LCD Display
2.5.1 Light Emitting Diode LED
A light-emitting diode LED is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. The LED is based on the
semiconductor diode. When a diode is forward biased switched on, electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is
called electroluminescence and the color of the light is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is usually small in area, and integrated optical components are used to
shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection.
LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved
robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability and reliability. These advantages makes LED a suitable CO level indicator for the project. [4]
2.5.2 Buzzer
A buzzer is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or electronic. Typical uses of buzzers include alarms, timers and confirmation of user input such as
a mouse click or keystroke. The project uses an electronic type of buzzer which is a piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or other audio signal source. The
buzzer used for the project is So-Buzz by Cytron Technologies which has a voltage range from 3-12V and it produces beeping sound.
2.5.3 LCD Display
A liquid crystal display LCD is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals LCs. LCs does not emit light directly. LCDs therefore
need a light source and are classified as passive displays. Some types can use ambient light such as sunlight or room lighting. There are many types of LCDs that are designed for both
special and general uses. They can be optimized for static text, detailed still images, or dynamic, fast-changing, video content.
LCDs are more energy efficient, and offer safer disposal, than CRTs. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment. It is an
electronically-modulated optical device made up of any number of pixels filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source backlight or reflector to produce images in color or
monochrome. For the project, a 16 by 2 Hitachi JHD162A LCD display is used. The LCD has up to 192 characters available including Japanese and Greek characters.
2.6 Proteus 7 Professional Software
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