Lighting Control System For Energy Saving Application.
UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN
PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II
Tajuk Projek
:
Sesi
Pengajian
:
Saya
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM FOR ENERGY SAVING
APPLICATION
2008/2009
NUR DIYANA BT NAZLAN
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat
kegunaan seperti berikut:
1.
Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
2.
Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3.
Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian
tinggi.
4.
Sila tandakan ( √ ) :
SULIT*
TERHAD*
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau
kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA
RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh
organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
__________________________
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
Alamat Tetap:
___________________________________
(COP DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
PT 467 LRG TOK WAN
JLN GURU PINTU GENG
15100 KOTA BHARU
KELANTAN
Tarikh: ………………………..
Tarikh: ………………………..
“I hereby declare that this report is the result of my own work except for quotes as
cited in the references.”
Signature : _________________________
Author
: NUR DIYANA BT NAZLAN
Date
: 30TH APRIL 2009
“I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is sufficient in
terms of the scope and quality for the award of bachelor of Electronic Engineering
(Computer Engineering) With Honors.”
Signature :_____________________
Supervisor’s Name : EN. FAUZI BIN HJ ABDUL WAHAB
Date : 30TH APRIL 2009
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Assalamualaikum w.b.t…
Alhamdulillah..Praise to the Eternal One, Allah S.W.T for His blessing
and guiding me through this project and showing me path so that I can complete
this project successfully. Special thanks to my parents and siblings which have
been giving non-stop support in doing my project. I would like to express
profound gratitude to my supervisor, En. Fauzi bin Hj. Abdul Wahab who is glad
to sharing hand, giving support and guiding me in completing this final project
and thank you again for providing me materials, idea and suggestion. Also
thanks to all my friends which is always besides me helping me whenever I’m in
trouble. As a nutshell, my thanks also dedicated to anyone who contributed their
help and time in this project whether they are lecturers, persons and everyone
direct or indirectly involved in this project.
ABSTRACT
Lighting Control System for Energy Saving Application is a system that is using
to reduce electricity by means of sensors & timer that will operate as demand. The
energy consumption will reduced which is the main benefit of application of this system.
Actually, this project development is specially design in which is to be applied in
office’s meeting room. Beyond of this project, a lighting control system needs the input
of other devices on which to base its commands. Ultra Sonic Motion Detector is
typically incorporated into this system, which is operates to detect any movement in the
typically human. From there, automatically the light will turn on and when the room is
unoccupied or no motion is detected, the lights will turn off. Timer also is used in this
project to retain the bulb lighting for a few minutes in case there is no any movement.
Standby battery is added in this project as an emergency power source in event the
power failure.
ABSTRAK
Lighting Control System for Energy Saving Application merupakan satu sistem yang
digunakan
untuk
mengurangkan
kadar
penggunaan
tenaga
elektrik
iaitu
Pengesan(sensor) dan Pemasa (Timer) akan beroperasi apabila diperlukan. Penggunaan
tenaga elektrik akan berkurangan dimana ia merupakan faedah utama bagi projek ini.
