CULTURALLY LOADED WORDS AND PHRASES IN FRANKEINSTEIN TRANSLATED INTO BAHASA INDONESIA BY ANTON ADIWIYOTO.
CULTURALLY LOADED WORDS AND PHRASES
IN FRANKEINSTEIN TRANSLATED INTO
BAHASA INDONESIA BY
ANTON ADIWIYOTO
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
SELAMAT HUSNI HASIBUAN
Registration Number: 8146111061
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
2016
ABSTRAK
Hasibuan, Selamat Husni. Registration Number: 8146111061. Culturally Loaded
Words and Phrases in Frankeinstein Translated into Bahasa Indonesia by Anton
Adiwiyoto. Thesis. Linguistic Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Program Pascasarjana,
Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016.
Tesis ini membahas tentang kata-kata dan frasa-frasa yang sarat budaya. Tujuan dari
penelitian ini adalah: (1) untuk menjelaskan kategori kata-kata dan frasa-frasa yang
sarat budaya di novel Frankeinstein, dan (2) untuk menjelaskan prosedur
penerjemahan yang diterapkan di novel Frankeinstein. Penelitian ini menggunakan
metode penelitian kualitatif. Data penelitian ini adalah kata dan frasa. Data dikumpulkan
dengan menggunakan teknik dokumentasi dan instrumentnya adalah
lembar
dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data adalah deskriptif. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan
bahwa: (1) Kategori kata-kata dan frasa-frasa sarat budaya di novel Frankeinstein yaitu
1) ecology, 2) material culture, 3) social culture, 4) organizations, customs,
concepts, dan 5) gestures and habits, dan (2) Ada sebelas (11) prosedur
penerjemahan yang diterapkan dalam penerjemahan novel Frankeinstein, yaitu
transference (11.8%), naturalization (7.1%), cultural equivalent (28.2%),
functional equivalent (1.2%), through-translation (14.1%), shift or transposition
(1.2%), modulation (5.9%), compensation (20%), paraphrase (1.2%), couplets
(7.1%) dan discursive creation (2.4%). Bahasa memiliki karakteristik khusus yang
dimuat oleh budaya, oleh karena itu dalam kasus menerjemahkan kata-kata dan
frase-frase sarat budaya yang konsepnya tidak diketahui oleh pembaca,
penerjemah sering menghadapi masalah bagaimana mengatasi aspek budaya yang
tersirat dalam bahasa sumber (SL) dan menemukan teknik yang paling tepat untuk
menyampaikan aspek-aspek budaya ini dalam bahasa target (TL).
i
ABSTRACT
Hasibuan, Selamat Husni. Registration Number: 8146111061. Culturally Loaded
Words and Phrases in Frankeinstein Translated into Bahasa Indonesia by Anton
Adiwiyoto. Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Program, Postgraduate School, State
University of Medan. 2016.
The research dealt with culturally loaded words and phrases. The aims of this study were:
(1) to describe the category of culturally loaded words and phrases in
Frankeinstein, and (2) to describe the translation procedures used in Frankeinstein. The
research was conducted by using qualitative design. The data of this study were words
and phrases. The data were collected through documentary technique and the instrument
was the documentary sheet. The technique of data analysis was descriptive. The finding
of this study revealed that: (1) The categores of culturally loaded words and phrases in
Frankeinstein they are 1) ecology, 2) material culture, 3) social culture, 4)
organizations, customs, concepts, and 5) gestures and habits, and (2) There were
eleven (11) translation procedures were applied in translation of Frankeinstein,
they are transference (11.8%), naturalization (7.1%), cultural equivalent (28.2%),
functional equivalent (1.2%), through-translation (14.1%), shift or transposition
(1.2%), modulation (5.9%), compensation (20%), paraphrase (1.2%), couplets
(7.1%) and discursive creation (2.4%). Language has special characteristic that is
loaded by culture, therefore in the case of translating of culturally loaded words
and phrases in which their concept in unknown for readers, the translator often
faces the problems of how to treat the cultural aspects implicit in a source
language (SL) and finding the most appropriate technique of successfully
conveying these aspects in the target language (TL).
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, in the name of Almighty ALLAH, the most Gracious and
the most Merciful, first of all, the writer would like to thank God for His blessing
in the completion of this Thesis. Praises are also addressed to our prophet
Muhammad SAW who guided us to the better life.
