Trends in molecular genetic studies of livestock in Indonesia
lmposium
An~mal
B~otechnology
Southcas~
Inttmalional Asia L~nkSymposium "Reproduct8ve B~oted~nology
for Iniprovrd All~rnalBreeding in Southeast Asla"
,nthen.P.G,
Ronny R. Noor
I1
a
Introduction
186.
'duct. J.Leuk.
Yeon, JS.Roben, FM.Perer,
Jefrey.
Expres-
I1
:n
Daiy
1N. Getmain.
11
Peptide-
1. lmmunol
Canv~hersTD,
ectcd
iilkie
wine
~f
): 185-93.
Sargeant
Animal Breeding and Genellcs Lahorsrory, F a c ~ l l ~ol'An11rlal
y
Science.
Bogor Agricullural Univers~tyDannaga Bogor 16680. lndonesia
Email : ronlrv noor:ir!vnhwcorn
dif-
Evidence
che,
or.
Trends in molecular genetic studies of livestock in Indonesia
I.G.0, lnvan Setiabudi
Veterinar).
Arlangga
Proc. 1 " Annu.
Staphylacoccus
Dekkers
KE, 1998. AssoDRB3 (BOLA-DRB3)
Canle. I.
Van Vleck (1990) mentioned that the history of molecular biology began when the Wetson Crick Model for genetic material around 50 years ago. They had worked out, rather amazingly,
the structure and coding pattern for DNA. Enthusiasts, no doubt, through that all genetic mysteries would soon be solved. However quantitative animal breeder was naturally skeptical. Who
would have predicted that the gene for making bovine growth hormone (bGH) could be cut out of
the chromoson~eof a cow and inserted into bacteria which then manufactures rather cheaply so
much bGH that perhaps 20% fewer dairy cows will be needed? Who would have thought that the
DNA structure o f an entire chromosome might be sequenced? Who would have thought a gene
from a man can be added to the genome of a mouse,or a pig or a sheep to create what are called
transgenic. That much o f chromosome seems to contain non-essential information? That some
genes are repeated in the same and different chromosome? That a couple of missing base pairs
are implicated in cystic fibrosis? That chromosome can be biologically sliced at predictable break
point and them sorted by size - the restriction fragment length poly marphism?
Quantitative geneticist, however quickly recover aRer acknowledging the impossible and ask the
skeptic's question: what, of all that has been learned from molecular biology, can be applied to
livestock improvement? At present, and after 50 years of exiting and amazing discovery, the answer seems to be not much. If anything, from molecular can be applied to animal improvement.
For the last 12 years, the trends of molecular biology research in Indonesia showed a good
progress. It should be noted that although the research budget provided by university and funding agencies is still not appropriate, the research trends is still following the latest science and
research development. In order to describe the trends in molecular biology research for livestock,
1 have examined and studied the research that have been conducted only for the major universities and research centers.
The trends af molecular biology research
Bali cattle are one on Indonesian native cattle's that famous for their ability to adapt to
tropical conditions. For the last 30 years, indiscriminate crossbreeding using artificial insemination (AI) might be has contaminated the purity o f Bali cattle. In order to utilize as well to conserve Bali cattle it is necessary to develop an accurate and sitnptes method to detect the purity of
Bali cattle.