Penghasilan projek ini akan diaplikasikan di bilik mesyuarat pejabat. Disebalik projek
ini, Lighting Control System ini memerlukan sokongan masukan (input) daripada
peralatan yang lain. Pengesan Pergerakan @ Ultra Sonic Motion Detector
ini
digabungkan dalam system ini dimana ia berfungsi sebagai mengesan pergerakan
seseorang. Daripada itu, lampu akan hidup secara automatik dan lampu akan dimatikan
sebaik sahaja bilik itu kosong. Pemasa juga digunakan di dalam projek ini untuk
menahan cahaya dalam beberapa minit yang ditetapkan sekiranya tiada sebarang
pergerakan. Standby Battery adalah bertujuan untuk bersedia memberi sumber bekalan
sekiranya sumber bekalan kuasa terputus.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
I
TITLE
PAGE
APPROVAL
i
PROJECT DECLARATION FORM
ii
PROJECT TITLE
iii
DECLARATION
iv
APPRECIATION
v
ABSTRACT
vi
ABSTRAK
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
viii
LIST OF TABLE
xi
LIST OF FIGURE
xii
LIST OF ABREVIATION
xiv
LIST OF APPENDIX
xv
INTRODUCTION
1.0
Introduction of the project
1
1.1
Objectives
2
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Scopes of project
2
1.4
Project Methodology
3
1.5
Thesis Outline
5
II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0
Introduction
7
2.1
Lighting Control System
7
2.2
Sensing Units
9
2.3
Potentiometer
11
2.4
Thermistor
12
2.5
Self-heating effects
13
2.6
Heat sensor
14
2.7
Infrared (IR) Radiation
17
2.8
The Pyroelectric Sensor
18
2.9
How PIR Motion Sensors Work
19
2.10
Basic UPS Power System
20
2.11
Circuit Design
22
2.12
Ultra Sonic Motion Detector
22
2.13
The 555 Timer
26
2.13.1
Monostable mode
28
2.13.2
Astable mode
28
2.14
III
Review of Previous Study
29
METHODOLOGY
3.0
Introduction
32
3.1
Component Selection
33
3.1.1
IC op-Amp LM324
33
3.1.2
IC TL034
34
3.1.3
Ultra Sonic Motion Detector
35
3.2
Process Outline
3.2.1
Hardware
36
Development
and
36
Implementation
IV
3.3
Process flow chart of project operation
40
3.4
Block diagram of the project
41
3.5
Flow chart of project implementation
43
3.6:
Gantt chart of project planning
44
RESULT & DISCUSSION
4.1
Analysis of Ultra Sonic Motion Detector
46
circuit
V
4.2
Result from oscilloscope
48
4.3
Analysis of Standby Battery circuit
53
4.4
Analysis of Timer circuit
54
4.5
Result
55
4.6
Discussion
57
CONCLUSSION
59
SUGGESTION
61
REFERENCES
62
LIST OF TABLES
Table No
Table 2.2
TITLE
Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications of
PAGE
10
Sensors
Table 2.13
Connection pins of 555 timer
27
Table 3.6
Gantt chart of project planning
44
Table 4.2 (a)
Waveform output from P1 and P2
48
Table 4.2 (b)
Waveform output from P3
49
Table 4.2 (c)
Waveform output from P4
50
Table 4.2 (d)
Waveform output from P6
51
Table 4.2 (e): Waveform output from P7 & P8
52
Table 5.1
59
Total project cost
LIST OF FIGURES
NO
TITLE
PAGE
Figure 2.4(b)
A graph of resistance vs temperature for a thermistor
12
Figure 2.6 (a)
General characteristics of a heat flux sensor
15
Figure 2.6 (b)
Heat flux sensor as radiation detector
15
Figure 2.6 (c)
Heat flux sensor as radiation detector
17
Figure 2.6 (b)
PIR sensor of object detection
18
Figure 2.10:
Basic UPS Power Supply circuit [3]
23
Figure 2.12 (a)
Movement detection process
23
Figure 2.12 (b)
Movement distance circle that can be found by system
24
Figure 2.12 (c):
Block diagram of Ultra Sonic Motion Detector
25
Figure 2.12 (d)
Ultra Sonic Motion detector circuit
26
Figure. 2.13 (a)
LM555 Timer Internal Circuit Block Diagram
27
Figure. 2.13 (b)
LM555 Timer Internal Circuit Block Diagram
27
Figure 2.15 (a):
Actual Transmitter, Reciever and Schmitt Trigger
30
Figure 2.15 (b)
Occupancy Detector Circuit mounted on frame.
30
Figure 2.15 (c):
Darlington arrays used to source current to motor.