In the completion of this Thesis, the writer wishes to acknowledge his
deepest gratitude for all generous guidance and assistance which has been given to
his by a lot of people.
The highest appreciation goes to his two advisors, Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed,
TESP. as his first advisor and Dr. I Wayan Dirgayasa Tangkas, M.Hum. as his
second advisor for their all guidance through the completion of this Thesis.
Then, his appreciation also goes to Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed. as the
Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program and Dr. Anni Holila
Pulungan, M.Hum. as the Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study
Program who have assisted his in processing the administration requirements
during the process of his studies in the postgraduate School of the State University
of Medan.
The writer’s great thank also goes to his reviewers and examiners, Prof.
Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., Dr. Siti Aisyah Ginting, M.Pd. and Dr. Anni Holila
Pulungan, M.Hum. They had given valuable inputs, suggestions, criticisms, and
improvements for this thesis. He also would like to express his thankfulness for all
lecturers teaching him during the academic years of LTBI.
iii
Finally, his special gratitude is dedicated to his beloved parents, Siti
Marhaini who has given her pray, motivation, support, and also endless praying.
And also special thank for his sister, brother, and the whole families who always
support him and no suitable word that can fully describe their everlasting love and
express how much he love them.
Then his gratitude goes to his lover Heridayani S.Pd., who has motivated
and supported him to conduct this Thesis. Then, last but not least, his gratitude
goes to his friends of LTBI A2 XXIV who have supported him to conduct this
Thesis.
Medan, …………… 2016
The Writer,
Selamat Husni Hasibuan
Reg. No. 8146111061
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRAK................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................ ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................ iv
LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................ vii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 1
1.1 The Background of the Study.............................................. 1
1.2 The Problem of Study ......................................................... 6
1.3 The Objectives of the Study ................................................ 7
1.4 The Scope of the Study ....................................................... 7
1.5 The Significances of the Study............................................ 7
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................ 9
A. Theoretical Framework ...................................................... 9
2.1 Language and Culture ................................................. 9
2.2 Translation.................................................................. 10
2.2.1 Overt Translation ............................................... 12
2.2.1 Covert Translation.............................................. 12
2.3 Translation and Culture ............................................... 13
2.4 Culturally Loaded Words and Phrases ......................... 15
2.5 Literary Translation .................................................... 21
v
2.6 Translation Procedures................................................ 23
2.7 Frankeinstein .............................................................. 29
B. Relevant Studies ................................................................ 29
C. Conceptual Framework ...................................................... 33
CHAPTER III. METHOD OF RESEARCH ............................................. 35
3.1 Research Method ................................................................ 35
3.2 The Data and the Data Source ............................................. 36
3.3 The Techniques of Data Collection ..................................... 36
3.4 The Trustworthiness of the Study........................................ 37
3.5 The Technique of Data Analysis ......................................... 40
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS, FINDING AND DISCUSSION ........ 43
4.1 Data Analysis ..................................................................... 43
4.1.1 The Categories of Culturally Loaded Words and
Phrases in Frankeinstein Translated into Bahasa
Indonesia .................................................................. 43
4.1.2 Translation Procedures used in Frankeinstein ........... 49
4.2 Research Findings .............................................................. 68
4.3 Discussion .......................................................................... 69
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ........................... 76
5.1 Conclusions ........................................................................ 76
5.2 Suggestions ........................................................................ 77
REFERENCES ........................................................................................... 78
APPENDICES ............................................................................................. 80
vi
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1 Culturally Loaded Words and Phrases in Frankeinstein ............... 81
Appendix 2 The Categories of Culturally Loaded Words and Phrases in
Frankeinstein ............................................................................. 91
Appendix 3 Translation Procedures Used in Frankeinstein.............................. 99
vii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Literary translation is translation of literary works such as short stories,
novels, poems, plays, and et cetera. It has special characteristics as literary works
different from non-literary works. According to Hodges (2011), it is a translation
which not only need changing words from a language to another but also needs
particular manners to express the texts in target language as sense which is
contained by source language text. Landers (2001) states that all facets of the
work, ideally are reproduced in such a manner as to create in the TL reader the
same emotional and psychological effect experienced by the original SL reader.
Cultural aspects in literary translation are inseparable matters for medium
of translation which the use of language is affected by culture since langauge is
product of culture. Lotman (1978) states that ‘no language can exist unless it is
steeped in the context of culture; and no culture can exist which does not have at
its centre, the structure of natural language’. Newmark (1988) defines culture as
the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a
particular language as its means of expression. In addition, Nida (1964) argues
that words are fundamentally symbols for features of the culture.
