The Statement of the Problem The Scope of the Analysis The objective of the Analysis UNEMPLOYMENT

1.2 The Statement of the Problem

Social problems are a kind of serious disease that hinders people in getting normal social life and they become social blocks to manifest social living harmony. The phenomena of social problems are depressingly so long that many people throw up their hands in despairs. In this analysis, there is a question that needs to be answered to know more about the social problems that affect Maggie’s life. What social problems are found in Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl of the Streets?

1.3 The Scope of the Analysis

The scope of the analysis is about how the social problems in terms of poverty, unemployment, alcoholism, family disorganization, child abuse and prostitution influence the protagonist of Maggie: A Girl of the Streets. It is also about the cause of social problems and their negative effect to the society.

1.4 The objective of the Analysis

In accordance with the title of this thesis and the problem of the analysis, the main objective of writing this thesis is to explain and analyze the social problems in terms of poverty, unemployment, alcoholism, family disorganization, child abuse and prostitution that influence Maggie’s life and to identify the causes of the social problems. Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008

1.5 The Method of the Analysis

An analysis is a scientific study in order to get the understanding about something through the explanatory research. In doing the analysis, using the descriptive method. Firstly, reading the novel, Maggie: A Girl of the Streets. Reading the novel, finding some social problems that influence the protagonist of the novel. Secondly, selecting some data which describe the social problems from what the characters say and do. Then interpreting all the data and put in the form of quotations. The analysis the social problems is directed on the protagonist, Maggie, by using extrinsic approach, particularly sociological approach. Descriptive method is the analysis on the descriptive data of status, condition, attitude, relationship or the way of thinking of the object. Sociological approach of literary analysis starts with a conviction that the relationship between literature and society is vitally important, and the investigation of the relationship may depend one’s response to a literary work. Commonly, the object of analysis of this method is on individual or community with their status, condition, attitude, relationship or the way of thinking toward phenomena. In recent time, functionalism has been one of the most influential schools of social thought, starting with the work of the French sociologist Emile Durkheim, functionalist theory was refined by Talcott Parsons, Robert K. Merton, and many others. In this thesis, using Talcott Parson’s Structural functionalism in the book Sociological Theory . Parson believes that there are four functional imperatives that are necessary for characterization of all systems: Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008

1. Adaptation A

2. Goal Attainment G

3. Integration I

4. Latency L or pattern maintenance.

These four functional imperative are known as the AGIL scheme.. In order to survive, a system must perform those four functions. According to functionalist theory, the various parts of society are in delicate balance, and a change in one part affects the others. Each part has a function in maintaining the balance order. For instance, the function of the economic institution is to provide food, shelter and clothing that people need in order to survive, while the function of the education institutional is to train individuals in the skills needed to keep society operating. In this thesis, analyze the social problems in terms of poverty, unemployment, alcoholism, family disorganization, child abuse and prostitution that influence Maggie’s life.

1.6 Review of Related Literature

The Analysis is about the social problems in Maggie: A Girl of the Streets in terms of poverty, unemployment, alcoholism, family disorganization, child abuse and prostitution. All the social problems above are present in society. Since the objective of the analysis is to explain the social problems like the social disease, using a theory which is relevant to sociology to support the analysis. So using Mimetic Theory. Abram 1984: 97 in his book A Glossary of Literary Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008 Terms , says that Mimetic views the work as a true imitation, reflection, or presentation of the world and human life. Ritzer 2003: 5 in his book Sociological Theory says that “Sociological Theory is a set of interrelated ideas that allow for the systematization of knowledge of the social world, the explanation of the world, and predictions about the future of the social world”. Robert 1947: 7 in his book Social Psychology says that “Social psychologists concentrate on the consequence of social influences on the individual and the way they understand the world”. There are many sociological theories. In this case, also take Marx’s Theory. Marx 1964: 64 emphasizes that human beings are an “essemble of social relations”. He indicates by this that our human nature is interwoven with our specific social relations and our institutional context. Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008

2. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS

2.1 The Frame of Social Problems

Social problems are the results of social change and cultural lag. Social change reflects the disparity in rate of change between the elements of society, especially that between behavior and the values that define it. Social problems are the heritage of a dynamic, democratic society, where change is rapid and social values favoring ameliorative action are strongly developed. Therefore, social problem is defined as a condition believed to threaten a social value and conceived to be capable of change by constructive social action. The elements of social problem are: a the social situation, b the value judgment, and c the appropriate social action. Social problem thus arises when large numbers of persons engage in behavior believed both contrary and injurious to some value that the society considers important. When these related conditions exist, social problem exists. Social problems, almost by definition, are problem which society makes for itself. Society has other problems, as do the people who make it up. But it is those problems which arise as part of the system into which a society is historically oriented which are denoted by the term social problems. Many types of individual problems may be fraught with human tragedy, but not necessarily constitute a social problem. It is only when such individual problems are widespread, when they are caused to a considerable extent by existing social Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008 institution, when they become a burden to society, and where known methods of coping with them are neglected, that they become social problem. A more precise sociological definition holds that a social problem exists when there is a seizable difference between the ideals of society and its actual achievements Coleman and Donal, 1984:3. Social problem are created by failure to close the gap between the way people believe things should be and the way things really are. For example, according to this definition, racial discrimination is a social problem because we believe that everyone should receive fair and equal treatment, yet certain groups are still denied equal access to education, employment, and housing. Social problems involve both objective and subjective considerations. The objective elements comprise over human behavior, whether in the form of cases disposed of by juvenile courts, crimes known to the police, person unemployed and seeking employment, or married broken by divorce. Most but not all of the situations constituting the foundation of social problems can be measured, and statistical techniques have greatly improved our knowledge of these situations in recent years. The subjective aspects of social problems, on the other hand, involve social values and normative definitions of the situation. The objective situation must be defined before it is a social problem. Whether real or imaginary, the threat to social values is important if it is believed to be real. Many social problems are no less important because they exist largely in the minds of the public. Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008 A society in which social problems are prevalent is also a disorganized society, although the two concepts are not synonymous. Social problems, as we have suggested, involve situations though to threaten social values and believed to be remediable by social action. Social disorganization is the process whereby the group is broken. The disparity between behavior and its definition social problems often arises out of social disorganization, but the two are not the same thing. The group has reality only in and through the reciprocal social relationships between its members. When these relationships are broken, social disorganization exists. Social problems arise when large numbers of persons are not playing their expected social roles. The basic premise of the traditional marital role was its permanency. When many people refuse, for reasons best known to themselves, to play this expected role, the resulting situation is defined as a social problems. The central male role in our family system is that breadwinner, a role that is not always possible to fill adequately. When millions of men are unable to carry out their obligations because of mass unemployment, the resulting situation is considered a social problem. Married woman who are unable to play their traditional roles as homemakers and mothers and must take outside employment are likewise failing to live up to expectations, usually through no fault of their own. In these and many other ways, discrepancies in the social structure are defined as social problems. Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008 2.2 Characteristics of Social Problems Norms are concrete applications of values in everyday life. Values are strongly held general ideas people share about what is good or bad, desirable. Values are more general than norms in that they do not prescribe specific behaviors for concrete situation. In fact, the same values may support a number of different-or even competing-norms. For example, parents who value their families may be torn between working yard in their occupations and spending more time at home. A society’s values are important to understand because they influence the content of both norms and laws. Sociologist Robin Williams 1960 suggests a number of indicators of the choices people make that may point to their underlying values. Patterns of money expenditure, directions of interest in literature, movies, music, and other arts, and direct statements all provide clues to what individuals, groups, or societies value. Some families, for example, spend their extra money on cars, bots, furniture, or clothing, whereas others may spend it on book, education, and concerts. These choices reflect different sets of cultural values. To these can be added time allocation how much time people spend on various activities, as another indicator of how highly they value the activities or the goals those activities represent. Value statements may reflect what people see as ideal, whereas time or money expenditures may be better indicators of their real values . Social values play a central part in the creation of social problems. Social values are normative group beliefs, either of a positive or negative character, Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008 pertaining to the important institutional relationship of society. Democracy, Christianity, monogamy, and capitalism are among the patters of social values that form the heart of our major institutions. Social values constitute the core of social problems, for without these definitions the problem would obviously never exist. Social values grow out of the culture, some spontaneously and other out of the formal prohibitions and admonitions of church and state. Values are transmitted from generation to generation through the formal and informal agencies of the society. Each individual receives the group values in slightly different form, and in turn transmits them slightly changed to the next generation. Social values thus comprise an important part of the social heritage that we call culture. Social values are not, however, fixed and immutable standards. Changes in personality occur on a large scale and the result is a change in the value judgments themselves. These values-like the folkways mores, technical ways, and other social patterns-have no existence independent of human beings. At the same time, these social norms are independent of any one individual and hence are comparatively immortal in this sense. Many social values in the field of the family, for example, have changed since the turn of the century, as the gainful employment of women both before and after marriage has become largely accepted. The tolerance of divorce has also risen considerably, under the impact of several hundred thousand divorces annually. The traditional value of permanent married is still accepted in principle, but more and more persons are reluctantly coming to the conclusion that their own marriage or that of a close friend or relative is an exception and hence should not be judged by the former criteria. Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008

