viii
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1: Five basic loading conditions for adhesive bonded joints:
9
2.2 Bonded joint configurations
9 2.3
Content of epoxy resin 12
2.4 Universal Testing Machine in UTeM
15
2.5 Stress vs. Strain Curve for Ductile Material
16 2.6
Laser Beam Machine 18
3.1: The flow chart of the project methodology
20 3.2:
Design of specimen 21
3.3: Cut in the middle of specimen
22 3.4
Ultrasonic Bath S30H
22 3.5
Pickling Process 24
3.6 Bonding area
25 3.7
Bonding Process 25
3.8 Temperature and Relative Humidity
25 3.9
Tensile Strength Test 26
4.1 Result for beaker 1 concentration level
30 4.2
Result for beaker 2 concentration level 30
4.3 Result for beaker 3 concentration level
31 4.4
Result for beaker 4 concentration level 31
4.5 Result for beaker 5 concentration level
32 4.6
Graph of Breaking Point for Different Concentration 33
Level Experiment 4.7
The surface of adhesive after tensile strength test 34
4.8 Result for beaker 1 immersion time
35 4.9
Result for beaker 2 immersion time 36
ix 4.10
Result for beaker 3 immersion time 36
4.11 Result for beaker 4 immersion time
37 4.12
Result for beaker 5 immersion time 37
4.13 Graph of Breaking Point for Different immersion
38 time Experiment
4.14 Graft of Breaking Point for specimen without chemical
39 pickling process
x
LIST OF TABLES
2.1 Chemistry data of aluminium alloy
11
3.1 Concentration Level
23 3.2
Immersion Period 24
3.1: Gantt chart of the study for Projek Sarjana Muda 1 PSM 1
27
3.2: Gantt chart of the study for Projek Sarjana Muda 1 PSM 2
28
4.1 Concentration Level
29 4.2
Breaking Point result 32
4.3 Immersion Time
35 4.4
Breaking Point 38
xi
LIST OF ABBREAVIATION, SYMBOLS, SPECIALIZED NOMENCLATURE
A -
Area Al
- Aluminium
ANSI -
American National Standards Institutes ASTM
- American Standard for Testing and Materials
CO
2
- Carbon Dioxide
DIN -
Deutsches Intitut für Normung German Institues for Standardization
F -
Force g
- Gram
H
2
SO
4
- Sulphuric Acid
ISO -
International Standard Organization M
- Mass
Nd : YAG -
Neodymium : yttrium-aluminium-garnet Nd
- Glass, ruby
RH -
Relative Humidity UTM
- Universal Testing Machine
Vs -
Versus -
Percentage ºC
- Degrees Celsius
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the research