Development Of Smart Switch For Energy Saving Application.
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“I hereby declared that I have read through this report and found that it has comply the
partial fulfillment for awarding the degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Industrial
Power)”
Signature
:
………………………………….
Supervisor’s Name
:
Mr. Azhar b Ahmad
Date
:
22 APRIL 2010
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“I hereby declared that this report is a result of my own work except for the excerpts that
have been cited clearly in the references”
Signature
: …………………………………
Name
: NOR ASHIKIN BT MOHAMAD HANAFIAH
Date
: 22 APRIL 2010
iii
For my mom, Kordina Sipayung Bangil, and my dad, Mohamad Hanafiah Derani—
No one has ever been given more loving and unconditional
support than I have given by you both.
I love you.
iv
/
I thanked to the Almighty Allah for giving me the strength, courage and inspiration
to finish up this dissertation. In preparation of this work, I have availed myself to the help
and kindness of many individuals. I would like to take this opportunity to express my
deepest regards to my supervisor, Mr. Azhar bin Ahmad for all the concerns, helps, and
encourages to make it able for me to finish up this report on time.
I also would like to thanks to the other lecturers and all of my friends for their
generosity in spending their time, providing a lot of commitment, sharing the experiences,
giving the advices and opinions and encouraged me on my way to complete this report.
Last but not least, I dedicate my sincere appreciation to my beloved mom, Mrs
Kordina Sipayung Bangil, and my dad, Mr. Mohamad Hanafiah Derani for their love,
patience, moral and financial support for me to complete this report.
v
"
This project is about developing a smart switch for energy saving application.
Nowadays, people are talking about using the energy efficiently in order to save the energy
and money. Saving the energy not only will save the money but also will give us other
benefits. However, not many of them are really concern to use the energy wisely especially
at public areas such as at corridors, offices and public buildings. The loads such as air
conditioner, lamps and fans are still working even if there is no user of that loads. Lighting
is one of the most important things in our living. Nothing can be done if we are in
darkness. A study found that lighting typically accounts for 20% to 50% of the total of
energy consumption in commercial building. This high consumption of energy can be
reduced if the lighting system can be operated efficiently and more money can also be
saved. As the technology is growing, many electronic components can be producing a
device that can help us saving the energy. Sensor is one of the most components that
widely used recently. In this project, 2 sensors will be combined in 1 circuit to produce a
circuit that can operates only when somebody is using that area and when the surrounding
has low level of light. This will help people to use the energy efficiently.
vi
"
/
Projek ini adalah berkaitan dengan meghasilkan satu suis pintar untuk aplikasi
dalam penjimatan tenaga. Akhir-akhir ini, masyarakat asyik memperkatakan tentang
penggunaan tenaga yang efisyen sebagai langkah untuk menjimatkan penggunaan tenaga
dan juga wang. Penjimatan tenaga bukan sahaja dapt menjimatkan wang, malah banyak
lagi kelebihan yang akan diperolehi. Walaubagaimanapun, tidak ramai yang sedar dan
prihatin akan hal ini terutamanya di kawasan awam seperti koridor, pejabat dan bangunan
awam. Beban seperti penghawa dingin, lampu dan kipas dibiarkan terbuka walaupun tiada
pengguna yang menggunakan kawasan tersebut. Lampu merupakan antara perkara penting
dalam kehidupan kita seharian. Tiada apa yang dapat dilakukan jika kita berada dalam
keadaan gelap gelita. Sebuah kajian menyatakan bahawa lampu biasanya menggunakan
20% hingga 50% dari seluruh jumlah tenaga yang digunakan. Penggunaan tenaga yang
tinggi ini dapat dikurangkan jika sistem pencahayaan tersebut boleh beroperasi secara
efisyen disamping banyak wang yang dapat dijimatkan. Sejajar dengan arus teknologi yang
semakin membangun, banyak peralatan electronik yang dapat membantu kita menjimatkan
tenaga ini. Pengesan adalah antara peralatan yang digunakan dengan sangat luas. Dalam
projek ini, 2 alat pengesan akan digabungkan dalam satu litar supaya dapat menhasilkan
suis yang akan beroperasi apabila ada orang yang menggunakan kawasan tersebut dan juga
tahap kecerahan kawasan sekeliling juga adalah rendah. Dengan ini dapatlah membantu
masyarakat untuk menggunakan tenaga secara efisyen.