In term of transferring meaning in translation, Nida and Taber (1969)
states that translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest
natural equivalent of the source language massage, first in terms of meaning and
1
2
secondly in terms of style. The concept of closest natural equivalence is rooted in
Nida’s concept of dynamic equivalent. His celebrated example is the translation of
“Lamb of God” into the Eskimo language. Here “lamb” symbolizes innocence,
especially in the context of scrafice. In fact, Eskimo culture does not know
“lamb”. Thus, the word does not symbolize anything. Instead of “Lamb of God”,
he prefers “Seal of God” to transfer the message. Here Nida talks about cultural
aspects. It palys an important role in human life, culture, therefore, should be
considered.
Adapting Nida, Newmark (1988) categorizes culturally loaded words and
phrases into some typical examples of (1) Ecology: flora, fauna, winds, plains,
hills: ‘tundra’, ‘plateau’, selva (tropical rain forest), savanna; (2) Material culture
(artefacts): food, clothes, houses and towns, transport; (3) Social Culture:
workand leisure (4) Organizations, customs, activities, concept; (5) Gestures and
habits.
In the study of culturally loaded words and phrases, there are numerous
studies that have described and raised many issues on the different procedures in
their way in translating the culturally loaded words and phrases. Rizki Gunawan
(2011) who observed the translation strategy of cultural words in laskar pelangi.
The result of his finding was the cultural loaded words
were dominantly
translated by applying domesticating; and the use of cultural equivalent,
functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, reduction are the realization of
domesticating.
3
Dyka Santi Des Anditya (2014) in her thesis discussed translation
techniques and equivalence in the Indonesian translation of ASEAN charter. She
found that the whole text was translated using referential, translational,
distributional and ideational methods.
Nurul Istiqamah (2015) discussed the translation of culturally bound
words in Frozen script. She found that the translator mostly used cultural
equivalent strategy in translating the culturally bound words.
From the research findings of some studies above, it could be seen that
culturally loaded words and phrases from different languages are translated by
using different strategies to be held the equivalence of meaning and understable to
the reader. Analyzing the opposite, the researcher would analyze translation
procedures from English culturally loaded words and phrases into Indonesia used
by the translator. The researcher wanted to know if there any other strategy beside
those strategies above found when translating culturally loaded words and phrases
from English into Indonesian. Culturally loaded words and phrases in
Frankeinstein, which was translated into Bahasa Indonesia by Anton Adiwiyoto,
was analyzed.
Novel is one of the texts that full of cultural meaning. However,
translating novel is different from translating the other form of texts. When
translating novel, the translators have to master three aspects, they are linguistic
aspect, cultural aspect, and the excellence of storytelling.
A large number of novels have been translated into Bahasa Indonesia,
these books can be a very effective means to introduce the culture and values into
4
Indonesian as part of cultural exchange. One of those few books that become
international books is an English novel entitled Frankenstein or the Modern
Prometheus which was written by the English author Mary Wollstonecraft Shelly
and originally published in 1818 and its Indonesian version which was translated
by Anton Adiwiyoto and published in 1977 with the same title. In this thesis, the
researcher chooses Frankeinsten or the Modern Prometheus. This novel is one of
the famous science novel ever in the world. Frankeinstein is one of the most
interesting novel that gives influences to the reader. This novel has been translated
into many languages in the world including Bahasa Indonesia. After its
publication, Shelly’s Frankenstein attained a classic status, becoming one of the
best-known 19th century literatures. The novel was adapted to film in 1931. This
novel also contains many terms of cultural aspect, which recognizes readers to
England, the author’s background culture.
The process of translating, however, is not as easy and simple as people
think. Thus, being a good translator is hard job. There are many problems faced.
The difficulties are in finding equivalent words/ phrases in target language to
obtain the closest equivalence of source language’s cultural content
The
translator, of course, should be able to overcome the language and culture system
difference. As this study focuses on the translation product, the researcher
analyzes and clarifies what procedures decided on this translated novel. Related to
the cultural background, following are the examples of its translation:
SL: and her motions were lighter than the chamois of the hills
(Frankeinstein original version, page 33 line 22)
TL: dan gerakannya lebih lincah dari pada kambing gunung
5
(Frankeinstein Indonesian Version, page 16 line 22)
From the example above, it could be seen that the translator chooses
kambing as the most equivalent meaning for chamois. The term chamois, based
on the Oxford Dictionary Learner’s Dictionary, is animal like a small deer that
lives in the mountains of Europe. Chamois was rather difficult to be translated
because it is only exist in Europe. By following the sentences, it could be known
that the little girl whom met by Frankeinstein seemed ligheter than a small deer
which was called chamois.
