AN ANALYSIS OF TEACHER TALK AND STUDENTS TALK IN SPEAKING CLASS AT THE SECOND GRADE STUDENTS OF NATURAL SCIENCE AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASSES AT SMA N 1 GADINGREJO
ABSTRACT
AN ANALYSIS OF TEACHER TALK AND STUDENTS TALK IN
SPEAKING CLASS AT THE SECOND GRADE STUDENTS OF
NATURAL SCIENCE AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASSES AT SMA N 1
GADINGREJO
(A Script)
TIAS WINDI ALVITA
The objectives of this research were to find out the pattern of teacher talk and
student talk in English classroom interaction of the second grade students of
natural science class and social science class at SMA N 1 Gadingrejo based on
Flanders Interaction Categories and to find out the differences of teacher talk in
these two classes related to the pattern occurred in these two classes. The sample
of this research was the second grade students of natural science 4 and second
grade students of social science 2 of SMA N 1 Gadingrejo in academic year
2011/2012.
This research was classroom interaction analysis. This research was done in two
meetings for each class by using one lesson plan. The data were recorded,
observed, transcribed, coded and analyzed by the researcher based on Flanders
Interaction Analysis Categories. The result of the research showed that the pattern
of teacher talk frequency in XI IPA 4 is lower than teacher talk in XI IPS 2 and
the pattern of student talk frequency in XI IPA 4 is higher than student talk in XI
IPS 2. In addition, the difference of interaction in XI IPA 4 and XI IPS 2 was in
the positive and negative reinforcement that were given by the teacher. The
teacher in XI IPA 4 used more positive reinforcement than negative
reinforcement. In other ways, the teacher in XI IPS 2 used more negative
reinforcement than positive reinforcement.
The frequency occurrence of student talk that dominated teacher talk frequency
both in XI IPA 4 and XI IPS 2 can facilitate the students’ participation in English
classroom interaction in speaking skill for each class.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Praise is to Allah SWT, for Allah’s gracious mercy and blessing that enables me
to accomplish the writing of this script entitled “An Analysis of Teacher Talk and
Students Talk in Speaking Class at Second Grade Students of Natural Science and
Social Science Classes at SMA N 1 Gadingrejo”.
I would like to express my special appreciation to my first advisor, Drs. Hery
Yufrizal, M.A., Ph.D. and my second advisor, Budi Kadaryanto, S.Pd., M.A. for
their valuable assistance and inspiration to the completion of this script. I also
wish to acknowledge my debt to Drs. Sudirman, M.Pd., the examiner of my script,
who has given me valuable input for the improvement of my script.
My appreciation is also expressed to Budi Kadaryanto, S.Pd., M.A., my academic
advisor, for his guidance to my study in Lampung University, and to the Dean of
the Teacher Training and Education Faculty, the Head of Language and Art
Education Department and the Head of English Education Study Program of
Lampung University.
I also would like to extend my gratitude to Dra. Hermin Budiarsi, M.Pd., the
headmaster of SMA N 1 Gadingrejo who has given me permission to do the
research, to the students of class XI IPA 4 and class XI IPS 2. I also want to
extend my great appreciation for SMA N 1 Gadingrejo teachers, especially for Ibu
Hidanti Karnila, S. Pd. and Ibu Setiyani Tatarina, S. Pd. for their assistance during
the research.
Last but not least, I would like to direct my thankfulness to my father, Sukarman
and my mother, Kasmiyati, who always pray for my success and provide all the
best for me. Special thanks for my friends in English Education Study Program
Mbyu, Uwo, Changmi, Nisa, Mb Nur, Dee Dee, Istya, Berber, Diah, Anu, Devina,
Mb Mei, Eni, Milah, Mb Hesti, Mb Pur, Deva, Anisa, Mb Kiki, Indah, Gestia, and
all of my classmates.
Bandar Lampung,
Tias Windi Alvita
vii
August 2012
ADMISSION
1. Examination Committee
Chairperson
: Drs. Hery Yufrizal, M.A., Ph.D.