vii
"
i
5
ii
iii
iv
/
v
"
"
vi
/
vii
"
xi
"
xii
3
6
.
xiv
3
1.1
Background
1
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Objective
2
1.4
Scope of Project
3
viii
1.5
Outline of Report
,
3
3
2.1
Introduction
4
2.2
Energy Efficiency
4
2.2.1 Importance of Energy Efficiency
6
Passive Infrared Sensor
7
2.3.1 Infrared Radiation
9
2.3.2 Blackbody Radiation
10
2.3.3 Fresnel Lens
11
2.4
Illuminance Intensity
13
2.5
Light Dependent Resistor
15
2.5.1 LDR Circuit
16
3.1
Methodology
18
3.2
Literature Review
20
3.3
Circuit Design
20
3.4
Circuit Simulation
22
3.5
Circuit Assembly
23
3.6
Testing
24
3.6.1 Test 1: Functionality of The Circuit
24
2.3
7
ix
3.6.2 Test 2: Sensitivity of The LDR
Circuit Due to Ambient Illumination
Level
3.7
25
Report Writing
26
4.1
Introduction
27
4.2
Result
27
4.2.1 Test 1: Functionality of The Circuit
32
8
3
4.2.2 Test 2: Sensitivity of The LDR
Circuit Due to Ambient Illumination
Level
9
33
3
5.1
Introduction
34
5.2
Analysis and Discussion
34
5.2.1 Test 1: Functionality of the circuit
35
5.2.2 Test 2: Sensitivity of The LDR
Circuit Due to Ambient Illumination
Level
:
37
3
6.1
Conclusion
39
6.2
Recommendation
40
x
41
43
xi
"
3 ;
2.1
Example of illuminance readings
14
4.1
Result for Test 1
32
4.2
Result for Test 2
33
5.1
AND gate truth table
36
xii
3
3 ;
2.1
Efficiency diagram
5
2.2
Typical configuration of PIR sensor
8
2.3
Typical PIR sensor with Fresnel lens for alarm system
8
2.4
Basic PIR sensor without Fresnel lens
9
2.5
Electromagnetic spectrum diagram
10
2.6
Plano convex lens and Fresnel lens
12
2.7
Fresnel lens arrangement with PIR sensor
12
2.8
Light dependent resistor
15
2.9
Example of LDR circuit activated by darkness
16
2.10
Example of LDR circuit activated by light
17
3.1
Flow chart of the project
19
3.2
Designed circuit of this project
21
3.3
Simulation of the LDR circuit
22
3.4
The complete fabricated circuit
23
4.1
Both LDR and PIR are not trigger
28
4.2
The LDR is trigger, the PIR is not trigger
29
xiii
4.3
The LDR is not trigger, the PIR is trigger
30
4.4
Both LDR and PIR are trigger
31
5.1
The LDR circuit
35
5.2
The relation of the illumination level with the variable
resistor value.
38
xiv
6
3 ;
A
Gantt Chart of The Project
43
B
General-Purpose Operational Amplifiers
44
C
CD4073B, CD4081B, CD4082B Types
47
D
L7800 Series
48
E
PIR (Passive Infra-Red) Sensor
50
F
NPN General Purpose Amplifier
51
1
.
3
.;. " # & (
Saving the energy is one of the most serious things that every country considered.
Energy can be saved in so many ways such as using loads that consuming less power,
using renewable energy as the energy source, optimized the use of energy by using the
energy efficiently and many more. Saving the energy not only will save the cost for billing,
but also will help to increase the foreign exchange between countries and prevent
pollutions.
People have to play their parts to save the energy but it is impossible that everybody
in the world really concerned about this. They do not really concern about the amount of
bill that should be paid every month especially for public buildings. “Efficient energy use
is achieved primarily by means of a more efficient technology or process rather than by
changes in individual behavior” (Diesendorf,M., 2007). It is better to create an efficient
technology rather than hoping all the people to realize the importance to save the energy.
Nowadays, lots of electronic components came out in market in order to help people
make this live goes easy. So many sensors are made to detect many things and even things
that can not be seen by human eyesight. The ability of sensors has led this project to be
made. One way that can help the world is to create a switch that can be use to help people
use the energy more efficiently. The problem of energy wasting can be settled if all
consumers are using this kind of switch.