The translator assumed that kambing was the most appropriate analogy for
chamois because the little girl could move as fast as a mountain goat did. A
mountain goat, was characteristically always running fast. Most Indonesian people
had shared this experience. Thus, the culturally loaded word was translated easily
by applying cultural equivalent procedure. The next founded data was below:
SL: Men appear to me as monsters thirsting for each other’s blood
(Frankeinstein original version, page 33 line 22)
TL: Manusia kelihatan sebagai serigala yang ingin saling memakan
sesamanya
(Frankeinstein Indonesian Version, page 16 line 22)
From example above, the source language was translated into target
language by applying discursive creation. The word monsters was translated into
Serigala in TL. The word monster is talking about the imaginary creature.
Monster is a large, ugly and frightening creature, especially an imaginary one
(Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary). It made the translation work slightly
diffferent with author’s idea. The translator did not put imaginary creature for his
translation, but he changed with serigala. Serigala adalah binatang mamalia
6
karnivora (www.wikipedia.org), so serigala is an animal. The meaning serigala
doesn’t have any correlation with the word monster in source language (SL)
which the author wants to deliver her idea. It made unpredictable out of context
because the source language (SL) told us about frightening creature, whereas in
the target language (TL) told us about an animal. Thus, the culturally loaded word
was translated easily by the translator using discursive creation procedure. So, the
purpose of using discursive creation is to establish a temporary equivalence that is
totally unpredictable out of context in the source text above.
This facts indicated that there was another strategy used by the translator
when translating English culturally loaded words and phrases into Bahasa
Indonesia besides applying Newmark’s procedures. Because of the background of
the study, the researcher wanted to know how the translator translated the
culturally loaded words or phrases in this novel in cathcing the delivery of cultural
message.
1.2 The Problems of Study
Based on the description of the background of the study stated above, the
problems of the study are formulated as following:
1. What are the categories of culturally loaded words and phrases in
Frankeinstein?
2. How are the culturally loaded words and phares in Frankeinstein translated
into Indonesian?
7
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this study are to answer the three research questions, as
formulated above. To be more specific, the objectives of the study are:
1. To describe the categories of culturally loaded words and phrases in
Frankenstein.
2. To describe how the culturally loaded words and phrases in Frankeinstein
are translated into Indonesian.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
Scope of the research is needed to give a focus to this research. This study
focused on the culturally loaded words and phrases found in Frankeinstein novel
English version and its Indonesian translation version. The researcher used
culturally loaded words and phrases theory proposed by Newmark.
1.5 The Significances of the study
The findings of the study are expected to be relevant and significant
theoretically and practically.
1. Theoretical Significance
Theoretically, this study can enrich the knowledge about the culturally
loaded words and phrases in any literary translation.
2. Practical Significances
Practically, the usefulness of findings is described as the following:
8
1) By knowing the culturally loaded words and phrases and
procedures, it is expected that the translator will find the right way
in translating the culturally loaded words or phrases in English
novels into Bahasa Indonesia or conversely.
2) This study could be reference for the next researchers in analyzing
Indonesian translation of literary works especially which is derived
from English works.
3) This study will be significant for informing the translators from
other social fields which have relationship with linguistics about the
role of translation in a novel.
4) This study can contribute information and insight to applied
linguistic practitioners, translators and students of translation
courses and any others readers who are interested in studying
translation especially in culturally loaded words and phrases.
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Adiwiyoto, A. (1977). Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. Jakarta: P.T
Gramedia
Bassnett, S. (1991). Translation Studies. London: Routledge
Bogdan, R.C., and Biklen, S.K. (1992). Qualitative Research for Education.
Boston: Allyn and Bacon
Catford, J.C. (1965) A Linguistic Theory of Translation, London: Oxford
University Press.
Crystal, D. (1971). Linguistics. Harmondsworth: Pinguin.
Denzin, N. (1970) The Research Act in Sociology, Chicago: Aldine.