30
Figure 2.15 (d):
Infrared Occupancy
30
Figure 3.1.1
IC Op-Amp LM324
33
Figure 3.1.2 :
The location of IC TL034 in the circuit and pin
34
Detection Circuit
connection
Figure 3.1.3
Ultra Sonic Motion Detector
35
Figure 3.2.1 (a)
The entire circuits use
36
Figure 3.2.1 (b)
The Standby battery circuit (hardware)
37
Figure3.2.1 (c)
Ultra Sonic Motion Detector circuit (Hardware)
38
Figure 3.2.1 (d)
Timer circuit (hardware)
Figure3.2.1 (e)
The combination Timer and Ultra Sonic Motion
39
Detector circuit
39
Figure 3.3
Process flow chart of project operation
Figure 3.4 (a)
Block diagram of the project
40
Figure 3.4(b)
The connection of entire circuits
41
Figure 3.5
Flow chart of project implementation
42
Figure 4.1
Ultra Sonic Motion Detector Schematic
43
Figure 4.3
Standby battery circuit
47
Figure 4.4
Analysis of Timer circuit
53
Figure 4.4 (a)
Side view of Meeting Room
54
Figure 4.4 (b)
Lamps lighting on
55
Figure 4.4 (c)
Actual result of lighting control system
56
:
ABREVIATION
LED -
Light Emitter Diode
AC
Alternating current
DC
Direct current
RF -
Radio Frequency
IC
Integrated circuit
CMOS
Complimentary metal–oxide–semiconductor
LS
Low power shottky
LIST OF APPENDIX
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
Timer datasheet
62
B
CD4069UBC datacheet
75
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
2.0
Introduction of the project
This project is about the designing and development of the lighting control
system for energy saving application. Using electronic lighting control systems to save
energy is increasingly a mandatory part of commercial lighting design, and it can be a
big energy-saver at meeting room as well. In addition, a lighting control system is no
longer exclusively a luxury item, but has become more of a lifestyle item due to
declining costs and complexity. The aim of this project is to reduce the electricity
consumption. This system is to control the lamp automatically when somebody enter to
the room and sensed by an Ultra Sonic Motion detector circuit. Ultra Sonic sensor works
by measuring the time it takes a sound wave to propagate from the sensor, to an object
and back to the sensor. Ultra Sonic waves generated by a transmitter are reflected by the
target and the returning waves are detected by a receiver. In this case, timer circuit is
also used to retain lighting for a particular time. The standby battery is added in this
project development in case of main supply is cut-off.
1.1
Objectives
The main objective of this project is to reduce the electricity consumption by
means of automatically turning light off in meeting rooms. In this project, it is identified
of 4 major objectives that must be met in the development of this system:
1.2
To built, test and use the lighting control system;
To reduce the electricity consumption if there is nobody in the room;
To detect a movement when somebody enter to the meeting room by
using Ultra Sonic detector;
Facilitate user to use this system;
Problem Statement
Many building owners and facility managers want to reduce operating costs by
minimizing energy expenses as much as possible while ensuring the comfort and safety
of others. In this case, this project is used in meeting room appliances. Sometimes, users
forget to turn off the light after use and it is a waste. So, by this project development,
it’ll solve the problem .Through this project, the cost will be reduced, saving the energy
and it’ll give more profit for us as a user.
1.3
Scopes of project
The scope of this project is started with the research about the related information
via books and internet before project development. In completing of this project, the
main areas being identified that need to be worked out are:
Literature review to find out a smart sensor among the many sensors
available and the switching system for this project.
The related components and circuits must be find out and do a research;
sketches the project based on the gathered information;
The circuit will be constructed, simulated, testing and analyzed on the
outcome of the project.
Troubleshooting will be done if it produced an error during the simulation.
Other scopes of work include:
1.4
Correlation of theoretical engineering principles with the proposed project;
Design and production of the required circuit board for the project;
Keep up a good log book records;
A complete preparation of the necessary documents and project equipment
requirements;
Prepare for project presentation;
Publish a final report;
Project Methodology
In completing of this project, the complete step of methodology must be
considered. The entire of list below should be completed from the beginning until the
final step of project implementation.
The following methods of this project as below:
Gathering Information
Effective information gathering is the most basic perspective-widening tool that is
required in completing the tasks. Firstly, I’ve find out a suitable title to do as my final
project and figure out the scope, expediency and try to understand the project purpose.
Literature review
Research and literature review on the components needed to develop the system;
-Source for the related and relevant ideas and projects.
System Analysis
Analysis will be done to determine how current existing project works and the
problems inside it. The main problems encountered in previous work are also
determined to make sure a vital improvement for my project. Information from
the reference book and internet surfing are gathered to support the validity of the
analysis process. Besides that, try to understand the function of the whole system
and study the implementation of the project.
Studying and Review
Lots of time will be spent in practicing to use Multisim 2001® and Eagle software.
