v
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstract i
Abstrak ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Content v
List of Abbreviations, Symbols and Nomenclatures viii
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of study 1
1.2 Problem statement 4
1.3 Objectives 4
1.4 Scope 4
1.5 Report structure 5
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 Automatic ablution machine 6
2.3 Image processing technique 8
2.4 Skin colour classification 9
2.4.1 Dynamic hand gesture segmentation 9
2.4.2 Static hand segmentation 15
2.5 Journal analysis 19
2.5.1 Journal mapping
19 2.5.2
Journal review tables 23
2.6 Summary 24
vi
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 36
3.1 Introduction 36
3.2 Overall methodology 37
3.3 Literature review 39
3.4 Planning 39
3.5 Develop of system 40
3.5.1 Hardware system 41
3.5.2 Software system 45
3.5.2.1 MATLAB software 45
3.5.2.2 Arduino 47
3.5.2.2.1 Arduino Pin Description 48
3.5.2.2.2 Characteristic 49
3.6 Programming 50
3.6.1 Image processing techniques 58
3.6.1.1 Stage 1 : Image acquisition 51
3.6.1.2 Stage 2 : Image pre-processing 51
3.6.1.3 Stage 3 : Image enhancement 51
3.6.1.4 Stage 4 : Classification Process 52
3.6.2 Skin detection method 53
3.7 Hardware testing and analysis 54
3.7.1 Experimental setup 54
3.7.2 Experiment procedure 56
3.7.3 Expected result 56
3.8 Summary 57
CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 58
4.1 Introduction 58
4.2 Designing programming 58
4.2.1 Programming flowchart 59
4.2.2 Programming algorithm 60
4.3 System structure 62
4.3.1 Matlab coding 65
4.3.1.1 Stage 1 : Image acquisition 62
vii 4.3.1.2 Stage 2 : Image pre-processing
63 4.3.1.3 Stage 3 : Image enhancement
63 4.3.1.4 Stage 4 : Classification Process
64 4.3.2 Arduino coding
64 4.4 Skin detection experiment
64 4.4.1 Skin detection using MATLAB
66 4.5 Water consumption of ablution system
68 4.5.1 Manual ablution
68 4.5.2 Automatic ablution machine
70 4.5.3 The overall volume for water consumption
72 4.6 Water consumption cost
77 4.6.1 Manual ablution cost
78 4.6.2 Automatic ablution machine cost
78 4.6.3 The overall cost of water consumption
79 4.7 Overall discussion
81 4.8 Summary
82
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS 83