Emmit, M. and Pollock, J. (1997). Language and Learning: An Introduction for
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Goodenogh, W.H. (1996). Culture. In Levinson 8 Ember (Eds.)Encyclopedia of
cultural anthropology vol. 1. New York: Henry Holt and co.
Gee, J.P., Hull, G., and Lankshear, C. (1996). Socio-cultural literacy, discourses
and the new work order. The New Work Order: Behind the language of
New Capitalism (pp.1-23). Sydnay: Allen and Unwin.
Graedler,
A.L.
(2000).
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(December 2015)
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129-139.
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2015)
Hodges, P. July (2011). A Snapshot of Literary Translation and its Practitioners.
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from
http://www.translationdirectory.com/articles/article2332.php
(December 2015)
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IN FRANKEINSTEIN TRANSLATED INTO
BAHASA INDONESIA BY
ANTON ADIWIYOTO
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
SELAMAT HUSNI HASIBUAN
Registration Number: 8146111061
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
2016
ABSTRAK
Hasibuan, Selamat Husni. Registration Number: 8146111061. Culturally Loaded
Words and Phrases in Frankeinstein Translated into Bahasa Indonesia by Anton
Adiwiyoto. Thesis. Linguistic Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Program Pascasarjana,
Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016.
Tesis ini membahas tentang kata-kata dan frasa-frasa yang sarat budaya. Tujuan dari
penelitian ini adalah: (1) untuk menjelaskan kategori kata-kata dan frasa-frasa yang
sarat budaya di novel Frankeinstein, dan (2) untuk menjelaskan prosedur
penerjemahan yang diterapkan di novel Frankeinstein. Penelitian ini menggunakan
metode penelitian kualitatif. Data penelitian ini adalah kata dan frasa. Data dikumpulkan
dengan menggunakan teknik dokumentasi dan instrumentnya adalah
lembar
dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data adalah deskriptif. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan
bahwa: (1) Kategori kata-kata dan frasa-frasa sarat budaya di novel Frankeinstein yaitu
1) ecology, 2) material culture, 3) social culture, 4) organizations, customs,
concepts, dan 5) gestures and habits, dan (2) Ada sebelas (11) prosedur
penerjemahan yang diterapkan dalam penerjemahan novel Frankeinstein, yaitu
transference (11.8%), naturalization (7.1%), cultural equivalent (28.2%),
functional equivalent (1.2%), through-translation (14.1%), shift or transposition
(1.2%), modulation (5.9%), compensation (20%), paraphrase (1.2%), couplets
(7.1%) dan discursive creation (2.4%). Bahasa memiliki karakteristik khusus yang
dimuat oleh budaya, oleh karena itu dalam kasus menerjemahkan kata-kata dan
frase-frase sarat budaya yang konsepnya tidak diketahui oleh pembaca,
penerjemah sering menghadapi masalah bagaimana mengatasi aspek budaya yang
tersirat dalam bahasa sumber (SL) dan menemukan teknik yang paling tepat untuk
menyampaikan aspek-aspek budaya ini dalam bahasa target (TL).
i
ABSTRACT
Hasibuan, Selamat Husni. Registration Number: 8146111061. Culturally Loaded
Words and Phrases in Frankeinstein Translated into Bahasa Indonesia by Anton
Adiwiyoto. Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Program, Postgraduate School, State
University of Medan. 2016.
The research dealt with culturally loaded words and phrases. The aims of this study were:
(1) to describe the category of culturally loaded words and phrases in
Frankeinstein, and (2) to describe the translation procedures used in Frankeinstein. The
research was conducted by using qualitative design. The data of this study were words
and phrases. The data were collected through documentary technique and the instrument
was the documentary sheet. The technique of data analysis was descriptive. The finding
of this study revealed that: (1) The categores of culturally loaded words and phrases in
Frankeinstein they are 1) ecology, 2) material culture, 3) social culture, 4)
organizations, customs, concepts, and 5) gestures and habits, and (2) There were
eleven (11) translation procedures were applied in translation of Frankeinstein,
they are transference (11.8%), naturalization (7.1%), cultural equivalent (28.2%),
functional equivalent (1.2%), through-translation (14.1%), shift or transposition
(1.2%), modulation (5.9%), compensation (20%), paraphrase (1.2%), couplets
(7.1%) and discursive creation (2.4%). Language has special characteristic that is
loaded by culture, therefore in the case of translating of culturally loaded words
and phrases in which their concept in unknown for readers, the translator often
faces the problems of how to treat the cultural aspects implicit in a source
language (SL) and finding the most appropriate technique of successfully
conveying these aspects in the target language (TL).