2
.;,
%$
$ $
The idea to do this project is based on some problems that occurred and has to be
settled. The problems that lead to this project are:
i).
Loads such as air conditioner, fan and lamp are still working even if there is no user
that uses the loads. Many people do not really responsible to switch off the loads
whenever is needed.
ii).
Energy consumed while nobody is around is wasting the energy.
iii).
Lots of money is needed to be spent on the wasted energy. This will waste our
money to pay on the bills.
iv).
Many electronic components can be used to improve the quality of our life. This
project will also discover what components and how it can be used to help us save
the energy.
.;7
2$# 4$
There are several objectives that should be achieved by the end of this project. The
purposes of the project to be done are as follow:
i).
To develop a smart switch that can automatically operate only when human is
presents in that area and the ambient light level is low.
ii).
To help people saving the energy.
iii).
To study and understand the operation of components and circuits that can be used
in this project.
3
.;8
# 0$ !
2$#
The scope of this project is to design and fabricate a smart switch that can operates
only when there are presence of human in that area and the ambient light is also low. This
project only covers the lighting system, not for the other loads.
.;9
( % $ ! $0
This report contains six chapters. Chapter 1 is about the introduction and objective of
this project. Chapter 2 contains all the literature review that has been studied about this
project. Chapter 3 lists the step of method that have be followed in completing the project
while Chapter 4 states the result from all tests that have be done to the circuit. Chapter 5
contains all the analysis and discussions of the results obtained. All the suggestions to
improve the project and the project’s conclusion are all stated in Chapter 6.
4
,
3
,;.
(#
Literature review is studies that have been made of previous research on a topic
related to a project. The literature review can be studied form journals, thesis, books and
other reports on research projects. This chapter is showing the literature review that is
related to this project. The study is focus on the energy efficiency, theory and information
about major components in order to develop a new circuit
,;,
$ &+ $!! # $ #+
Energy efficiency (in electricity) means using the electricity wisely in order to
accomplish the same task, whether at home or at workplace. It also means that paying less
for electricity used to get the same amount of amenities required (Anon.,2008). Other
people said that “Most of what is defined as energy efficiency is actually energy intensity.
Energy intensity is the ratio of energy consumption to some measure of demand for energy
services” (Battles S.J, 2003). Other than that, energy efficiency (EE) encompasses all
5
changes that result in a reduction in the energy used for a given energy service (heating,
lighting...) or level of activity (Anon., 2009).
Energy efficiency can also be defined as the ratio of output power against input
power,
. In the other words, energy efficiency is simply the process of doing
more with less (Anon., 2009). The goal is to accomplish the same tasks and functions as
before while using less energy.
Figure 2.1: Efficiency diagram
From Figure 2.1 above, we can relate the diagram with the energy consumed by
people. People always use the energy and it can be represented by Ein while the energy
required to be used on that time can be represented as Eout. The excessive power that is not
required to be used is called energy loss.
People usually do not concern about the amount of energy they used everyday
(such as lighting and air-conditioning) especially at their office and public areas. As they
do not have to pay for the bills of public buildings, they tend to use the energy unwisely. In
commercial buildings, lighting typically accounts for 20% to 50% of total energy
consumption. In residential buildings, the figure typically is 10% or less. In energyintensive industrial operations, lighting may account for no more than a few percent of
total consumption, although representing a large amount of energy in absolute terms
(Wulfinghoff, D.R., 1999). Saving the consumption of lighting may reduce large percent of
6
total energy consumption in our country. So much power that we loose everyday and
people should be exposed to the urge of saving the energy.
,;,;.
(i)
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To save fossil fuels
Fossil fuels are one of the sources of energy that we used today. They are depleting
resources and become more expensive as they are exhausted. Using the energy efficiently
will reduce the energy demand and this source of energy will be used only if necessary.
(ii)
To preserve the environment
Other than saving the fossil fuels, we can preserve the environment since fossil
fuels combustion emission can produce some kind of bad gasses to us. Those things not
only affect the environment, it also may affect our health. This is some of ways that we can
do to leave better environment for our future generations.
(iii)
To save money on the energy not “wasted”
Everybody knows that we pay for the energy we used everyday. Less energy we
consume means that lower bills we have to pay. Some people do not really concern about
the money they spend on the bills as they just pay for the energy they used only at their
house. This thing is not similar to public building, such as school or government offices,
and also to companies that have to spend big amount of money only on bills. This will be
such a problem to them. If all the users use the energy efficiently, they can spend less for
the bills every month.