In Multisim 2001, it is used to draw the circuit and the simulation also will be
done. Meanwhile, the Eagle software is used to design the circuit. Refresh the
electronic general knowledge and understand it to make sure this project will be
constructing perfectly.
Besides that, make an appointment with my supervisor whenever the need arises.
An interview is also involved to senior or master students that have much
knowledge about the information needed.
Design & Development
Emphasis is placed on design formation, project identification, and production of a
feasibility study. I’ve focused on the development of task specifications in light of the
norms for design and preliminary validation of the design by means of basic analysis and
appropriate prototyping.
Verification & Testing
The circuit simulation part must be verified by using Multisim 2001. After the
projects’ development, it must be examined as well whether the result is in a good
condition or vice versa. Troubleshooting will be done if any error in
implementation is detected.
1.5
Thesis Outline
This thesis represent by five chapters. The following outline below is contents of
this project:
Chapter I:
The first chapter of this thesis is describe about the background of the project, objective,
problem statements, scope of works regarding the project and methodology of the
project in implementation of the project.
Chapter II:
This chapter describes about the literature review which is focus to the research and
information about the project. Every facts and information which is found through
journals or other references will be compared and the better methods have been chosen
for this project.
Chapter III:
This chapter explained about the project methodology approach taken and a closer look
on how the project is implemented. Each achievement and selection taken when the
project is implemented will be explained in detail for each stage until the project is
success. This chapter will briefly describe on history, materials that were used and how
to operate it.
Chapter IV:
This chapter describes about the project findings such as result, analysis and discussion.
The result is presented by simulation, waveforms and figures.
Chapter V:
This final chapter is described about the Conclusion and suggestion for this project.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
4.0
Introduction
The following discussion mainly focuses on the adaptability of project
functionality and development. This chapter will provide details and discuss about the
source that are related to this project. It consists of the products that are already in the
market nowadays and also contains the theory of the components and equipments that
will be used in the project.
2.1
Lighting Control System
In Lighting control system consists of a device, typically an embedded processor
or industrial computer, which is controls electric lights for a building or residence.
Lighting control systems usually include one or more keypads or touch panel interfaces.
These interfaces allow users the ability to toggle power to lights and fans, dim lights,
and program lighting levels. A major advantage of a lighting control system over
conventional lighting is the ability to control any device from any interface. For
example,
a master touch panel might allow the user the ability to control all lights in a building,
not just a single room.
In fact, any light might be controlled from any location. In addition, lighting control
systems provide the ability to automatically power a device based on programming
events such as:
Chronological time (time of day)
Astronomical time (sunrise/sunset)
Room occupancy
Events
Alarm conditions
Program logic (any combination of events)
Chronological time is a time of day or offset from a time. Astronomical times
includes sunrise, sunset, a day, or specific days in a month or year. Room occupancy
might be determined with motion detectors or RFID tags. Events might include holidays
or birthdays. Alarm conditions might include a door opening or motion detected in a
protected area. Program logic can tie all of the above elements together using constructs
such as if-then-else statements and logical operators.
Mode Lighting is one such manufacturer. Installs on projects such as the
Millennium dome to smaller residential situations, Mode lighting systems are fully
scalable for all situations. This demonstrated how all of the above categories can work
seamlessly together to create a complete solution. Lighting control offers nice effects
and helps to save energy by dimming lights where it would previously be 100% or 0%.
[10].
2.2
Sensing Units
A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a
signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, a mercury
thermometer converts the measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a
liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube.
A thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can be read by
a voltmeter. For accuracy, all sensors need to be calibrated against known standards.
Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons and
lamps which dim or brighten by touching the base. There are also innumerable
applications for sensor on most common products and equipments. Applications include
cars, machines, aerospace, medicine, manufacturing and robotics.
A sensor's sensitivity indicates how much the sensor's output changes when the
measured quantity changes. For instance, if the mercury in a thermometer moves 1 cm
when the temperature changes by 1 °C, the sensitivity is 1 cm/°C. Sensors that measure
very small changes must have very high sensitivities.
In addition to that, sensors do have their advantages and disadvantages whereas;
different sensor technologies are better suited for certain applications. Table 2.2 shows
the advantages, disadvantages and application on some of the most common sensors that
are available in the market today.
