The Effects of Dietary Energy Sources on Immune Organs of Broilers Exposed to Heat Stress
The Effects of Dietary Energy Sources on Immune Organs of
Broilers Exposed to Heat Stress
M. Prayuwidayati1,*, T. Pasaribu1, R. Palupi1, K. G. Wiryawan2, A. Sudarman2, &
R. Mutia2
1
2
Graduate Study Program of Bogor Agricultural University
Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science,
Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia
*e-mail: widayub@gmail.com
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of palm oil addition as
energy source in the ration on the percentage of limfoid gland, thymus gland and
bursa fabricius of broilers exposed to heat stress. The research was conducted in
Experimental Station, Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University,
in November to December 2011. The experiment was conducted in a Completely
Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of two treatment rations with three replications.
The treatments were as follow: R1 = ration with 22% crude protein and 3050 kcal
Metabolism Energy containing 1% palm oil; R2= ration with 22% crude protein
and 3050 kcal Metabolism Energy containing 7% palm oil. The parameter observed
were limfoid gland percentage, thymus gland percentage and bursa fabriosis
percentage. The result of the experiment showed that the addition of palm oil in the
ration until 7% DM basis in broiler’ration did not significantly affect the lymphoid
organ percentage, thymus gland percentage, and the bursa fabriosis percentage in
broilers exposed to heat stress. It could be concluded that addition of palm oil as
energy sources in the ration gives similar effect on broilers exposed to heat stess.
Keywords: broiler, heat stress, lymphoid organ, thymus gland, and bursa fabriosis
Introducton
Global clmate change has sgnfcant effects on agrculture producton,
ncludng poultry producton. Heat stress s one of bg concern n poultry ndustry,
especally n tropcal and sub-tropcal countres. It has been well known that heat
stress could reduce the productvty and ncrease the mortalty of the chcken,
that wll n turn affects the performance of poultry ndustry. Hgh envronmental
temperature could hamper the average daly gan of the chcken, as results of lower
appette and feed ntake.
276
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Broler chcken s known as a homoeothermc anmal. Body temperature regulaton of ths anmal was drectly affected by envronmental temperature. Therefore,
as part of ts thermoregulaton, broler chcken should control feed ntake to meet
the need for mantenance, producton, and heat producton (Furlan & Macar, 2002).
Objectve of ths experment was to study the effect of palm ol addton as energy
source n the raton on the percentage of lmfod gland, thymus gland and bursa
fabrcus of brolers exposed to heat stress.
Materals and Methods
The experment was conducted n Expermental Staton, Faculty of Anmal
Scence, Bogor Agrcultural Unversty, from November to December 2011. Twenty
four of 1 week old chckens were used n ths experment. The broler chckens were
then dvded nto two groups and the treatment raton arrangement was presented n
Table 1.
Table 1. Detary treatment formulaton
Ingredents
Corn Gluten meal
Corn gran
Soybean meal
Fsh meal
Ol
Calcum Carbonate
Total
Metabolsm Energy (kcal/kg)
Dry Matter, %
Crude Proten, %
Ca, %
P, %
R1 (%)
4.96
60.00
25.00
7.91
1.05
1.08
100
3050
85.12
22.00
0.687
0.465
R2 (%)
13.16
44.17
24.73
10.00
7.00
0.94
100
3050
78.49
22.00
0.682
0.454
The experment was conducted n a Completely Randomzed Desgn consstng of 2 treatment ratons wth 3 replcatons. Each expermental unt conssts of
4 broler chckens. The treatments were as follow: R1 = raton wth 22% crude
proten and 3050 kcal Metabolsm Energy contanng 1% palm ol; R2= raton wth
22% crude proten and 3050 kcal Metabolsm Energy contanng 7% palm ol. The
parameter observed were lmfod gland percentage, thymus gland percentage and
bursa fabrcus percentage. All data collected were subject to analyss of varance,
followed by Duncan’s Multple Range Test (Steel and Torre, 1995).
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
277
Results and Dscussons
Average daly envronmental temperature and humdty observed at afternoon
durng the experment was 30.38 oC and 80.35% respectvely. Whereas, comforts
zone poultry producton s 25 – 28 °C for temperature and 60% - 70% for humdty.
Ths hgh envronmental temperature condton caused the broler chckens exposed
to heat stress durng the experment. Ths stuaton also supported by low average
daly feed ntake as well as hgh water ntake.