…………..
Examiner
: Drs. Sudirman, M.Pd.
………….
Secretary
: Budi Kadaryanto, S.Pd., M.A.
…………...
2. The Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty
Dr. Hi. Bujang Rahman, M.Si.
NIP 19600315 198503 1 003
Graduated on: August 6th, 2012
iii
APPROVAL
Research Title
: AN ANALYSIS OF TEACHER TALK AND
STUDENTS TALK IN SPEAKING CLASS AT THE
SECOND GRADE STUDENTS OF NATURAL
SCIENCE AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASSES AT
SMA N 1 GADINGREJO
Student’s Name
: Tias Windi Alvita
Student’s Number
: 0813042048
Department
: Language and Arts Education
Study Program
: English Education
Faculty
: Teacher Training and Education
APPROVED BY
1. Advisory Committee
Advisor I
Advisor II
Drs. Hery Yufrizal, M.A., Ph.D.
NIP 19600719 198511 1 001
Budi Kadaryanto, S.Pd., M.A.
NIP 19810326 200501 1 002
2. The Chairperson of
The Department of Language and Arts Education
Drs. Imam Rejana, M.Si.
NIP 19480421 197803 1 004
ii
DEDICATION
This script would highly be dedicated to:
My beloved mother Ibu Kasmiyati and my beloved father Bapak Sukarman
(Thank you for your loves, prayers, and supports me in everything I do in my
life)
My beloved father Ayah Suwito
(Thank you for your love in my childhood and making me exist in this world)
My beloved brother, Singgih Tedy Kurniawan and my beloved sister, Septi
Mustika Rani
My new brothers, Hutama Priangga and Adetyo Prasojo and my new sister
Adinda Septi Karina with my cute niece Kanaya Immania Az-Zahra
My beloved sisters, the fighter of Syariah and Khilafah
My beloved English teacher, Ibu Hidanti Karnila and Ibu setiyani Tatarina
My best friends, Novi Fitri, Tuti Handayani, Reni Mariana and Fadhilah
Nurjannah
My Classmates English Education 2008
v
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
1. Lesson Plan ……………………………...…………………………..
2. Category Number of FIAC……………………………………….…..
3. Transcription of the First Meeting in XI IPA 4…………………...…..
4. Transcription of the Second Meeting in XI IPA 4……………………
5. Transcription of the First Meeting in XI IPS 2……………………….
6. Transcription of the Second Meeting in XI IPS 2…………………….
7. Observation Sheet of the First Meeting in XI IPA 4………………….
8. Observation Sheet of the Second Meeting in XI IPA 4………………
9. Observation Sheet of the First Meeting in XI IPS 2………………….
10. Observation Sheet of the Second Meeting in XI IPS 2……………….
11. Surat Izin Penelitian…………………………………………………..
12. Surat Keterangan Telah Melaksanakan Penelitian……………………
xi
109
113
114
129
144
157
169
170
171
172
173
174
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 3.8a Table of Specification of Flanders’s Interaction Analysis
Categories (FIAC) ……………………………...…………………………..
Table 3.8b The Matrix of Data Tabulation……………………...…………..
Table 4.1.1 Pattern of the Teacher Talk and Student Talk in Class XI IPA
4……………………………………………………………………..………
Table 4.1.2 Pattern of the Teacher Talk and Student Talk in Class XI IPS
2……………………………………………………………………..………
Table 4.1.3.a Data Tabulation of the Meeting in XI IPA 4…………..……..
Chart 4.1.3a Frequency Diagram of the First and Second Meeting in Class
XI IPA 4………………………………………………..………….…….….
Table 4.1.3.b Data Tabulation of the Meeting in XI IPS 2…….………...…
Chart 4.1.3b Frequency Diagram of the First and Second Meeting in Class
XI IPS 2………………………………………………………………….….
x
34
37
53
68
70
71
77
78
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 3.8a Table of Specification of Flanders’s Interaction Analysis
Categories (FIAC) ……………………………...…………………………..