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN
PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II
Tajuk Projek
:
Sesi
Pengajian
:
Saya
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM FOR ENERGY SAVING
APPLICATION
2008/2009
NUR DIYANA BT NAZLAN
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat
kegunaan seperti berikut:
1.
Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
2.
Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3.
Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian
tinggi.
4.
Sila tandakan ( √ ) :
SULIT*
TERHAD*
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau
kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA
RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh
organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
__________________________
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
Alamat Tetap:
___________________________________
(COP DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
PT 467 LRG TOK WAN
JLN GURU PINTU GENG
15100 KOTA BHARU
KELANTAN
Tarikh: ………………………..
Tarikh: ………………………..
“I hereby declare that this report is the result of my own work except for quotes as
cited in the references.”
Signature : _________________________
Author
: NUR DIYANA BT NAZLAN
Date
: 30TH APRIL 2009
“I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is sufficient in
terms of the scope and quality for the award of bachelor of Electronic Engineering
(Computer Engineering) With Honors.”
Signature :_____________________
Supervisor’s Name : EN. FAUZI BIN HJ ABDUL WAHAB
Date : 30TH APRIL 2009
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Assalamualaikum w.b.t…
Alhamdulillah..Praise to the Eternal One, Allah S.W.T for His blessing
and guiding me through this project and showing me path so that I can complete
this project successfully. Special thanks to my parents and siblings which have
been giving non-stop support in doing my project. I would like to express
profound gratitude to my supervisor, En. Fauzi bin Hj. Abdul Wahab who is glad
to sharing hand, giving support and guiding me in completing this final project
and thank you again for providing me materials, idea and suggestion. Also
thanks to all my friends which is always besides me helping me whenever I’m in
trouble. As a nutshell, my thanks also dedicated to anyone who contributed their
help and time in this project whether they are lecturers, persons and everyone
direct or indirectly involved in this project.
ABSTRACT
Lighting Control System for Energy Saving Application is a system that is using
to reduce electricity by means of sensors & timer that will operate as demand. The
energy consumption will reduced which is the main benefit of application of this system.
Actually, this project development is specially design in which is to be applied in
office’s meeting room. Beyond of this project, a lighting control system needs the input
of other devices on which to base its commands. Ultra Sonic Motion Detector is
typically incorporated into this system, which is operates to detect any movement in the
typically human. From there, automatically the light will turn on and when the room is
unoccupied or no motion is detected, the lights will turn off. Timer also is used in this
project to retain the bulb lighting for a few minutes in case there is no any movement.
Standby battery is added in this project as an emergency power source in event the
power failure.
ABSTRAK
Lighting Control System for Energy Saving Application merupakan satu sistem yang
digunakan
untuk
mengurangkan
kadar
penggunaan
tenaga
elektrik
iaitu
Pengesan(sensor) dan Pemasa (Timer) akan beroperasi apabila diperlukan. Penggunaan
tenaga elektrik akan berkurangan dimana ia merupakan faedah utama bagi projek ini.