In order to identify the purity o f Bali cattle some molecular biology techniques have been
applied including kariotype analysis (Noor et, a/.,2000, Hardiman, 2000 and Sutrisna, 2002);
hair structure analyses using scanning electron microscope (Noor er al., 2000); Haemoglobin
analysis using lsoetectric focusing methods (Karmita, 2000; Noor el al., 2001) and DNA microsatelite (Noor el d.,2000; Handiwirawan et at, (2003). The results show that by combining
different methods of molecular biology we can get more accurate result, because each technique
has some strengths and weaknesses. In addition, these techniques can be used to differentiate
International Asia Link Symposium "Reproducttve B~otech~~ology
for Improved Animal Breeding In Southeast Asla"
Bali cattle and other domestic species. Some microsatelite loci (HEL 1, INRA035, CSSM66 and
INRA037)o f Bali cattle have specific band patterns that differ from those of Simmental, Brangus
and Lirnrnousin. The hair structure analyses using scanning electron microscope indicates that
Bali canle hair has specific pattern that different from those o f Simmental, Brangus and Limmousin. In the same manner the lsoelectric focusing Methods can differentiate the differences of
hemoglobin band patterns between Bali cattle and other species. Kariotype analyses results show
a variation on ideogram profile among Bali cattle collected from different regions In Bali Island.
Another microsatellite experiment has been conducted by Noor, er al., 2001b) by analyzing the genetic variation of Bali, Madura, PO and Brangus cattle's. ETH225 microsatelite of
Madura cattle has five alleles. The results give us early indication that the techniques can be used
to differentiate among the breeds. A more intensive research to test the specificity of HEL9 and
INRA035 microsatellite markers In Bali cattle was conducted by Handiwirawan et a1 (2003).
The result show that A and B alleles at INRA03S microsatellite locus are monomorphic and can
be used for a specific markers for Bali cattle. Allele A at locus HEL9 that has high frequency
(92.90%) in Bali cattle and 100% in Banteng can also he used a supporting marker.
The same microsatelile technique has been applied to identify the genetic variation of
among Padang Coastal area cattle's (Noor and Anwar, 2002). Sarbaini (2004) conducted a study
of microsatellite DNA variation of West Sumatra Pesisir cattle using six microsatellite markers
i.e., ETH225, HEW, BM2113. ILST006,INRA037 and ETH3. The PCR analysis showed that
the average number of allele of the six microsatell~tewere 9.6 and 11, and the heterozygosity average were 0.85731 + 0.00014 and 0.8738 0.00012 for Pesisir Selatan and Padang Pariaman
subpopularion respectively.
Attempts to associate the microsatell~reallele variation with quantitative trait for beef and
dairy cattle have been conducted by Maskur (2005) and Sumantri el al., (2001, 2002). Maskur
(2005) used 16 microsatellite markers to analyze genetic identification of Bali cattle, Brangus and
their crossed. The result shows that the average number of detected allele was 2.3 1 , 2.56 and
2.75 for Bali cattle, Brangus and the crossed, respectively. They claimed that the INRA037,
HEL9, CSSM66, INRA035 and ETH225 have significant effect on average daily gain. The
lNRA037 have significant affect on Birth weight. Sumantri el ai. (2001 and 2002) stated that
kappa casein BB significantly affected milk qualiry, especially protein content. The above results
are still questionable, because their sample size is small and the basic quantitative genetics theory
does not support their conclusion.
Abdullah (2005) is using DNA mitochondria in order to analyze the genetic characterization of beef cattle at Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. Unfortunately the result cannot be presented
because the experiment is still going.
*
Svmposium "Revroduct~wBiotrchnolof>
Abdullah,
Nanggro~
Analisis
Limousin (Bus raurus)
Hardiman,
Metode
Sundaicus) dan
Noor, Muladno
L.
microsatellite
Karmita,
Metode
Muladno
mengg
Tappa.
dan
11, H
Nasional
Noor,
Noor,
dan
Kmita.
metode
R.,
1.
AT1 81
P
Anwar,
Sumatera Barat.
Unggulan Terpad~
KI
Noor,
Bulu
Kromo:
Karyotipe
Uji KI
Laporan
kerjasama antara
Pangestu.
Noor,
lnserninasi
Farajallah,
(k-kasein)
Lembaga
dan
K. Diwiyantl
Conclusion
Considering the research budget and the capability of university and research centers to
do molecular biology research to improve livestock produc~ionin Indonesia, the conventional
quantitative genetic techniques still play a major role. However, this techniques should be combined with molecular biology techniques such us microsatellile and mitochondria in order to get
rapid progress. The molecular biology research is needed to get supporting information, especially to describe the genetic variation of domestic animal.
l~i~oravcd
4n11
8rahmantyo.