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, in the name of Almighty ALLAH, the most Gracious and
the most Merciful, first of all, the writer would like to thank God for His blessing
in the completion of this Thesis. Praises are also addressed to our prophet
Muhammad SAW who guided us to the better life.
In the completion of this Thesis, the writer wishes to acknowledge his
deepest gratitude for all generous guidance and assistance which has been given to
his by a lot of people.
The highest appreciation goes to his two advisors, Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed,
TESP. as his first advisor and Dr. I Wayan Dirgayasa Tangkas, M.Hum. as his
second advisor for their all guidance through the completion of this Thesis.
Then, his appreciation also goes to Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed. as the
Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program and Dr. Anni Holila
Pulungan, M.Hum. as the Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study
Program who have assisted his in processing the administration requirements
during the process of his studies in the postgraduate School of the State University
of Medan.
The writer’s great thank also goes to his reviewers and examiners, Prof.
Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., Dr. Siti Aisyah Ginting, M.Pd. and Dr. Anni Holila
Pulungan, M.Hum. They had given valuable inputs, suggestions, criticisms, and
improvements for this thesis. He also would like to express his thankfulness for all
lecturers teaching him during the academic years of LTBI.
iii
Finally, his special gratitude is dedicated to his beloved parents, Siti
Marhaini who has given her pray, motivation, support, and also endless praying.
And also special thank for his sister, brother, and the whole families who always
support him and no suitable word that can fully describe their everlasting love and
express how much he love them.
Then his gratitude goes to his lover Heridayani S.Pd., who has motivated
and supported him to conduct this Thesis. Then, last but not least, his gratitude
goes to his friends of LTBI A2 XXIV who have supported him to conduct this
Thesis.
Medan, …………… 2016
The Writer,
Selamat Husni Hasibuan
Reg. No. 8146111061
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRAK................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................ ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................ iv
LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................ vii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 1
1.1 The Background of the Study.............................................. 1
1.2 The Problem of Study ......................................................... 6
1.3 The Objectives of the Study ................................................ 7
1.4 The Scope of the Study ....................................................... 7
1.5 The Significances of the Study............................................ 7
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................ 9
A. Theoretical Framework ...................................................... 9
2.1 Language and Culture ................................................. 9
2.2 Translation.................................................................. 10
2.2.1 Overt Translation ............................................... 12
2.2.1 Covert Translation.............................................. 12
2.3 Translation and Culture ............................................... 13
2.4 Culturally Loaded Words and Phrases ......................... 15
2.5 Literary Translation .................................................... 21
v
2.6 Translation Procedures................................................ 23
2.7 Frankeinstein .............................................................. 29
B. Relevant Studies ................................................................ 29
C. Conceptual Framework ...................................................... 33
CHAPTER III. METHOD OF RESEARCH ............................................. 35
3.1 Research Method ................................................................ 35
3.2 The Data and the Data Source ............................................. 36
3.3 The Techniques of Data Collection ..................................... 36
3.4 The Trustworthiness of the Study........................................ 37
3.5 The Technique of Data Analysis ......................................... 40
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS, FINDING AND DISCUSSION ........ 43
4.1 Data Analysis ..................................................................... 43
4.1.1 The Categories of Culturally Loaded Words and
Phrases in Frankeinstein Translated into Bahasa
Indonesia .................................................................. 43
4.1.2 Translation Procedures used in Frankeinstein ........... 49
4.2 Research Findings .............................................................. 68
4.3 Discussion .......................................................................... 69
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ........................... 76
5.1 Conclusions ........................................................................ 76
5.2 Suggestions ........................................................................ 77
REFERENCES ........................................................................................... 78
APPENDICES ............................................................................................. 80
vi
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1 Culturally Loaded Words and Phrases in Frankeinstein ............... 81
Appendix 2 The Categories of Culturally Loaded Words and Phrases in
Frankeinstein ............................................................................. 91
Appendix 3 Translation Procedures Used in Frankeinstein.............................. 99
vii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Literary translation is translation of literary works such as short stories,
novels, poems, plays, and et cetera. It has special characteristics as literary works
different from non-literary works. According to Hodges (2011), it is a translation
which not only need changing words from a language to another but also needs
particular manners to express the texts in target language as sense which is
contained by source language text. Landers (2001) states that all facets of the
work, ideally are reproduced in such a manner as to create in the TL reader the
same emotional and psychological effect experienced by the original SL reader.