Table 3.8b The Matrix of Data Tabulation……………………...…………..
Table 4.1.1 Pattern of the Teacher Talk and Student Talk in Class XI IPA
4……………………………………………………………………..………
Table 4.1.2 Pattern of the Teacher Talk and Student Talk in Class XI IPS
2……………………………………………………………………..………
Table 4.1.3.a Data Tabulation of the Meeting in XI IPA 4…………..……..
Chart 4.1.3a Frequency Diagram of the First and Second Meeting in Class
XI IPA 4………………………………………………..………….…….….
Table 4.1.3.b Data Tabulation of the Meeting in XI IPS 2…….………...…
Chart 4.1.3b Frequency Diagram of the First and Second Meeting in Class
XI IPS 2………………………………………………………………….….
x
34
37
53
68
70
71
77
78
MOTTO
“Allah SWT is enough for me and Allah is the best protector”. (Q.S. Ali Imran:
173)
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT…. ………………………………….……….……….….….…...
APPROVAL…………………………………….……….……….…..…….....
ADMISSION…………………….…………………………………….……..
CURRICULUM VITAE………..……………………………………..……...
DEDICATION……………………….………………………………….…....
MOTTO…………………………………………………………………..…..
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………....…..
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………..…………………………………..….….
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………..….….
LIST OF APPENDICES………………………………………………….…..
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
x
xi
I. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………..…..……….…
1.1 Background of the Problem……………………………..…….…....…...
1.2 Research Questions…………………………………………...….…...…
1.3 Objectives of the Research……………..…………………...……..…….
1.4 Uses of the Research…………………..…………….……..….……...…
1.5 Scope of the Research………………………………………….……......
1.6 Definition of Terms……………………………………………….……..
1
1
5
6
6
7
8
II. LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………..….......…....
2.1 Concept of Classroom Interaction…….……………………....…...........
2.2 Concept of Speaking…………………………………………………….
2.3 Concept of Teacher Talk and Student Talk …………..………………...
2.4 Concept of Interaction Analysis …….…………………………….…....
2.5 Procedure of Flanders Interaction Analysis …….…………….…….…..
2.6 Characteristics of Flanders’ Verbal Interaction Analysis……………….
9
9
12
14
17
22
24
III. RESEARCH METHOD……..……………...…………………..………..
3.1 Research Design…………………………………………...………...…..
3.2 Data…………………………………...…………………………..……..
3.3 Sample…………….…………………………..........................................
3.4 Instrument……………………………………………......………...……
3.5 Validity and Reliability of the Data….…………………………….........
3.6 Research Procedure……….…………………………….…………...…..
3.7 Data Collection…………………………………………………….……
3.8 Data Analysis……………………………………………………...…….
26
26
27
28
30
31
32
33
34
viii
IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION………………...…….…..
4.1 Research Findings…………………………………………..…….....….
4.1.1 Pattern of Teacher Talk and Student Talk in XI IPA 4…………...…
4.1.1.1 First Meeting..……………..………………………………...….
4.1.1.2 Second Meeting…………………………………………….…..
4.1.2 Pattern of Teacher Talk and Student Talk in XI IPS 2……………...
4.1.2.1 First Meeting………………………………………………...….
4.1.2.2 Second Meeting…………………………………………….…..
4.1.3 The Difference of the Interaction……………………………………
4.2 Discussion of the Findings…………………………………….…..…….
4.2.1 Pattern of Teacher Talk and Student Talk in XI IPA 4…………...…
4.2.2 Pattern of Teacher Talk and Student Talk in XI IPS 2…………..….
4.2.3 The Difference of the Interaction……………………………………
39
39
40
40
46
54
54
61
68
83
83
91
99
V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION…………………………..….……. 102
5.1 Conclusion………………………………………….…………..………. 102
5.2 Suggestion…………………………………………………….…..…….. 104
REFERENCES…………………………………………………….…..……..