Identi ti
IPB
IPB.
Sutrisna, N.
(k-kasei
lndo
2002.
(Bos
sol
PB.
.Vleck,
Proc. gn'
Biotechn
1-7. Palmel
Symposium "Rcproduc~~vt
B~o~rhnology
that
frm
scanning
References
------
Lim-
Kariotypr
rrpionr
Noor, n ui..
l b)
analyzETHZZS microsatelite of
:ram
:tosatellite
Madura,
HE19
ng
:!lice
B alleles
t
cattle
lNRA035
er ol
Sarbaini (2004) conducted
West
microsatellik
BM2113, ILSTOOB. INRA037
ETHJ
jf
mlcrosatellite were
the hetemzygosity avt
h i s i r Sclaran
Pariaman
:ively.
;sociare
microsatellite allele
quantitative
I
(2005)
21 01..
1.
iatellite
to
identificalion Ball cattle,
suit
allele was
3rangus
respectivrly
the MRA037,
LA035
ETH22S
signifitam effect
Birth
el ui (2001 and
Anwar.
Acantly
)ecause
:onclusion.
small
the
)
'anggroe
Unfonunatefy
research budget
esrarch to inlprave livestack
tniquer s ~ i l l
majar role.
us microsatellite
,lecular
letic
resuh
Hardiman, D. 2000. Analisis Kariotipe untuk Mendeteksi Morfologi Kromosom Sapi Bali (30s
Sondaicus) dan Sapi Limousin (80s 1auru.r) dengan Metode Kultur Sel Darah. Skripsi.
Fakultas Petemakan IPB.
Handiwirawan, E., R.R. Noor, Muladno and L.Schueler. 2003. The use of HEL9 and INRA035
microsatellite as specific markers for Bali cattle. Arch. Tierz, Dummerstorf 46(6):503K m i m , M. 2000. Kemurnian Sapi Bali di Balai l n s e m i ~ s Buatan
i
Singosari Dilihat dari Pola
Hemelobin denean Metade lsoelectric Focusing. Skripsi. Fakultas Peternakan IPB.
supponing marker.
(Noor
Abdullah, A.N. 2005. Karakterisasi genetik s a p ~aceh di Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam melalui
analysis keragaman fenotipik dan DNA mitokondria. (unpublished)
J L L
monomorphic
HEL9 thaf
i c markeen
le
icrosatclite
:a1
Intmational Asia Link Symposium "Reproducr~veB~otechnologyfor tlnprored Animal Breedi~~g
in Southeast Asla"
INRAO35, CSSM66
microsalellte
cattle have
rhe
struclure
r
paltem
le
lsoelectric
attems
In Southem Asla''
Animal
characferiu
presemed
centers
convmtional
comget
~uppoltinginformation, ap-
Maskur, Muladno and B Tappa. 2005. tdentifikasi genetic menggunakan marker rnikrosatelit
dan hubungannya dengan sifat kuantitatif pada sapi. Buku Panduan dan Kumpulan
Abstract Seminar Nasional tndustri Petemakan Modem II, Hal. 29, Mataram 20-21 Juli
Noor, R.R.,A. Farajaltah dan M. Karmita. 2001. Pengujian kemumian sapi Bali dengan analisis
Hemonlobin
dengan metode Isoelectric Focusing. HAYAT1 8(4): 107- 1 1 1 .
-
Noor, R. R.,dm Anwar. S. 2002. Karakterisasi Beberapa Lokus Mikmsatelit Secagai Peneiri
.Khusus
-...-..- Saoi Pesisisr Sumatera Barat. Riset Unggulan Terpadu IX.