Cultural aspects in literary translation are inseparable matters for medium
of translation which the use of language is affected by culture since langauge is
product of culture. Lotman (1978) states that ‘no language can exist unless it is
steeped in the context of culture; and no culture can exist which does not have at
its centre, the structure of natural language’. Newmark (1988) defines culture as
the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a
particular language as its means of expression. In addition, Nida (1964) argues
that words are fundamentally symbols for features of the culture.
In term of transferring meaning in translation, Nida and Taber (1969)
states that translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest
natural equivalent of the source language massage, first in terms of meaning and
1
2
secondly in terms of style. The concept of closest natural equivalence is rooted in
Nida’s concept of dynamic equivalent. His celebrated example is the translation of
“Lamb of God” into the Eskimo language. Here “lamb” symbolizes innocence,
especially in the context of scrafice. In fact, Eskimo culture does not know
“lamb”. Thus, the word does not symbolize anything. Instead of “Lamb of God”,
he prefers “Seal of God” to transfer the message. Here Nida talks about cultural
aspects. It palys an important role in human life, culture, therefore, should be
considered.
Adapting Nida, Newmark (1988) categorizes culturally loaded words and
phrases into some typical examples of (1) Ecology: flora, fauna, winds, plains,
hills: ‘tundra’, ‘plateau’, selva (tropical rain forest), savanna; (2) Material culture
(artefacts): food, clothes, houses and towns, transport; (3) Social Culture:
workand leisure (4) Organizations, customs, activities, concept; (5) Gestures and
habits.
In the study of culturally loaded words and phrases, there are numerous
studies that have described and raised many issues on the different procedures in
their way in translating the culturally loaded words and phrases. Rizki Gunawan
(2011) who observed the translation strategy of cultural words in laskar pelangi.
The result of his finding was the cultural loaded words
were dominantly
translated by applying domesticating; and the use of cultural equivalent,
functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, reduction are the realization of
domesticating.
3
Dyka Santi Des Anditya (2014) in her thesis discussed translation
techniques and equivalence in the Indonesian translation of ASEAN charter. She
found that the whole text was translated using referential, translational,
distributional and ideational methods.
Nurul Istiqamah (2015) discussed the translation of culturally bound
words in Frozen script. She found that the translator mostly used cultural
equivalent strategy in translating the culturally bound words.
From the research findings of some studies above, it could be seen that
culturally loaded words and phrases from different languages are translated by
using different strategies to be held the equivalence of meaning and understable to
the reader. Analyzing the opposite, the researcher would analyze translation
procedures from English culturally loaded words and phrases into Indonesia used
by the translator. The researcher wanted to know if there any other strategy beside
those strategies above found when translating culturally loaded words and phrases
from English into Indonesian. Culturally loaded words and phrases in
Frankeinstein, which was translated into Bahasa Indonesia by Anton Adiwiyoto,
was analyzed.
Novel is one of the texts that full of cultural meaning. However,
translating novel is different from translating the other form of texts. When
translating novel, the translators have to master three aspects, they are linguistic
aspect, cultural aspect, and the excellence of storytelling.
A large number of novels have been translated into Bahasa Indonesia,
these books can be a very effective means to introduce the culture and values into
4
Indonesian as part of cultural exchange. One of those few books that become
international books is an English novel entitled Frankenstein or the Modern
Prometheus which was written by the English author Mary Wollstonecraft Shelly
and originally published in 1818 and its Indonesian version which was translated
by Anton Adiwiyoto and published in 1977 with the same title. In this thesis, the
researcher chooses Frankeinsten or the Modern Prometheus. This novel is one of
the famous science novel ever in the world. Frankeinstein is one of the most
interesting novel that gives influences to the reader. This novel has been translated
into many languages in the world including Bahasa Indonesia. After its
publication, Shelly’s Frankenstein attained a classic status, becoming one of the
best-known 19th century literatures. The novel was adapted to film in 1931. This
novel also contains many terms of cultural aspect, which recognizes readers to
England, the author’s background culture.
The process of translating, however, is not as easy and simple as people
think. Thus, being a good translator is hard job. There are many problems faced.