7
(iv)
To improve the foreign reserves of our country
Some of our fossil fuel is imported. Saving the usage of fossil fuels will allow us to
export our own fuels. By exporting the unused indigenous fuel can earn foreign exchange
of our country and the others. Besides, it also will reduce the import of generating plant.
(v)
Environmental friendly
Fossil fuels are not only expensive, they also may harm the environment.
Combustion of fossil fuels will produce the green house gasses that may bake the mother
earth. Instead of that, fossil fuels also producing SO2 and NO2 that causing the acid rain.
By reducing the use of fossil fuels, we could save the earth and leave the children the better
living.
,;7
4$
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Passive infrared (PIR) sensor, also known as phyroelectric sensor, is a sensor that
detects any movement by measuring the infrared radiation from the object presents in its
covered area. It is made of a crystalline material that generates an electric charge surface
when exposed to infrared radiation in the form of heat. The sensor supposed to be able to
tolerate and detects the significant changes since the temperature of the surrounding
(normal condition) is depending to the sunlight. This sensor will energize when the amount
of radiation detected (from heat or warm object) is different from its normal condition. The
sensor elements are very sensitive to radiation over a wide range so a filter window is
commonly added to limit radiation that hit the sensor to the 8 to 14µm range. This range of
radiation is the most sensitive to human body radiation. This sensor most commonly used
in the safety alarm system to detect the presence of intruder at a house. This type of sensor
is commonly used together with a Fresnel lens as the lens will widened the detection area
of the sensor.
8
Figure 2.2: Typical configuration of PIR sensor
Figure 2.2 above shows a typical configuration of the PIR sensor. The FET source
terminal pin 2 connects through a pulldown resistor of about 100K to ground and feeds
into a two stage amplifier having signal conditioning circuits. Each of the two cascaded
stages has a gain of 100 for a total gain of about 10,000. The amplifier is typically
bandwidth limited to below 10Hz to reject high frequency noise and is followed by a
window comparator that responds to both the positive and negative transitions of the
sensor output signal. A well filtered power source of from 3 to 15 volts should be
connected to the FET drain terminal pin 1.
Figure 2.3: Typical PIR sensor with Fresnel lens for alarm system
" # $%
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“I hereby declared that I have read through this report and found that it has comply the
partial fulfillment for awarding the degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Industrial
Power)”
Signature
:
………………………………….
Supervisor’s Name
:
Mr. Azhar b Ahmad
Date
:
22 APRIL 2010
i
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“I hereby declared that this report is a result of my own work except for the excerpts that
have been cited clearly in the references”
Signature
: …………………………………
Name
: NOR ASHIKIN BT MOHAMAD HANAFIAH
Date
: 22 APRIL 2010
iii
For my mom, Kordina Sipayung Bangil, and my dad, Mohamad Hanafiah Derani—
No one has ever been given more loving and unconditional
support than I have given by you both.
I love you.
iv
/
I thanked to the Almighty Allah for giving me the strength, courage and inspiration
to finish up this dissertation. In preparation of this work, I have availed myself to the help
and kindness of many individuals. I would like to take this opportunity to express my
deepest regards to my supervisor, Mr. Azhar bin Ahmad for all the concerns, helps, and
encourages to make it able for me to finish up this report on time.
I also would like to thanks to the other lecturers and all of my friends for their
generosity in spending their time, providing a lot of commitment, sharing the experiences,
giving the advices and opinions and encouraged me on my way to complete this report.
Last but not least, I dedicate my sincere appreciation to my beloved mom, Mrs
Kordina Sipayung Bangil, and my dad, Mr. Mohamad Hanafiah Derani for their love,
patience, moral and financial support for me to complete this report.
v
"
This project is about developing a smart switch for energy saving application.