106
APPENDICES…………………………………………………….…..……...
108
ix
AN ANALYSIS OF TEACHER TALK AND STUDENTS TALK IN
SPEAKING CLASS AT THE SECOND GRADE STUDENTS OF
NATURAL SCIENCE AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASSES AT SMA N 1
GADINGREJO
(A Script)
TIAS WINDI ALVITA
The objectives of this research were to find out the pattern of teacher talk and
student talk in English classroom interaction of the second grade students of
natural science class and social science class at SMA N 1 Gadingrejo based on
Flanders Interaction Categories and to find out the differences of teacher talk in
these two classes related to the pattern occurred in these two classes. The sample
of this research was the second grade students of natural science 4 and second
grade students of social science 2 of SMA N 1 Gadingrejo in academic year
2011/2012.
This research was classroom interaction analysis. This research was done in two
meetings for each class by using one lesson plan. The data were recorded,
observed, transcribed, coded and analyzed by the researcher based on Flanders
Interaction Analysis Categories. The result of the research showed that the pattern
of teacher talk frequency in XI IPA 4 is lower than teacher talk in XI IPS 2 and
the pattern of student talk frequency in XI IPA 4 is higher than student talk in XI
IPS 2. In addition, the difference of interaction in XI IPA 4 and XI IPS 2 was in
the positive and negative reinforcement that were given by the teacher. The
teacher in XI IPA 4 used more positive reinforcement than negative
reinforcement. In other ways, the teacher in XI IPS 2 used more negative
reinforcement than positive reinforcement.
The frequency occurrence of student talk that dominated teacher talk frequency
both in XI IPA 4 and XI IPS 2 can facilitate the students’ participation in English
classroom interaction in speaking skill for each class.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Praise is to Allah SWT, for Allah’s gracious mercy and blessing that enables me
to accomplish the writing of this script entitled “An Analysis of Teacher Talk and
Students Talk in Speaking Class at Second Grade Students of Natural Science and
Social Science Classes at SMA N 1 Gadingrejo”.
I would like to express my special appreciation to my first advisor, Drs. Hery
Yufrizal, M.A., Ph.D. and my second advisor, Budi Kadaryanto, S.Pd., M.A. for
their valuable assistance and inspiration to the completion of this script. I also
wish to acknowledge my debt to Drs. Sudirman, M.Pd., the examiner of my script,
who has given me valuable input for the improvement of my script.
My appreciation is also expressed to Budi Kadaryanto, S.Pd., M.A., my academic
advisor, for his guidance to my study in Lampung University, and to the Dean of
the Teacher Training and Education Faculty, the Head of Language and Art
Education Department and the Head of English Education Study Program of
Lampung University.
I also would like to extend my gratitude to Dra. Hermin Budiarsi, M.Pd., the
headmaster of SMA N 1 Gadingrejo who has given me permission to do the
research, to the students of class XI IPA 4 and class XI IPS 2. I also want to
extend my great appreciation for SMA N 1 Gadingrejo teachers, especially for Ibu
Hidanti Karnila, S. Pd. and Ibu Setiyani Tatarina, S. Pd. for their assistance during
the research.
Last but not least, I would like to direct my thankfulness to my father, Sukarman
and my mother, Kasmiyati, who always pray for my success and provide all the
best for me. Special thanks for my friends in English Education Study Program
Mbyu, Uwo, Changmi, Nisa, Mb Nur, Dee Dee, Istya, Berber, Diah, Anu, Devina,
Mb Mei, Eni, Milah, Mb Hesti, Mb Pur, Deva, Anisa, Mb Kiki, Indah, Gestia, and
all of my classmates.
Bandar Lampung,
Tias Windi Alvita
vii
August 2012
ADMISSION
1. Examination Committee
Chairperson
: Drs. Hery Yufrizal, M.A., Ph.D.
…………..
Examiner
: Drs. Sudirman, M.Pd.