Penghasilan projek ini akan diaplikasikan di bilik mesyuarat pejabat. Disebalik projek
ini, Lighting Control System ini memerlukan sokongan masukan (input) daripada
peralatan yang lain. Pengesan Pergerakan @ Ultra Sonic Motion Detector
ini
digabungkan dalam system ini dimana ia berfungsi sebagai mengesan pergerakan
seseorang. Daripada itu, lampu akan hidup secara automatik dan lampu akan dimatikan
sebaik sahaja bilik itu kosong. Pemasa juga digunakan di dalam projek ini untuk
menahan cahaya dalam beberapa minit yang ditetapkan sekiranya tiada sebarang
pergerakan. Standby Battery adalah bertujuan untuk bersedia memberi sumber bekalan
sekiranya sumber bekalan kuasa terputus.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
I
TITLE
PAGE
APPROVAL
i
PROJECT DECLARATION FORM
ii
PROJECT TITLE
iii
DECLARATION
iv
APPRECIATION
v
ABSTRACT
vi
ABSTRAK
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
viii
LIST OF TABLE
xi
LIST OF FIGURE
xii
LIST OF ABREVIATION
xiv
LIST OF APPENDIX
xv
INTRODUCTION
1.0
Introduction of the project
1
1.1
Objectives
2
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Scopes of project
2
1.4
Project Methodology
3
1.5
Thesis Outline
5
II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0
Introduction
7
2.1
Lighting Control System
7
2.2
Sensing Units
9
2.3
Potentiometer
11
2.4
Thermistor
12
2.5
Self-heating effects
13
2.6
Heat sensor
14
2.7
Infrared (IR) Radiation
17
2.8
The Pyroelectric Sensor
18
2.9
How PIR Motion Sensors Work
19
2.10
Basic UPS Power System
20
2.11
Circuit Design
22
2.12
Ultra Sonic Motion Detector
22
2.13
The 555 Timer
26
2.13.1
Monostable mode
28
2.13.2
Astable mode
28
2.14
III
Review of Previous Study
29
METHODOLOGY
3.0
Introduction
32
3.1
Component Selection
33
3.1.1
IC op-Amp LM324
33
3.1.2
IC TL034
34
3.1.3
Ultra Sonic Motion Detector
35
3.2
Process Outline
3.2.1
Hardware
36
Development
and
36
Implementation
IV
3.3
Process flow chart of project operation
40
3.4
Block diagram of the project
41
3.5
Flow chart of project implementation
43
3.6:
Gantt chart of project planning
44
RESULT & DISCUSSION
4.1
Analysis of Ultra Sonic Motion Detector
46
circuit
V
4.2
Result from oscilloscope
48
4.3
Analysis of Standby Battery circuit
53
4.4
Analysis of Timer circuit
54
4.5
Result
55
4.6
Discussion
57
CONCLUSSION
59
SUGGESTION
61
REFERENCES
62
LIST OF TABLES
Table No
Table 2.2
TITLE
Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications of
PAGE
10
Sensors
Table 2.13
Connection pins of 555 timer
27
Table 3.6
Gantt chart of project planning
44
Table 4.2 (a)
Waveform output from P1 and P2
48
Table 4.2 (b)
Waveform output from P3
49
Table 4.2 (c)
Waveform output from P4
50
Table 4.2 (d)
Waveform output from P6
51
Table 4.2 (e): Waveform output from P7 & P8
52
Table 5.1
59
Total project cost
LIST OF FIGURES
NO
TITLE
PAGE
Figure 2.4(b)
A graph of resistance vs temperature for a thermistor
12
Figure 2.6 (a)
General characteristics of a heat flux sensor
15
Figure 2.6 (b)
Heat flux sensor as radiation detector
15
Figure 2.6 (c)
Heat flux sensor as radiation detector
17
Figure 2.6 (b)
PIR sensor of object detection
18
Figure 2.10:
Basic UPS Power Supply circuit [3]
23
Figure 2.12 (a)
Movement detection process
23
Figure 2.12 (b)
Movement distance circle that can be found by system
24
Figure 2.12 (c):
Block diagram of Ultra Sonic Motion Detector
25
Figure 2.12 (d)
Ultra Sonic Motion detector circuit
26
Figure. 2.13 (a)
LM555 Timer Internal Circuit Block Diagram
27
Figure. 2.13 (b)
LM555 Timer Internal Circuit Block Diagram
27
Figure 2.15 (a):
Actual Transmitter, Reciever and Schmitt Trigger
30
Figure 2.15 (b)
Occupancy Detector Circuit mounted on frame.
30
Figure 2.15 (c):
Darlington arrays used to source current to motor.