Nowadays, people are talking about using the energy efficiently in order to save the energy
and money. Saving the energy not only will save the money but also will give us other
benefits. However, not many of them are really concern to use the energy wisely especially
at public areas such as at corridors, offices and public buildings. The loads such as air
conditioner, lamps and fans are still working even if there is no user of that loads. Lighting
is one of the most important things in our living. Nothing can be done if we are in
darkness. A study found that lighting typically accounts for 20% to 50% of the total of
energy consumption in commercial building. This high consumption of energy can be
reduced if the lighting system can be operated efficiently and more money can also be
saved. As the technology is growing, many electronic components can be producing a
device that can help us saving the energy. Sensor is one of the most components that
widely used recently. In this project, 2 sensors will be combined in 1 circuit to produce a
circuit that can operates only when somebody is using that area and when the surrounding
has low level of light. This will help people to use the energy efficiently.
vi
"
/
Projek ini adalah berkaitan dengan meghasilkan satu suis pintar untuk aplikasi
dalam penjimatan tenaga. Akhir-akhir ini, masyarakat asyik memperkatakan tentang
penggunaan tenaga yang efisyen sebagai langkah untuk menjimatkan penggunaan tenaga
dan juga wang. Penjimatan tenaga bukan sahaja dapt menjimatkan wang, malah banyak
lagi kelebihan yang akan diperolehi. Walaubagaimanapun, tidak ramai yang sedar dan
prihatin akan hal ini terutamanya di kawasan awam seperti koridor, pejabat dan bangunan
awam. Beban seperti penghawa dingin, lampu dan kipas dibiarkan terbuka walaupun tiada
pengguna yang menggunakan kawasan tersebut. Lampu merupakan antara perkara penting
dalam kehidupan kita seharian. Tiada apa yang dapat dilakukan jika kita berada dalam
keadaan gelap gelita. Sebuah kajian menyatakan bahawa lampu biasanya menggunakan
20% hingga 50% dari seluruh jumlah tenaga yang digunakan. Penggunaan tenaga yang
tinggi ini dapat dikurangkan jika sistem pencahayaan tersebut boleh beroperasi secara
efisyen disamping banyak wang yang dapat dijimatkan. Sejajar dengan arus teknologi yang
semakin membangun, banyak peralatan electronik yang dapat membantu kita menjimatkan
tenaga ini. Pengesan adalah antara peralatan yang digunakan dengan sangat luas. Dalam
projek ini, 2 alat pengesan akan digabungkan dalam satu litar supaya dapat menhasilkan
suis yang akan beroperasi apabila ada orang yang menggunakan kawasan tersebut dan juga
tahap kecerahan kawasan sekeliling juga adalah rendah. Dengan ini dapatlah membantu
masyarakat untuk menggunakan tenaga secara efisyen.
vii
"
i
5
ii
iii
iv
/
v
"
"
vi
/
vii
"
xi
"
xii
3
6
.
xiv
3
1.1
Background
1
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Objective
2
1.4
Scope of Project
3
viii
1.5
Outline of Report
,
3
3
2.1
Introduction
4
2.2
Energy Efficiency
4
2.2.1 Importance of Energy Efficiency
6
Passive Infrared Sensor
7
2.3.1 Infrared Radiation
9
2.3.2 Blackbody Radiation
10
2.3.3 Fresnel Lens
11
2.4
Illuminance Intensity
13
2.5
Light Dependent Resistor
15
2.5.1 LDR Circuit
16
3.1
Methodology
18
3.2
Literature Review
20
3.3
Circuit Design
20
3.4
Circuit Simulation
22
3.5
Circuit Assembly
23
3.6
Testing
24
3.6.1 Test 1: Functionality of The Circuit
24
2.3
7
ix
3.6.2 Test 2: Sensitivity of The LDR
Circuit Due to Ambient Illumination
Level
3.7
25
Report Writing
26
4.1
Introduction
27
4.2
Result
27
4.2.1 Test 1: Functionality of The Circuit
32
8
3
4.2.2 Test 2: Sensitivity of The LDR
Circuit Due to Ambient Illumination
Level
9
33
3
5.1
Introduction
34
5.2
Analysis and Discussion
34
5.2.1 Test 1: Functionality of the circuit
35
5.2.2 Test 2: Sensitivity of The LDR
Circuit Due to Ambient Illumination
Level
:
37
3
6.1
Conclusion
39
6.2
Recommendation
40
x
41
43
xi
"
3 ;
2.1
Example of illuminance readings
14
4.1
Result for Test 1
32
4.2
Result for Test 2
33
5.1
AND gate truth table
36
xii
3
3 ;
2.1
Efficiency diagram
5
2.2
Typical configuration of PIR sensor
8
2.3
Typical PIR sensor with Fresnel lens for alarm system
8
2.4
Basic PIR sensor without Fresnel lens
9
2.5
Electromagnetic spectrum diagram
10
2.6
Plano convex lens and Fresnel lens
12
2.7
Fresnel lens arrangement with PIR sensor
12
2.8
Light dependent resistor
15
2.9
Example of LDR circuit activated by darkness
16
2.10
Example of LDR circuit activated by light
17
3.1
Flow chart of the project
19
3.2
Designed circuit of this project
21
3.3
Simulation of the LDR circuit
22
3.4
The complete fabricated circuit
23
4.1
Both LDR and PIR are not trigger
28
4.2
The LDR is trigger, the PIR is not trigger
29
xiii
4.3
The LDR is not trigger, the PIR is trigger
30
4.4
Both LDR and PIR are trigger
31
5.1
The LDR circuit
35
5.2
The relation of the illumination level with the variable
resistor value.