………….
Secretary
: Budi Kadaryanto, S.Pd., M.A.
…………...
2. The Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty
Dr. Hi. Bujang Rahman, M.Si.
NIP 19600315 198503 1 003
Graduated on: August 6th, 2012
iii
APPROVAL
Research Title
: AN ANALYSIS OF TEACHER TALK AND
STUDENTS TALK IN SPEAKING CLASS AT THE
SECOND GRADE STUDENTS OF NATURAL
SCIENCE AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASSES AT
SMA N 1 GADINGREJO
Student’s Name
: Tias Windi Alvita
Student’s Number
: 0813042048
Department
: Language and Arts Education
Study Program
: English Education
Faculty
: Teacher Training and Education
APPROVED BY
1. Advisory Committee
Advisor I
Advisor II
Drs. Hery Yufrizal, M.A., Ph.D.
NIP 19600719 198511 1 001
Budi Kadaryanto, S.Pd., M.A.
NIP 19810326 200501 1 002
2. The Chairperson of
The Department of Language and Arts Education
Drs. Imam Rejana, M.Si.
NIP 19480421 197803 1 004
ii
DEDICATION
This script would highly be dedicated to:
My beloved mother Ibu Kasmiyati and my beloved father Bapak Sukarman
(Thank you for your loves, prayers, and supports me in everything I do in my
life)
My beloved father Ayah Suwito
(Thank you for your love in my childhood and making me exist in this world)
My beloved brother, Singgih Tedy Kurniawan and my beloved sister, Septi
Mustika Rani
My new brothers, Hutama Priangga and Adetyo Prasojo and my new sister
Adinda Septi Karina with my cute niece Kanaya Immania Az-Zahra
My beloved sisters, the fighter of Syariah and Khilafah
My beloved English teacher, Ibu Hidanti Karnila and Ibu setiyani Tatarina
My best friends, Novi Fitri, Tuti Handayani, Reni Mariana and Fadhilah
Nurjannah
My Classmates English Education 2008
v
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
1. Lesson Plan ……………………………...…………………………..
2. Category Number of FIAC……………………………………….…..
3. Transcription of the First Meeting in XI IPA 4…………………...…..
4. Transcription of the Second Meeting in XI IPA 4……………………
5. Transcription of the First Meeting in XI IPS 2……………………….
6. Transcription of the Second Meeting in XI IPS 2…………………….
7. Observation Sheet of the First Meeting in XI IPA 4………………….
8. Observation Sheet of the Second Meeting in XI IPA 4………………
9. Observation Sheet of the First Meeting in XI IPS 2………………….
10. Observation Sheet of the Second Meeting in XI IPS 2……………….
11. Surat Izin Penelitian…………………………………………………..
12. Surat Keterangan Telah Melaksanakan Penelitian……………………
xi
109
113
114
129
144
157
169
170
171
172
173
174
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 3.8a Table of Specification of Flanders’s Interaction Analysis
Categories (FIAC) ……………………………...…………………………..
Table 3.8b The Matrix of Data Tabulation……………………...…………..
Table 4.1.1 Pattern of the Teacher Talk and Student Talk in Class XI IPA
4……………………………………………………………………..………
Table 4.1.2 Pattern of the Teacher Talk and Student Talk in Class XI IPS
2……………………………………………………………………..………
Table 4.1.3.a Data Tabulation of the Meeting in XI IPA 4…………..……..
Chart 4.1.3a Frequency Diagram of the First and Second Meeting in Class
XI IPA 4………………………………………………..………….…….….
Table 4.1.3.b Data Tabulation of the Meeting in XI IPS 2…….………...…
Chart 4.1.3b Frequency Diagram of the First and Second Meeting in Class
XI IPS 2………………………………………………………………….….
x
34
37
53
68
70
71
77
78
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 3.8a Table of Specification of Flanders’s Interaction Analysis
Categories (FIAC) ……………………………...…………………………..