30
Figure 2.15 (d):
Infrared Occupancy
30
Figure 3.1.1
IC Op-Amp LM324
33
Figure 3.1.2 :
The location of IC TL034 in the circuit and pin
34
Detection Circuit
connection
Figure 3.1.3
Ultra Sonic Motion Detector
35
Figure 3.2.1 (a)
The entire circuits use
36
Figure 3.2.1 (b)
The Standby battery circuit (hardware)
37
Figure3.2.1 (c)
Ultra Sonic Motion Detector circuit (Hardware)
38
Figure 3.2.1 (d)
Timer circuit (hardware)
Figure3.2.1 (e)
The combination Timer and Ultra Sonic Motion
39
Detector circuit
39
Figure 3.3
Process flow chart of project operation
Figure 3.4 (a)
Block diagram of the project
40
Figure 3.4(b)
The connection of entire circuits
41
Figure 3.5
Flow chart of project implementation
42
Figure 4.1
Ultra Sonic Motion Detector Schematic
43
Figure 4.3
Standby battery circuit
47
Figure 4.4
Analysis of Timer circuit
53
Figure 4.4 (a)
Side view of Meeting Room
54
Figure 4.4 (b)
Lamps lighting on
55
Figure 4.4 (c)
Actual result of lighting control system
56
:
ABREVIATION
LED -
Light Emitter Diode
AC
Alternating current
DC
Direct current
RF -
Radio Frequency
IC
Integrated circuit
CMOS
Complimentary metal–oxide–semiconductor
LS
Low power shottky
LIST OF APPENDIX
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
Timer datasheet
62
B
CD4069UBC datacheet
75
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
2.0
Introduction of the project
This project is about the designing and development of the lighting control
system for energy saving application. Using electronic lighting control systems to save
energy is increasingly a mandatory part of commercial lighting design, and it can be a
big energy-saver at meeting room as well. In addition, a lighting control system is no
longer exclusively a luxury item, but has become more of a lifestyle item due to
declining costs and complexity. The aim of this project is to reduce the electricity
consumption. This system is to control the lamp automatically when somebody enter to
the room and sensed by an Ultra Sonic Motion detector circuit. Ultra Sonic sensor works
by measuring the time it takes a sound wave to propagate from the sensor, to an object
and back to the sensor. Ultra Sonic waves generated by a transmitter are reflected by the
target and the returning waves are detected by a receiver. In this case, timer circuit is
also used to retain lighting for a particular time. The standby battery is added in this
project development in case of main supply is cut-off.
1.1
Objectives
The main objective of this project is to reduce the electricity consumption by
means of automatically turning light off in meeting rooms. In this project, it is identified
of 4 major objectives that must be met in the development of this system:
1.2
To built, test and use the lighting control system;
To reduce the electricity consumption if there is nobody in the room;
To detect a movement when somebody enter to the meeting room by
using Ultra Sonic detector;
Facilitate user to use this system;
Problem Statement
Many building owners and facility managers want to reduce operating costs by
minimizing energy expenses as much as possible while ensuring the comfort and safety
of others. In this case, this project is used in meeting room appliances. Sometimes, users
forget to turn off the light after use and it is a waste. So, by this project development,
it’ll solve the problem .Through this project, the cost will be reduced, saving the energy
and it’ll give more profit for us as a user.
1.3
Scopes of project
The scope of this project is started with the research about the related information
via books and internet before project development. In completing of this project, the
main areas being identified that need to be worked out are:
Literature review to find out a smart sensor among the many sensors
available and the switching system for this project.
The related components and circuits must be find out and do a research;
sketches the project based on the gathered information;
The circuit will be constructed, simulated, testing and analyzed on the
outcome of the project.
Troubleshooting will be done if it produced an error during the simulation.
Other scopes of work include:
1.4
Correlation of theoretical engineering principles with the proposed project;
Design and production of the required circuit board for the project;
Keep up a good log book records;
A complete preparation of the necessary documents and project equipment
requirements;
Prepare for project presentation;
Publish a final report;
Project Methodology
In completing of this project, the complete step of methodology must be
considered. The entire of list below should be completed from the beginning until the
final step of project implementation.
The following methods of this project as below:
Gathering Information
Effective information gathering is the most basic perspective-widening tool that is
required in completing the tasks. Firstly, I’ve find out a suitable title to do as my final
project and figure out the scope, expediency and try to understand the project purpose.
Literature review
Research and literature review on the components needed to develop the system;
-Source for the related and relevant ideas and projects.
System Analysis
Analysis will be done to determine how current existing project works and the
problems inside it. The main problems encountered in previous work are also
determined to make sure a vital improvement for my project. Information from
the reference book and internet surfing are gathered to support the validity of the
analysis process. Besides that, try to understand the function of the whole system
and study the implementation of the project.
Studying and Review
Lots of time will be spent in practicing to use Multisim 2001® and Eagle software.