- -
Noor, R.R., Muladno., B. Pangestu, dan B. Benyamin. 2000.Uji Kemurnian Sapi Bali Melalui
Protein, DNA Mikrosatelite, Struktur Bulu dan Kromosom. Laporan Penelitian
kerjasarna antara Fakultas Petemakan IPB dengan Balai lnseminasi Buatan Singosari,
Malane.
V
D. Hardiman. 2OOlb. Uji Kemurnian Sapi Bali Dengan
Menggunakan DNA Mikrosatelite dan Karyot ipe . Laporan Penelitian kerjasama antara
Fakultas Petemakan IPB dengan Balai lnseminasi Buatan Singosari, Malang.
Naor, R.R., Muladno., B. Pangestu, dan
Sumantri, C., R.A.A. Maheswari., A. Farajallah, K. Diwiyanto. A. Anggraeni. 2001. ldentifikasi
gen kappa kasein (k-ksrein) sebagai penciri genetik untuk seleksi produksi susu dan
kualitas susu sapi FH di Indonesia. Lembaga Penelitian IPB. Fakultas Petemakan IPB
dan Balitbang Pertanian, Departemen Pertanian. Jakarta
Sumantri, C., R.A.A. Maheswari., A. Farajallah. K. Diwiyanto, A. Anggraeni dan B.
Brahrnantyo 2002. ldentifikari gen kappa kasein (k-kasein) sebagai penciri genetik
untuk seleksi produksi susu dan kuali tas susu sapi FH di Indonesia. Lembaga Penelitian
IPB. Fakultas Petemakan IPB dan Bali tbang Pertanian, Departemen Pertanian. Jakarta.
Sutrisna, N. K. 2002. Perbandingan Kariotipe Sapi Bali (Bos sondaisus) dan Banteng (Bos
banteng). Skripsi. Faku ttas Peternakan I PB.
Van -Vleck, L.D. 1990. Thoughts on quantitarive and Biotechnical methods for livestock
improvement. Proc. Bn AAABG Conference, pp. 1-7. Palmerstone North, New Zealand.
An~mal
B~otechnology
Southcas~
Inttmalional Asia L~nkSymposium "Reproduct8ve B~oted~nology
for Iniprovrd All~rnalBreeding in Southeast Asla"
,nthen.P.G,
Ronny R. Noor
I1
a
Introduction
186.
'duct. J.Leuk.
Yeon, JS.Roben, FM.Perer,
Jefrey.
Expres-
I1
:n
Daiy
1N. Getmain.
11
Peptide-
1. lmmunol
Canv~hersTD,
ectcd
iilkie
wine
~f
): 185-93.
Sargeant
Animal Breeding and Genellcs Lahorsrory, F a c ~ l l ~ol'An11rlal
y
Science.
Bogor Agricullural Univers~tyDannaga Bogor 16680. lndonesia
Email : ronlrv noor:ir!vnhwcorn
dif-
Evidence
che,
or.
Trends in molecular genetic studies of livestock in Indonesia
I.G.0, lnvan Setiabudi
Veterinar).
Arlangga
Proc. 1 " Annu.
Staphylacoccus
Dekkers
KE, 1998. AssoDRB3 (BOLA-DRB3)
Canle. I.
Van Vleck (1990) mentioned that the history of molecular biology began when the Wetson Crick Model for genetic material around 50 years ago. They had worked out, rather amazingly,
the structure and coding pattern for DNA. Enthusiasts, no doubt, through that all genetic mysteries would soon be solved. However quantitative animal breeder was naturally skeptical. Who
would have predicted that the gene for making bovine growth hormone (bGH) could be cut out of
the chromoson~eof a cow and inserted into bacteria which then manufactures rather cheaply so
much bGH that perhaps 20% fewer dairy cows will be needed? Who would have thought that the
DNA structure o f an entire chromosome might be sequenced? Who would have thought a gene
from a man can be added to the genome of a mouse,or a pig or a sheep to create what are called
transgenic. That much o f chromosome seems to contain non-essential information? That some
genes are repeated in the same and different chromosome? That a couple of missing base pairs
are implicated in cystic fibrosis? That chromosome can be biologically sliced at predictable break
point and them sorted by size - the restriction fragment length poly marphism?
