viii
LIST OF TABLES
2.1 Concrete and cement timeline
2.2 Workability level of slump range
2.3 Example of Pugh concept for CD case design
4.1 Concept scoring matrix
4.2 Content of the mixture cement.
4.3 Result of the manual slump test 4.4 Result of the semi automatic slump test
4.6 Average slump value 4.7 Pearson correlation
4.8 Correlation coefficient between Manual Apparatus and Semi Automatic Slump Test
9 19
31
44 49
52 52
58 58
59
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1 Apparatus set for slump test
2.2 Pie chart of ingredient in concrete
2.3 Slump Cone
2.4 Concrete slump test
2.5 Measuring a slump test
2.6 Three form of slump
2.7 Slump test tools and equipments
2.8 First stage of compacting concrete sample
2.9 Second stage of compacting concrete sample
2.10 Third stage of compacting concrete sample
2.11 The overflows sample were leveled
2.12 The cone were carefully lifted up
2.13 Rod act as a level to measure the slump
2.14 Several measurement made to get the average result
2.15 Common slump test result
2.16 Compression coil spring
2.17 The three-phase AC induction motors
2.18 Single acting cylinder with spring return
2.19 Double acting cylinder
2.20 The optimization nail clipper on the right figure from the
original nail clipper on the left figure 2.21
Engineering design process 2.22
Example of relationship between two variables A positive linear relationship B negative linear relationship C no linear
relationship
3.1 Process flow chart
3.2 Isometric view of spring slump cone lifter
3.3 Isometric view of electric motor slump cone lifter
3.4 Isometric view of pneumatic slump cone lifter
6 7
13 13
14 15
16 16
17 17
18 18
19 19
20 22
23 24
25
26 27
35
37 39
40 41
xii 4.1
Semi automatic slump test 4.2
Body frame 4.3
Magnetic sensor system 4.4
The cone 4.5
top view semi automatic slump test 4.6
Cleaned the slump plate. 4.7
Filled with the concrete 4.8
Leveled the top surface. 4.9
Plate of the cone were cleaned 4.10
Open the lock 4.11
Cone will pull up automatically 4.12
True condition 4.13 Shear condition
4.14 Collapse condition. 4.15 Comparison graph between manual apparatus and
semi automatic 45
46 47
47 48
49 50
50 51
51 51
53 55
55 60
x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CAD Computer Aided Drawing
CAM Computer Aided Machine
USA United State America
BS British Standart
AC Alternating Current
DC Direct Current
3D Three Dimension
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
Mm millimeter
Avg average
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