In Multisim 2001, it is used to draw the circuit and the simulation also will be
done. Meanwhile, the Eagle software is used to design the circuit. Refresh the
electronic general knowledge and understand it to make sure this project will be
constructing perfectly.
Besides that, make an appointment with my supervisor whenever the need arises.
An interview is also involved to senior or master students that have much
knowledge about the information needed.
Design & Development
Emphasis is placed on design formation, project identification, and production of a
feasibility study. I’ve focused on the development of task specifications in light of the
norms for design and preliminary validation of the design by means of basic analysis and
appropriate prototyping.
Verification & Testing
The circuit simulation part must be verified by using Multisim 2001. After the
projects’ development, it must be examined as well whether the result is in a good
condition or vice versa. Troubleshooting will be done if any error in
implementation is detected.
1.5
Thesis Outline
This thesis represent by five chapters. The following outline below is contents of
this project:
Chapter I:
The first chapter of this thesis is describe about the background of the project, objective,
problem statements, scope of works regarding the project and methodology of the
project in implementation of the project.
Chapter II:
This chapter describes about the literature review which is focus to the research and
information about the project. Every facts and information which is found through
journals or other references will be compared and the better methods have been chosen
for this project.
Chapter III:
This chapter explained about the project methodology approach taken and a closer look
on how the project is implemented. Each achievement and selection taken when the
project is implemented will be explained in detail for each stage until the project is
success. This chapter will briefly describe on history, materials that were used and how
to operate it.
Chapter IV:
This chapter describes about the project findings such as result, analysis and discussion.
The result is presented by simulation, waveforms and figures.
Chapter V:
This final chapter is described about the Conclusion and suggestion for this project.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
4.0
Introduction
The following discussion mainly focuses on the adaptability of project
functionality and development. This chapter will provide details and discuss about the
source that are related to this project. It consists of the products that are already in the
market nowadays and also contains the theory of the components and equipments that
will be used in the project.
2.1
Lighting Control System
In Lighting control system consists of a device, typically an embedded processor
or industrial computer, which is controls electric lights for a building or residence.
Lighting control systems usually include one or more keypads or touch panel interfaces.
These interfaces allow users the ability to toggle power to lights and fans, dim lights,
and program lighting levels. A major advantage of a lighting control system over
conventional lighting is the ability to control any device from any interface. For
example,
a master touch panel might allow the user the ability to control all lights in a building,
not just a single room.
In fact, any light might be controlled from any location. In addition, lighting control
systems provide the ability to automatically power a device based on programming
events such as:
Chronological time (time of day)
Astronomical time (sunrise/sunset)
Room occupancy
Events
Alarm conditions
Program logic (any combination of events)
Chronological time is a time of day or offset from a time. Astronomical times
includes sunrise, sunset, a day, or specific days in a month or year. Room occupancy
might be determined with motion detectors or RFID tags. Events might include holidays
or birthdays. Alarm conditions might include a door opening or motion detected in a
protected area. Program logic can tie all of the above elements together using constructs
such as if-then-else statements and logical operators.
Mode Lighting is one such manufacturer. Installs on projects such as the
Millennium dome to smaller residential situations, Mode lighting systems are fully
scalable for all situations. This demonstrated how all of the above categories can work
seamlessly together to create a complete solution. Lighting control offers nice effects
and helps to save energy by dimming lights where it would previously be 100% or 0%.
[10].
2.2
Sensing Units
A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a
signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, a mercury
thermometer converts the measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a
liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube.
A thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can be read by
a voltmeter. For accuracy, all sensors need to be calibrated against known standards.
Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons and
lamps which dim or brighten by touching the base. There are also innumerable
applications for sensor on most common products and equipments. Applications include
cars, machines, aerospace, medicine, manufacturing and robotics.
A sensor's sensitivity indicates how much the sensor's output changes when the
measured quantity changes. For instance, if the mercury in a thermometer moves 1 cm
when the temperature changes by 1 °C, the sensitivity is 1 cm/°C. Sensors that measure
very small changes must have very high sensitivities.
In addition to that, sensors do have their advantages and disadvantages whereas;
different sensor technologies are better suited for certain applications. Table 2.2 shows
the advantages, disadvantages and application on some of the most common sensors that
are available in the market today.