Quantitative geneticist, however quickly recover aRer acknowledging the impossible and ask the
skeptic's question: what, of all that has been learned from molecular biology, can be applied to
livestock improvement? At present, and after 50 years of exiting and amazing discovery, the answer seems to be not much. If anything, from molecular can be applied to animal improvement.
For the last 12 years, the trends of molecular biology research in Indonesia showed a good
progress. It should be noted that although the research budget provided by university and funding agencies is still not appropriate, the research trends is still following the latest science and
research development. In order to describe the trends in molecular biology research for livestock,
1 have examined and studied the research that have been conducted only for the major universities and research centers.
The trends af molecular biology research
Bali cattle are one on Indonesian native cattle's that famous for their ability to adapt to
tropical conditions. For the last 30 years, indiscriminate crossbreeding using artificial insemination (AI) might be has contaminated the purity o f Bali cattle. In order to utilize as well to conserve Bali cattle it is necessary to develop an accurate and sitnptes method to detect the purity of
Bali cattle.
In order to identify the purity o f Bali cattle some molecular biology techniques have been
applied including kariotype analysis (Noor et, a/.,2000, Hardiman, 2000 and Sutrisna, 2002);
hair structure analyses using scanning electron microscope (Noor er al., 2000); Haemoglobin
analysis using lsoetectric focusing methods (Karmita, 2000; Noor el al., 2001) and DNA microsatelite (Noor el d.,2000; Handiwirawan et at, (2003). The results show that by combining
different methods of molecular biology we can get more accurate result, because each technique
has some strengths and weaknesses. In addition, these techniques can be used to differentiate
International Asia Link Symposium "Reproducttve B~otech~~ology
for Improved Animal Breeding In Southeast Asla"
Bali cattle and other domestic species. Some microsatelite loci (HEL 1, INRA035, CSSM66 and
INRA037)o f Bali cattle have specific band patterns that differ from those of Simmental, Brangus
and Lirnrnousin. The hair structure analyses using scanning electron microscope indicates that
Bali canle hair has specific pattern that different from those o f Simmental, Brangus and Limmousin. In the same manner the lsoelectric focusing Methods can differentiate the differences of
hemoglobin band patterns between Bali cattle and other species. Kariotype analyses results show
a variation on ideogram profile among Bali cattle collected from different regions In Bali Island.
Another microsatellite experiment has been conducted by Noor, er al., 2001b) by analyzing the genetic variation of Bali, Madura, PO and Brangus cattle's. ETH225 microsatelite of
Madura cattle has five alleles. The results give us early indication that the techniques can be used
to differentiate among the breeds. A more intensive research to test the specificity of HEL9 and
INRA035 microsatellite markers In Bali cattle was conducted by Handiwirawan et a1 (2003).
The result show that A and B alleles at INRA03S microsatellite locus are monomorphic and can
be used for a specific markers for Bali cattle. Allele A at locus HEL9 that has high frequency
(92.90%) in Bali cattle and 100% in Banteng can also he used a supporting marker.
The same microsatelile technique has been applied to identify the genetic variation of
among Padang Coastal area cattle's (Noor and Anwar, 2002). Sarbaini (2004) conducted a study
of microsatellite DNA variation of West Sumatra Pesisir cattle using six microsatellite markers
i.e., ETH225, HEW, BM2113. ILST006,INRA037 and ETH3. The PCR analysis showed that
the average number of allele of the six microsatell~tewere 9.6 and 11, and the heterozygosity average were 0.85731 + 0.00014 and 0.8738 0.00012 for Pesisir Selatan and Padang Pariaman
subpopularion respectively.