The difficulties are in finding equivalent words/ phrases in target language to
obtain the closest equivalence of source language’s cultural content
The
translator, of course, should be able to overcome the language and culture system
difference. As this study focuses on the translation product, the researcher
analyzes and clarifies what procedures decided on this translated novel. Related to
the cultural background, following are the examples of its translation:
SL: and her motions were lighter than the chamois of the hills
(Frankeinstein original version, page 33 line 22)
TL: dan gerakannya lebih lincah dari pada kambing gunung
5
(Frankeinstein Indonesian Version, page 16 line 22)
From the example above, it could be seen that the translator chooses
kambing as the most equivalent meaning for chamois. The term chamois, based
on the Oxford Dictionary Learner’s Dictionary, is animal like a small deer that
lives in the mountains of Europe. Chamois was rather difficult to be translated
because it is only exist in Europe. By following the sentences, it could be known
that the little girl whom met by Frankeinstein seemed ligheter than a small deer
which was called chamois.
The translator assumed that kambing was the most appropriate analogy for
chamois because the little girl could move as fast as a mountain goat did. A
mountain goat, was characteristically always running fast. Most Indonesian people
had shared this experience. Thus, the culturally loaded word was translated easily
by applying cultural equivalent procedure. The next founded data was below:
SL: Men appear to me as monsters thirsting for each other’s blood
(Frankeinstein original version, page 33 line 22)
TL: Manusia kelihatan sebagai serigala yang ingin saling memakan
sesamanya
(Frankeinstein Indonesian Version, page 16 line 22)
From example above, the source language was translated into target
language by applying discursive creation. The word monsters was translated into
Serigala in TL. The word monster is talking about the imaginary creature.
Monster is a large, ugly and frightening creature, especially an imaginary one
(Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary). It made the translation work slightly
diffferent with author’s idea. The translator did not put imaginary creature for his
translation, but he changed with serigala. Serigala adalah binatang mamalia
6
karnivora (www.wikipedia.org), so serigala is an animal. The meaning serigala
doesn’t have any correlation with the word monster in source language (SL)
which the author wants to deliver her idea. It made unpredictable out of context
because the source language (SL) told us about frightening creature, whereas in
the target language (TL) told us about an animal. Thus, the culturally loaded word
was translated easily by the translator using discursive creation procedure. So, the
purpose of using discursive creation is to establish a temporary equivalence that is
totally unpredictable out of context in the source text above.
This facts indicated that there was another strategy used by the translator
when translating English culturally loaded words and phrases into Bahasa
Indonesia besides applying Newmark’s procedures. Because of the background of
the study, the researcher wanted to know how the translator translated the
culturally loaded words or phrases in this novel in cathcing the delivery of cultural
message.
1.2 The Problems of Study
Based on the description of the background of the study stated above, the
problems of the study are formulated as following:
1. What are the categories of culturally loaded words and phrases in
Frankeinstein?
2. How are the culturally loaded words and phares in Frankeinstein translated
into Indonesian?
7
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this study are to answer the three research questions, as
formulated above. To be more specific, the objectives of the study are:
1. To describe the categories of culturally loaded words and phrases in
Frankenstein.
2. To describe how the culturally loaded words and phrases in Frankeinstein
are translated into Indonesian.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
Scope of the research is needed to give a focus to this research. This study
focused on the culturally loaded words and phrases found in Frankeinstein novel
English version and its Indonesian translation version. The researcher used
culturally loaded words and phrases theory proposed by Newmark.
1.5 The Significances of the study
The findings of the study are expected to be relevant and significant
theoretically and practically.
1. Theoretical Significance
Theoretically, this study can enrich the knowledge about the culturally
loaded words and phrases in any literary translation.
2. Practical Significances
Practically, the usefulness of findings is described as the following:
8
1) By knowing the culturally loaded words and phrases and
procedures, it is expected that the translator will find the right way
in translating the culturally loaded words or phrases in English
novels into Bahasa Indonesia or conversely.
2) This study could be reference for the next researchers in analyzing
Indonesian translation of literary works especially which is derived
from English works.
3) This study will be significant for informing the translators from
other social fields which have relationship with linguistics about the
role of translation in a novel.
4) This study can contribute information and insight to applied
linguistic practitioners, translators and students of translation
courses and any others readers who are interested in studying
translation especially in culturally loaded words and phrases.
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