38
xiv
6
3 ;
A
Gantt Chart of The Project
43
B
General-Purpose Operational Amplifiers
44
C
CD4073B, CD4081B, CD4082B Types
47
D
L7800 Series
48
E
PIR (Passive Infra-Red) Sensor
50
F
NPN General Purpose Amplifier
51
1
.
3
.;. " # & (
Saving the energy is one of the most serious things that every country considered.
Energy can be saved in so many ways such as using loads that consuming less power,
using renewable energy as the energy source, optimized the use of energy by using the
energy efficiently and many more. Saving the energy not only will save the cost for billing,
but also will help to increase the foreign exchange between countries and prevent
pollutions.
People have to play their parts to save the energy but it is impossible that everybody
in the world really concerned about this. They do not really concern about the amount of
bill that should be paid every month especially for public buildings. “Efficient energy use
is achieved primarily by means of a more efficient technology or process rather than by
changes in individual behavior” (Diesendorf,M., 2007). It is better to create an efficient
technology rather than hoping all the people to realize the importance to save the energy.
Nowadays, lots of electronic components came out in market in order to help people
make this live goes easy. So many sensors are made to detect many things and even things
that can not be seen by human eyesight. The ability of sensors has led this project to be
made. One way that can help the world is to create a switch that can be use to help people
use the energy more efficiently. The problem of energy wasting can be settled if all
consumers are using this kind of switch.
2
.;,
%$
$ $
The idea to do this project is based on some problems that occurred and has to be
settled. The problems that lead to this project are:
i).
Loads such as air conditioner, fan and lamp are still working even if there is no user
that uses the loads. Many people do not really responsible to switch off the loads
whenever is needed.
ii).
Energy consumed while nobody is around is wasting the energy.
iii).
Lots of money is needed to be spent on the wasted energy. This will waste our
money to pay on the bills.
iv).
Many electronic components can be used to improve the quality of our life. This
project will also discover what components and how it can be used to help us save
the energy.
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There are several objectives that should be achieved by the end of this project. The
purposes of the project to be done are as follow:
i).
To develop a smart switch that can automatically operate only when human is
presents in that area and the ambient light level is low.
ii).
To help people saving the energy.
iii).
To study and understand the operation of components and circuits that can be used
in this project.
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The scope of this project is to design and fabricate a smart switch that can operates
only when there are presence of human in that area and the ambient light is also low. This
project only covers the lighting system, not for the other loads.
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This report contains six chapters. Chapter 1 is about the introduction and objective of
this project. Chapter 2 contains all the literature review that has been studied about this
project. Chapter 3 lists the step of method that have be followed in completing the project
while Chapter 4 states the result from all tests that have be done to the circuit. Chapter 5
contains all the analysis and discussions of the results obtained. All the suggestions to
improve the project and the project’s conclusion are all stated in Chapter 6.
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Literature review is studies that have been made of previous research on a topic
related to a project. The literature review can be studied form journals, thesis, books and
other reports on research projects. This chapter is showing the literature review that is
related to this project. The study is focus on the energy efficiency, theory and information
about major components in order to develop a new circuit
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Energy efficiency (in electricity) means using the electricity wisely in order to
accomplish the same task, whether at home or at workplace. It also means that paying less
for electricity used to get the same amount of amenities required (Anon.,2008). Other
people said that “Most of what is defined as energy efficiency is actually energy intensity.
Energy intensity is the ratio of energy consumption to some measure of demand for energy
services” (Battles S.J, 2003). Other than that, energy efficiency (EE) encompasses all
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changes that result in a reduction in the energy used for a given energy service (heating,
lighting...) or level of activity (Anon., 2009).
