Matricentricity, as a rejection of determinism, such as Adrienne Rich and Marilyn French while for socialist feminists like Evelyn Reed, patriarchy held the properties
of capitalism. Elaine Showalter describes the development of Feminist theory as having a number of phases. The first she calls feminist critique - where the feminist
reader examines the ideologies behind literary phenomena. The second Showalter calls Gynocritics - where the woman is producer of textual meaning including
the psychodynamics of female creativity; linguistics and the problem of a female language; the trajectory of the individual or collective female literary career [and]
literary history. The last phase she calls gender theory - where the ideological inscription and the literary effects of the sexgender system are explored. This
model has been criticized by Toril Moi who sees it as an essentialist and deterministic model for female subjectivity. She also criticized it for not taking
account of the situation for women outside the west.
2.6 Theory of Feminism
Feminism is a collection of movements and ideologies that share a common goal: to define, establish, and achieve equal political, economic, cultural, personal,
and social rights for women. This includes seeking to establish equal opportunities for women in education and employment Hawkesworth, 2006:25-27 ; Bealey
1999:3-11. Or we can say that feminism is a process that aims to create a better relationship between both genders to improve and better to the society Nugroho,
2008:61. Mary Wollstonecraft, the first feminist who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 1792, encourages woman writers to insert feminism in their
literary works. Finally, feminism has been widely spreading.
Feminism is defined diferent by different feminist. They define feminism according their own point of view. As they think differently so their definition too is
different from others. But all the definition is almost same in the main point. Here the writer is going to put some definition of the most popular feminist in the world.
• Estelle B. Freedman 2003:285 said in his book ‘No Turning Back’:
“Feminism is a belief that women and men are inherently of equal worth. Because most societies privilege men as a group, social movements are
necessary to achieve equality between woman and man.” •
Rosalind Delmar 1986:13 said in her book ‘What is feminism’ that :“Feminism is usually defined as an active desire to change women’s position
in society.” •
Christina Hoff Sommers 1994: 22 said, in the book ‘Who Stole Feminism’ that : “a concern for women and a determination to see them fairly treated”
• Ratna 2004:184: Dalam pengertian yang paling luas, feminisme adalah
gerakan kaum wanita untuk menolak segala sesuatu yang dimarginalisasikan, disubordinasikan, dan direndahkan oleh kebudayaan
dominan, baik dalam bidang politik dan ekonomi maupun kehidupan social pada umumnya. In its broadest sense, feminism is a women’s movement
which rejects the marginal, subordinated and underestimated things by the dominating culture either in politics, economics or social life in general.
• Awuy 2002:1 in his essay Feminisme di Persimpangan Jalan states:
Feminisme merupakan sebuah fenomena kultural. alasan kemunculannya ialah berdasarkan ketidakpuasan terhadap realitas yang dianggap sebagai
konstruksi patriarkal. Feminism is a cultural phenomenon of unsatisfactory to the reality of patriarchal construction.
From above definitions it’s clear to us that feminism is a doctrine, a thought, a movement that tell us the oppressed position of women in the world, it is such a
philosophy in where women’s worked are valued and their political, economic and social rights are preserved. Feminism is for women’s equality in world. It let the
women to prove their power to work in the same rhythm of men in society. Feminism has altered predominant perspective in a wide range of areas within
Western society, ranging from culture to law. Feminist activists have campaigned for womens legal right rights of contract, property rights, voting rights; for protection
of women and girls from domestic violence, sexual harassment and rape; for workplace rights, including maternity leave and equal pay; and against other forms of
gender-specific discrimination against women. Simone de Beauvoir wrote that The first time we see a woman take up her pen in defense of her sex was Christine de
Pizan who wrote Epitre au Dieu dAmour Epistle to the God of Love in 15th century. Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa and Modesta di Pozzo di Forzi worked in the 16
century. Marie Le Jars de Gournay, Anne Bradstreet and Francois Poullain de la Barre wrote during the 17th .
2.7 Types of Feminism