Data on the percentage of thymus gland, percentage of lymph, and percentage
of bursa fabrcus at the end of the experment were presented on Table 2. It could
be seen from the table that long term heat stress caused broler chcken dffcult to
acheve the standard body weght, because sgnfcant amount of energy n the det
wll be used for heat producton and heat dsspaton. Heat stress also has deterorated
effects on physologcal organs such as lymph, thymus gland, and bursa fabross.
Table 2. Percentage of thymus gland, lymph, and bursa fabrcus at the end of the
experment
Detary treatment
Lymph (%)
Thymus gland (%)
Bursa fabrcus (%)
R1 (carbohydrate as
energy sources)
0.22
0.71
0.14
R1 (palm ol as energy
sources)
0.21
0.78
0.11
The dfference of energy sources dd not sgnfcantly affect (P>0.05) the
percentage of thymus gland, percentage of lymph, and percentage of bursa fabrcus
at the end of the experment. No sgnfcantly dfferent n these parameters probably
because of no dfference n energy content of the detary treatments durng the
experment. Tzard (1998) stated that bursa fabrcus s lymphod organs that functon
to support growth and dfferentaton of cells of antbody system. Moreover, Rddell
(2004) stated that bursa fabrcus whch s located n dorsal part of cloacae produce
Cell B whch s then syntheszed the plasma cell and antbody. Therefore, ths organ
s very mportant n body mmune system.
Concluson
Dfference energy sources n the det of brolers exposed to heat stress dd not
sgnfcantly affect the lymphod organ percentage, thymus gland percentage, and
the bursa fabrcus percentage.
278
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
References
Furlan RL, Macar M. 2002. Termorregulacao. In: Macar M, Furlan RL, Gonzales
E, ed. Fsologa avara aplcada a frangos de corte, 2 ed. Jabotcabal: FunepUnesp. P. 209-230.
Mc Cance K.L and Shelby J. 1994. Stress and Dsease. In: Pathophsology.
The Bologc Bass n Adult and Chldren ( Kathryn L, Mc Cance and Sue
E Huether, 2 eds ). Mosby. St Lous, Baltmore, Chcago, London, Madrd,
Phladelpha,Sydney, Toronto.
Steel, R.G.D dan J.H. Torre. 1995. Prnsp dan Prosedur Statstka. PT. Grameda
Pustaka Utama, Jakarta
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
279
Broilers Exposed to Heat Stress
M. Prayuwidayati1,*, T. Pasaribu1, R. Palupi1, K. G. Wiryawan2, A. Sudarman2, &
R. Mutia2
1
2
Graduate Study Program of Bogor Agricultural University
Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science,
Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia
*e-mail: widayub@gmail.com
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of palm oil addition as
energy source in the ration on the percentage of limfoid gland, thymus gland and
bursa fabricius of broilers exposed to heat stress. The research was conducted in
Experimental Station, Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University,
in November to December 2011. The experiment was conducted in a Completely
Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of two treatment rations with three replications.
The treatments were as follow: R1 = ration with 22% crude protein and 3050 kcal
Metabolism Energy containing 1% palm oil; R2= ration with 22% crude protein
and 3050 kcal Metabolism Energy containing 7% palm oil. The parameter observed
were limfoid gland percentage, thymus gland percentage and bursa fabriosis
percentage. The result of the experiment showed that the addition of palm oil in the
ration until 7% DM basis in broiler’ration did not significantly affect the lymphoid
organ percentage, thymus gland percentage, and the bursa fabriosis percentage in
broilers exposed to heat stress. It could be concluded that addition of palm oil as
energy sources in the ration gives similar effect on broilers exposed to heat stess.
Keywords: broiler, heat stress, lymphoid organ, thymus gland, and bursa fabriosis
Introducton
Global clmate change has sgnfcant effects on agrculture producton,
ncludng poultry producton. Heat stress s one of bg concern n poultry ndustry,
especally n tropcal and sub-tropcal countres. It has been well known that heat
stress could reduce the productvty and ncrease the mortalty of the chcken,
that wll n turn affects the performance of poultry ndustry. Hgh envronmental
temperature could hamper the average daly gan of the chcken, as results of lower
appette and feed ntake.
276
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Broler chcken s known as a homoeothermc anmal. Body temperature regulaton of ths anmal was drectly affected by envronmental temperature. Therefore,
as part of ts thermoregulaton, broler chcken should control feed ntake to meet
the need for mantenance, producton, and heat producton (Furlan & Macar, 2002).