Energy efficiency can also be defined as the ratio of output power against input
power,
. In the other words, energy efficiency is simply the process of doing
more with less (Anon., 2009). The goal is to accomplish the same tasks and functions as
before while using less energy.
Figure 2.1: Efficiency diagram
From Figure 2.1 above, we can relate the diagram with the energy consumed by
people. People always use the energy and it can be represented by Ein while the energy
required to be used on that time can be represented as Eout. The excessive power that is not
required to be used is called energy loss.
People usually do not concern about the amount of energy they used everyday
(such as lighting and air-conditioning) especially at their office and public areas. As they
do not have to pay for the bills of public buildings, they tend to use the energy unwisely. In
commercial buildings, lighting typically accounts for 20% to 50% of total energy
consumption. In residential buildings, the figure typically is 10% or less. In energyintensive industrial operations, lighting may account for no more than a few percent of
total consumption, although representing a large amount of energy in absolute terms
(Wulfinghoff, D.R., 1999). Saving the consumption of lighting may reduce large percent of
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total energy consumption in our country. So much power that we loose everyday and
people should be exposed to the urge of saving the energy.
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(i)
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To save fossil fuels
Fossil fuels are one of the sources of energy that we used today. They are depleting
resources and become more expensive as they are exhausted. Using the energy efficiently
will reduce the energy demand and this source of energy will be used only if necessary.
(ii)
To preserve the environment
Other than saving the fossil fuels, we can preserve the environment since fossil
fuels combustion emission can produce some kind of bad gasses to us. Those things not
only affect the environment, it also may affect our health. This is some of ways that we can
do to leave better environment for our future generations.
(iii)
To save money on the energy not “wasted”
Everybody knows that we pay for the energy we used everyday. Less energy we
consume means that lower bills we have to pay. Some people do not really concern about
the money they spend on the bills as they just pay for the energy they used only at their
house. This thing is not similar to public building, such as school or government offices,
and also to companies that have to spend big amount of money only on bills. This will be
such a problem to them. If all the users use the energy efficiently, they can spend less for
the bills every month.
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(iv)
To improve the foreign reserves of our country
Some of our fossil fuel is imported. Saving the usage of fossil fuels will allow us to
export our own fuels. By exporting the unused indigenous fuel can earn foreign exchange
of our country and the others. Besides, it also will reduce the import of generating plant.
(v)
Environmental friendly
Fossil fuels are not only expensive, they also may harm the environment.
Combustion of fossil fuels will produce the green house gasses that may bake the mother
earth. Instead of that, fossil fuels also producing SO2 and NO2 that causing the acid rain.
By reducing the use of fossil fuels, we could save the earth and leave the children the better
living.
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Passive infrared (PIR) sensor, also known as phyroelectric sensor, is a sensor that
detects any movement by measuring the infrared radiation from the object presents in its
covered area. It is made of a crystalline material that generates an electric charge surface
when exposed to infrared radiation in the form of heat. The sensor supposed to be able to
tolerate and detects the significant changes since the temperature of the surrounding
(normal condition) is depending to the sunlight. This sensor will energize when the amount
of radiation detected (from heat or warm object) is different from its normal condition. The
sensor elements are very sensitive to radiation over a wide range so a filter window is
commonly added to limit radiation that hit the sensor to the 8 to 14µm range. This range of
radiation is the most sensitive to human body radiation. This sensor most commonly used
in the safety alarm system to detect the presence of intruder at a house. This type of sensor
is commonly used together with a Fresnel lens as the lens will widened the detection area
of the sensor.
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Figure 2.2: Typical configuration of PIR sensor
Figure 2.2 above shows a typical configuration of the PIR sensor. The FET source
terminal pin 2 connects through a pulldown resistor of about 100K to ground and feeds
into a two stage amplifier having signal conditioning circuits. Each of the two cascaded
stages has a gain of 100 for a total gain of about 10,000. The amplifier is typically
bandwidth limited to below 10Hz to reject high frequency noise and is followed by a
window comparator that responds to both the positive and negative transitions of the
sensor output signal. A well filtered power source of from 3 to 15 volts should be
connected to the FET drain terminal pin 1.
Figure 2.3: Typical PIR sensor with Fresnel lens for alarm system