Bonded joint configurations Universal Testing Machine in UTeM Stress vs. Strain Curve for Ductile Material The flow chart of the project methodology Cut in the middle of specimen Gantt chart of the study for Projek Sarjana Muda 1 PSM 1 Gantt chart of the

viii LIST OF FIGURES 2.1: Five basic loading conditions for adhesive bonded joints: 9

2.2 Bonded joint configurations

9 2.3 Content of epoxy resin 12

2.4 Universal Testing Machine in UTeM

15

2.5 Stress vs. Strain Curve for Ductile Material

16 2.6 Laser Beam Machine 18

3.1: The flow chart of the project methodology

20 3.2: Design of specimen 21

3.3: Cut in the middle of specimen

22 3.4 Ultrasonic Bath S30H 22 3.5 Pickling Process 24 3.6 Bonding area 25 3.7 Bonding Process 25 3.8 Temperature and Relative Humidity 25 3.9 Tensile Strength Test 26 4.1 Result for beaker 1 concentration level 30 4.2 Result for beaker 2 concentration level 30 4.3 Result for beaker 3 concentration level 31 4.4 Result for beaker 4 concentration level 31 4.5 Result for beaker 5 concentration level 32 4.6 Graph of Breaking Point for Different Concentration 33 Level Experiment 4.7 The surface of adhesive after tensile strength test 34 4.8 Result for beaker 1 immersion time 35 4.9 Result for beaker 2 immersion time 36 ix 4.10 Result for beaker 3 immersion time 36 4.11 Result for beaker 4 immersion time 37 4.12 Result for beaker 5 immersion time 37 4.13 Graph of Breaking Point for Different immersion 38 time Experiment 4.14 Graft of Breaking Point for specimen without chemical 39 pickling process x LIST OF TABLES 2.1 Chemistry data of aluminium alloy 11 3.1 Concentration Level 23 3.2 Immersion Period 24

3.1: Gantt chart of the study for Projek Sarjana Muda 1 PSM 1

27

3.2: Gantt chart of the study for Projek Sarjana Muda 1 PSM 2

28 4.1 Concentration Level 29 4.2 Breaking Point result 32 4.3 Immersion Time 35 4.4 Breaking Point 38 xi LIST OF ABBREAVIATION, SYMBOLS, SPECIALIZED NOMENCLATURE A - Area Al - Aluminium ANSI - American National Standards Institutes ASTM - American Standard for Testing and Materials CO 2 - Carbon Dioxide DIN - Deutsches Intitut für Normung German Institues for Standardization F - Force g - Gram H 2 SO 4 - Sulphuric Acid ISO - International Standard Organization M - Mass Nd : YAG - Neodymium : yttrium-aluminium-garnet Nd - Glass, ruby RH - Relative Humidity UTM - Universal Testing Machine Vs - Versus - Percentage ºC - Degrees Celsius 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the research