The crystal structure of metals

The Structure of Metals r 9 distance into the crystal, causing a slip of one atomic distance along the glide plane the direction in which the edge imperfection is moving. The slip occurs when the crystal is subjected to a stress, and the dislo- cation moves through the crystal until it reaches the edge or is arrested by another dislocation. As can be seen, one column from the upper part does not exist in the lower part of the figure. In this zone the atoms do not appear in regular order; they are moved or dislocated. That is why one excess vertical plane must appear in this zone, which functions as an extra plane. Obviously, the atoms near the dislocation in one zone are in a pressured condition, and in another zone they are in a stretched condition. In these conditions, a lattice structure ought to bend. However, if a dis- location is locked with huge atoms, it will not bend, and a dislocation will occur in the place where there is most concentration of strain. A screw dislocation can be produced by a tearing of the crystal parallel to the slip direction. If a screw dislocation is followed all the way around a complete circuit, it will show a slip pattern similar to that of a screw thread. c Planar imperfections are larger than line imperfections and occur over a two- dimensional area. Planar imperfections exist at an angle between any two faces of a crystal or crystal form. These imperfec- tions are found at free surfaces, domain boundaries, grain boundaries, or interphase boundaries. Free sur- faces are interfaces between gases and solids. Domain boundaries refer to interfaces where electronic structures are different on either side, causing each side to act differently although the same atomic arrangements exist on both sides. Grain boundaries exist between crystals of similar lattice structure that possess different spacial orientations. Polycrystalline materials are made up of many grains that are sepa- rated by distances typically of several atomic diameters. Finally, interphase boundaries exist between the regions where materials exist in different phases next to structures. d Volume imperfections are three-dimensional macroscopic defects. They generally occur on a much larger scale than the microscopic defects. These macroscopic defects generally are introduced into a mate- rial during refinement from its raw state or during fabricating processes. The most common volume defect arises from foreign particles being included in the prime material. These second-phase particles, called inclusions, are seldom wanted because they significantly alter the structural properties. An example of an inclusion may be oxide particles in a pure metal or a bit of clay in a glass structure.

1.3.2 Grain Size and Boundary

When molten metal begins to solidify, crystals begin to form independently of each other at the various locations within the melted mass. Fig. 1.8 is a schematic illustration of the various stages during the solid- ification of molten metal. + Fig. 1.8 Schematic illustration of the various stages during the solidification of molten metal.