Attempts to associate the microsatell~reallele variation with quantitative trait for beef and
dairy cattle have been conducted by Maskur (2005) and Sumantri el al., (2001, 2002). Maskur
(2005) used 16 microsatellite markers to analyze genetic identification of Bali cattle, Brangus and
their crossed. The result shows that the average number of detected allele was 2.3 1 , 2.56 and
2.75 for Bali cattle, Brangus and the crossed, respectively. They claimed that the INRA037,
HEL9, CSSM66, INRA035 and ETH225 have significant effect on average daily gain. The
lNRA037 have significant affect on Birth weight. Sumantri el ai. (2001 and 2002) stated that
kappa casein BB significantly affected milk qualiry, especially protein content. The above results
are still questionable, because their sample size is small and the basic quantitative genetics theory
does not support their conclusion.
Abdullah (2005) is using DNA mitochondria in order to analyze the genetic characterization of beef cattle at Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. Unfortunately the result cannot be presented
because the experiment is still going.
*
Svmposium "Revroduct~wBiotrchnolof>
Abdullah,
Nanggro~
Analisis
Limousin (Bus raurus)
Hardiman,
Metode
Sundaicus) dan
Noor, Muladno
L.
microsatellite
Karmita,
Metode
Muladno
mengg
Tappa.
dan
11, H
Nasional
Noor,
Noor,
dan
Kmita.
metode
R.,
1.
AT1 81
P
Anwar,
Sumatera Barat.
Unggulan Terpad~
KI
Noor,
Bulu
Kromo:
Karyotipe
Uji KI
Laporan
kerjasama antara
Pangestu.
Noor,
lnserninasi
Farajallah,
(k-kasein)
Lembaga
dan
K. Diwiyantl
Conclusion
Considering the research budget and the capability of university and research centers to
do molecular biology research to improve livestock produc~ionin Indonesia, the conventional
quantitative genetic techniques still play a major role. However, this techniques should be combined with molecular biology techniques such us microsatellile and mitochondria in order to get
rapid progress. The molecular biology research is needed to get supporting information, especially to describe the genetic variation of domestic animal.
l~i~oravcd
4n11
8rahmantyo.
Identi ti
IPB
IPB.
Sutrisna, N.
(k-kasei
lndo
2002.
(Bos
sol
PB.
.Vleck,
Proc. gn'
Biotechn
1-7. Palmel
Symposium "Rcproduc~~vt
B~o~rhnology
that
frm
scanning
References
------
Lim-
Kariotypr
rrpionr
Noor, n ui..
l b)
analyzETHZZS microsatelite of
:ram
:tosatellite
Madura,
HE19
ng
:!lice
B alleles
t
cattle
lNRA035
er ol
Sarbaini (2004) conducted
West
microsatellik
BM2113, ILSTOOB. INRA037
ETHJ
jf
mlcrosatellite were
the hetemzygosity avt
h i s i r Sclaran
Pariaman
:ively.
;sociare
microsatellite allele
quantitative
I
(2005)
21 01..
1.
iatellite
to
identificalion Ball cattle,
suit
allele was
3rangus
respectivrly
the MRA037,
LA035
ETH22S
signifitam effect
Birth
el ui (2001 and
Anwar.
Acantly
)ecause
:onclusion.
small
the
)
'anggroe
Unfonunatefy
research budget
esrarch to inlprave livestack
tniquer s ~ i l l
majar role.
us microsatellite
,lecular
letic
resuh
Hardiman, D. 2000. Analisis Kariotipe untuk Mendeteksi Morfologi Kromosom Sapi Bali (30s
Sondaicus) dan Sapi Limousin (80s 1auru.r) dengan Metode Kultur Sel Darah. Skripsi.
Fakultas Petemakan IPB.