Objectve of ths experment was to study the effect of palm ol addton as energy
source n the raton on the percentage of lmfod gland, thymus gland and bursa
fabrcus of brolers exposed to heat stress.
Materals and Methods
The experment was conducted n Expermental Staton, Faculty of Anmal
Scence, Bogor Agrcultural Unversty, from November to December 2011. Twenty
four of 1 week old chckens were used n ths experment. The broler chckens were
then dvded nto two groups and the treatment raton arrangement was presented n
Table 1.
Table 1. Detary treatment formulaton
Ingredents
Corn Gluten meal
Corn gran
Soybean meal
Fsh meal
Ol
Calcum Carbonate
Total
Metabolsm Energy (kcal/kg)
Dry Matter, %
Crude Proten, %
Ca, %
P, %
R1 (%)
4.96
60.00
25.00
7.91
1.05
1.08
100
3050
85.12
22.00
0.687
0.465
R2 (%)
13.16
44.17
24.73
10.00
7.00
0.94
100
3050
78.49
22.00
0.682
0.454
The experment was conducted n a Completely Randomzed Desgn consstng of 2 treatment ratons wth 3 replcatons. Each expermental unt conssts of
4 broler chckens. The treatments were as follow: R1 = raton wth 22% crude
proten and 3050 kcal Metabolsm Energy contanng 1% palm ol; R2= raton wth
22% crude proten and 3050 kcal Metabolsm Energy contanng 7% palm ol. The
parameter observed were lmfod gland percentage, thymus gland percentage and
bursa fabrcus percentage. All data collected were subject to analyss of varance,
followed by Duncan’s Multple Range Test (Steel and Torre, 1995).
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
277
Results and Dscussons
Average daly envronmental temperature and humdty observed at afternoon
durng the experment was 30.38 oC and 80.35% respectvely. Whereas, comforts
zone poultry producton s 25 – 28 °C for temperature and 60% - 70% for humdty.
Ths hgh envronmental temperature condton caused the broler chckens exposed
to heat stress durng the experment. Ths stuaton also supported by low average
daly feed ntake as well as hgh water ntake.
Data on the percentage of thymus gland, percentage of lymph, and percentage
of bursa fabrcus at the end of the experment were presented on Table 2. It could
be seen from the table that long term heat stress caused broler chcken dffcult to
acheve the standard body weght, because sgnfcant amount of energy n the det
wll be used for heat producton and heat dsspaton. Heat stress also has deterorated
effects on physologcal organs such as lymph, thymus gland, and bursa fabross.
Table 2. Percentage of thymus gland, lymph, and bursa fabrcus at the end of the
experment
Detary treatment
Lymph (%)
Thymus gland (%)
Bursa fabrcus (%)
R1 (carbohydrate as
energy sources)
0.22
0.71
0.14
R1 (palm ol as energy
sources)
0.21
0.78
0.11
The dfference of energy sources dd not sgnfcantly affect (P>0.05) the
percentage of thymus gland, percentage of lymph, and percentage of bursa fabrcus
at the end of the experment. No sgnfcantly dfferent n these parameters probably
because of no dfference n energy content of the detary treatments durng the
experment. Tzard (1998) stated that bursa fabrcus s lymphod organs that functon
to support growth and dfferentaton of cells of antbody system. Moreover, Rddell
(2004) stated that bursa fabrcus whch s located n dorsal part of cloacae produce
Cell B whch s then syntheszed the plasma cell and antbody. Therefore, ths organ
s very mportant n body mmune system.
Concluson
Dfference energy sources n the det of brolers exposed to heat stress dd not
sgnfcantly affect the lymphod organ percentage, thymus gland percentage, and
the bursa fabrcus percentage.
278
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
References
Furlan RL, Macar M. 2002. Termorregulacao. In: Macar M, Furlan RL, Gonzales
E, ed. Fsologa avara aplcada a frangos de corte, 2 ed. Jabotcabal: FunepUnesp. P. 209-230.
Mc Cance K.L and Shelby J. 1994. Stress and Dsease. In: Pathophsology.
The Bologc Bass n Adult and Chldren ( Kathryn L, Mc Cance and Sue
E Huether, 2 eds ). Mosby. St Lous, Baltmore, Chcago, London, Madrd,
Phladelpha,Sydney, Toronto.
Steel, R.G.D dan J.H. Torre. 1995. Prnsp dan Prosedur Statstka. PT. Grameda
Pustaka Utama, Jakarta
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
279