 Mer
bau Rive
r estua
ry S
00°0 3.51
Melasto matacea
e- Pandan
aceae domina
nt Seas
onall y
flood ed
forest 0.2
9 1.0
1 –
1 0.03 0.2
9 0.0
0.29 ± 0.1
9 0.001
± 0.0 01
2.2 1
3.69 ± 0.50
12.56
E 102°
23.2 78
Galo ga
rubb er
plant ation
N 00°0
9.36 1
Euphor biaceae
domina nt
Seas onall
y flood
ed forest
0.6 1.5
1 –
4 0.04 0.4
1 0.4
8 0.89
± 0.1 7
0.002 ± 0.0
01 11.
07 7.44 ±
2.09 8.33
E 102°
30.9 79
Gau ng
S 00°0
Anacar diaceae
Seas onall
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.00 0.0
0.0 0.00
0.000 0.0
0.000
http:www.sciencedirect.comscience?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6VR3-4G0YTNW- 1_user=6763742_coverDate=102F312F2005_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=search_sort=d_doca
nchor=view=c_searchStrId=1369826608_rerunOrigin=scholar.google_acct=C000070526_versio n=1_urlVersion=0_userid=6763742md5=fd8c62243b8ca37cdfb0a84ce4bf5779
Loca tion
Posit ion
Forest associa
tion Type
of habit
at Nu
mb er
of clu
mp s
ha
– 1
Me an
nu mb
er of
ste ms
clu mp
–1
Ra ng
e ste
ms clu
m p
–1
Clu mp
freq uen
cy Nu
mb er
of ad
ults ha
– 1
Nu mb
er of
juv enil
es ha
–1
Stem densi
ty ste
ms ha
–1
Basal area
m
2
h a
–1
Nu mb
er of
suc ker
s ha
– 1
Cano py
circle area
m
2
h a
–1
Rive r
right bran
ch 0.61
4 -
Diptero carpace
ae domina
nt y
flood ed
forest
E 102°
36.5 29
Sara ng
Ung gas
Cree k
N 00°0
4.86 3
Mixed forest
Perm anent
ly water
logge d
forest 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.00 0.0 0.0
0.00 0.000
0.0 0.000
E 102°
27.3 75
Kela ntan
Cree k
N 00°0
7.91 3
Myrtac eae
domina nt
Perm anent
ly water
logge d
forest 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.00 0.0 0.0
0.00 0.000
0.0 0.000
E
http:www.sciencedirect.comscience?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6VR3-4G0YTNW- 1_user=6763742_coverDate=102F312F2005_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=search_sort=d_doca
nchor=view=c_searchStrId=1369826608_rerunOrigin=scholar.google_acct=C000070526_versio n=1_urlVersion=0_userid=6763742md5=fd8c62243b8ca37cdfb0a84ce4bf5779
Loca tion
Posit ion
Forest associa
tion Type
of habit
at Nu
mb er
of clu
mp s
ha
– 1
Me an
nu mb
er of
ste ms
clu mp
–1
Ra ng
e ste
ms clu
m p
–1
Clu mp
freq uen
cy Nu
mb er
of ad
ults ha
– 1
Nu mb
er of
juv enil
es ha
–1
Stem densi
ty ste
ms ha
–1
Basal area
m
2
h a
–1
Nu mb
er of
suc ker
s ha
– 1
Cano py
circle area
m
2
h a
–1
102° 24.1
78 Beba
k Cree
k N
00°0 3.90
Mixed forest
Perm anent
ly water
logge d
forest 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.00 0.0 0.0
0.00 0.000
0.0 0.000
E 102°
24.5 2
Petel oran
Cree k
N 00°0
0.74 Pandan
aceae domina
nt Perm
anent ly
water logge
d forest
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.00 0.0
0.0 0.00
0.000 0.0
0.000
E 102°
26.1 48
Men gkua
ng Rive
S 00°1
6.50 Anacar
diaceae -
Diptero Perm
anent ly
water 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.00 0.0 0.0
0.00 0.000
0.0 0.000
http:www.sciencedirect.comscience?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6VR3-4G0YTNW- 1_user=6763742_coverDate=102F312F2005_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=search_sort=d_doca
nchor=view=c_searchStrId=1369826608_rerunOrigin=scholar.google_acct=C000070526_versio n=1_urlVersion=0_userid=6763742md5=fd8c62243b8ca37cdfb0a84ce4bf5779
Loca tion
Posit ion
Forest associa
tion Type
of habit
at Nu
mb er
of clu
mp s
ha
– 1
Me an
nu mb
er of
ste ms
clu mp
–1
Ra ng
e ste
ms clu
m p
–1
Clu mp
freq uen
cy Nu
mb er
of ad
ults ha
– 1
Nu mb
er of
juv enil
es ha
–1
Stem densi
ty ste
ms ha
–1
Basal area
m
2
h a
–1
Nu mb
er of
suc ker
s ha
– 1
Cano py
circle area
m
2
h a
–1
r carpace
ae domina
nt logge
d forest
E 102°
32.9 8
Gau ng
Rive r left
bran ch
S 00°0
8.14 8
Mixed forest
Perm anent
ly water
logge d
forest 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.00 0.0 0.0
0.00 0.000
0.0 0.000
E 102°
35.8 36
Full-size table Mean values ± S.D. 95 confidence intervals, in parentheses: the mean canopy circle areas of
individual crowns, stem density includes adults and juveniles stemmed individuals.
3.2. Demography