Handiwirawan, E., R.R. Noor, Muladno and L.Schueler. 2003. The use of HEL9 and INRA035
microsatellite as specific markers for Bali cattle. Arch. Tierz, Dummerstorf 46(6):503K m i m , M. 2000. Kemurnian Sapi Bali di Balai l n s e m i ~ s Buatan
i
Singosari Dilihat dari Pola
Hemelobin denean Metade lsoelectric Focusing. Skripsi. Fakultas Peternakan IPB.
supponing marker.
(Noor
Abdullah, A.N. 2005. Karakterisasi genetik s a p ~aceh di Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam melalui
analysis keragaman fenotipik dan DNA mitokondria. (unpublished)
J L L
monomorphic
HEL9 thaf
i c markeen
le
icrosatclite
:a1
Intmational Asia Link Symposium "Reproducr~veB~otechnologyfor tlnprored Animal Breedi~~g
in Southeast Asla"
INRAO35, CSSM66
microsalellte
cattle have
rhe
struclure
r
paltem
le
lsoelectric
attems
In Southem Asla''
Animal
characferiu
presemed
centers
convmtional
comget
~uppoltinginformation, ap-
Maskur, Muladno and B Tappa. 2005. tdentifikasi genetic menggunakan marker rnikrosatelit
dan hubungannya dengan sifat kuantitatif pada sapi. Buku Panduan dan Kumpulan
Abstract Seminar Nasional tndustri Petemakan Modem II, Hal. 29, Mataram 20-21 Juli
Noor, R.R.,A. Farajaltah dan M. Karmita. 2001. Pengujian kemumian sapi Bali dengan analisis
Hemonlobin
dengan metode Isoelectric Focusing. HAYAT1 8(4): 107- 1 1 1 .
-
Noor, R. R.,dm Anwar. S. 2002. Karakterisasi Beberapa Lokus Mikmsatelit Secagai Peneiri
.Khusus
-...-..- Saoi Pesisisr Sumatera Barat. Riset Unggulan Terpadu IX.
- -
Noor, R.R., Muladno., B. Pangestu, dan B. Benyamin. 2000.Uji Kemurnian Sapi Bali Melalui
Protein, DNA Mikrosatelite, Struktur Bulu dan Kromosom. Laporan Penelitian
kerjasarna antara Fakultas Petemakan IPB dengan Balai lnseminasi Buatan Singosari,
Malane.
V
D. Hardiman. 2OOlb. Uji Kemurnian Sapi Bali Dengan
Menggunakan DNA Mikrosatelite dan Karyot ipe . Laporan Penelitian kerjasama antara
Fakultas Petemakan IPB dengan Balai lnseminasi Buatan Singosari, Malang.
Naor, R.R., Muladno., B. Pangestu, dan
Sumantri, C., R.A.A. Maheswari., A. Farajallah, K. Diwiyanto. A. Anggraeni. 2001. ldentifikasi
gen kappa kasein (k-ksrein) sebagai penciri genetik untuk seleksi produksi susu dan
kualitas susu sapi FH di Indonesia. Lembaga Penelitian IPB. Fakultas Petemakan IPB
dan Balitbang Pertanian, Departemen Pertanian. Jakarta
Sumantri, C., R.A.A. Maheswari., A. Farajallah. K. Diwiyanto, A. Anggraeni dan B.
Brahrnantyo 2002. ldentifikari gen kappa kasein (k-kasein) sebagai penciri genetik
untuk seleksi produksi susu dan kuali tas susu sapi FH di Indonesia. Lembaga Penelitian
IPB. Fakultas Petemakan IPB dan Bali tbang Pertanian, Departemen Pertanian. Jakarta.
Sutrisna, N. K. 2002. Perbandingan Kariotipe Sapi Bali (Bos sondaisus) dan Banteng (Bos
banteng). Skripsi. Faku ttas Peternakan I PB.
Van -Vleck, L.D. 1990. Thoughts on quantitarive and Biotechnical methods for livestock
improvement. Proc. Bn AAABG Conference, pp. 1-7. Palmerstone North, New Zealand.