Table 3.8b The Matrix of Data Tabulation……………………...…………..
Table 4.1.1 Pattern of the Teacher Talk and Student Talk in Class XI IPA
4……………………………………………………………………..………
Table 4.1.2 Pattern of the Teacher Talk and Student Talk in Class XI IPS
2……………………………………………………………………..………
Table 4.1.3.a Data Tabulation of the Meeting in XI IPA 4…………..……..
Chart 4.1.3a Frequency Diagram of the First and Second Meeting in Class
XI IPA 4………………………………………………..………….…….….
Table 4.1.3.b Data Tabulation of the Meeting in XI IPS 2…….………...…
Chart 4.1.3b Frequency Diagram of the First and Second Meeting in Class
XI IPS 2………………………………………………………………….….
x
34
37
53
68
70
71
77
78
MOTTO
“Allah SWT is enough for me and Allah is the best protector”. (Q.S. Ali Imran:
173)
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT…. ………………………………….……….……….….….…...
APPROVAL…………………………………….……….……….…..…….....
ADMISSION…………………….…………………………………….……..
CURRICULUM VITAE………..……………………………………..……...
DEDICATION……………………….………………………………….…....
MOTTO…………………………………………………………………..…..
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………....…..
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………..…………………………………..….….
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………..….….
LIST OF APPENDICES………………………………………………….…..
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
x
xi
I. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………..…..……….…
1.1 Background of the Problem……………………………..…….…....…...
1.2 Research Questions…………………………………………...….…...…
1.3 Objectives of the Research……………..…………………...……..…….
1.4 Uses of the Research…………………..…………….……..….……...…
1.5 Scope of the Research………………………………………….……......
1.6 Definition of Terms……………………………………………….……..
1
1
5
6
6
7
8
II. LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………..….......…....
2.1 Concept of Classroom Interaction…….……………………....…...........
2.2 Concept of Speaking…………………………………………………….
2.3 Concept of Teacher Talk and Student Talk …………..………………...
2.4 Concept of Interaction Analysis …….…………………………….…....
2.5 Procedure of Flanders Interaction Analysis …….…………….…….…..
2.6 Characteristics of Flanders’ Verbal Interaction Analysis……………….
9
9
12
14
17
22
24
III. RESEARCH METHOD……..……………...…………………..………..
3.1 Research Design…………………………………………...………...…..
3.2 Data…………………………………...…………………………..……..
3.3 Sample…………….…………………………..........................................
3.4 Instrument……………………………………………......………...……
3.5 Validity and Reliability of the Data….…………………………….........
3.6 Research Procedure……….…………………………….…………...…..
3.7 Data Collection…………………………………………………….……
3.8 Data Analysis……………………………………………………...…….
26
26
27
28
30
31
32
33
34
viii
IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION………………...…….…..
4.1 Research Findings…………………………………………..…….....….
4.1.1 Pattern of Teacher Talk and Student Talk in XI IPA 4…………...…
4.1.1.1 First Meeting..……………..………………………………...….
4.1.1.2 Second Meeting…………………………………………….…..
4.1.2 Pattern of Teacher Talk and Student Talk in XI IPS 2……………...
4.1.2.1 First Meeting………………………………………………...….
4.1.2.2 Second Meeting…………………………………………….…..
4.1.3 The Difference of the Interaction……………………………………
4.2 Discussion of the Findings…………………………………….…..…….
4.2.1 Pattern of Teacher Talk and Student Talk in XI IPA 4…………...…
4.2.2 Pattern of Teacher Talk and Student Talk in XI IPS 2…………..….
4.2.3 The Difference of the Interaction……………………………………
39
39
40
40
46
54
54
61
68
83
83
91
99
V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION…………………………..….……. 102
5.1 Conclusion………………………………………….…………..………. 102
5.2 Suggestion…………………………………………………….…..…….. 104
REFERENCES…………………………………………………….…..……..
106
APPENDICES…………………………………………………….…..……...
108
ix