1. Social values cause social problems

. Social values in social problems, in the first place, social values “cause” social problems, in the sense that the problem would not exist without the defining agency of the value. Crime would not exist in a formal sense without the values of person and property and without the legal patterns that specify and clarify these values. Sexual promiscuity would not be a social problem if it were not for the Christian value the sexual relationships should be confined to marriage. Divorce would not be a social problem if marriage were not ideally defined as indissoluble. Other elements, such as the belief in purposive social action, are necessary in addition to social values before the behavior is finally adjudged a social problem. But the value judgment is the sine qua non of the problem would not exist. We have seen how institutions incorporate one or more social values as their basic reason for existence. The functioning of these institutions, however, sets in motion social forces that threaten other social values, and thereby causes still other social problems. One of the most sacred and powerful social values in contemporary society is the complete and uncritical love of country. This value is incorporated into the framework of the national state and the individual is taught to identify himself so completely therewith that he will give his life in its support. At the same time, conflicts between sovereign states threaten the values of both and often lead to war. In the defense of one set of values, modern man thus mobilizes forces that many lead to war and the destruction of many other values, such as human life. War is admittedly one of the basic social problems of our Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008 time. The institutionalization of one value nationalism has thus produced a threat to a whole chain of other values, as modern war sets in motion or intensifies many of the most pressing problems of our society.

2. Social values may conflict

. Social values may also give rise to confusion as to whether or not a situation is actually a social problem. The same behavior may be defined differently by different groups, depending upon which value judgments are paramount. In our society, there are various situations that are defined as problems by some groups and not by others. The employment of children under fifteen years of age, for example, in such difficult and hazardous jobs as mining and heavy industry is generally considered a social problem. The democratic value of equal opportunity to education and an equal chance in life is threatened by such a situation. Other groups with other social values do not consider this situation a social problem, however, but rather think of it as an opportunity for the child to earn money and acquire practical experience at an early age. Furthermore, certain religious groups regard any attempt to ameliorate this situation by federal law as an unwarranted interference with the right of the family to decide what is best for the child. Another situations in which social values conflict is the practice of racial discrimination. The democratic creed, embodied in such documents as the Declaration of independence and the Bill of Rights, asserts the basic equality of all man, regardless of race, creed, or nationality. Discrimination against the Negro in the South is widely regarded as an infringement upon these values, and hence Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008 as a social problem. The institution against the Negro in the south is widely regarded as an infringement upon these values, and hence as a social problem. The institutional structure of the south, on the other, is based upon the denial of certain rights to the Negro, on the ground that without this discrimination the values of white supremacy and “race purity” would be seriously endangered. Attitudes that sanction discrimination are early incorporated into personality of the white child, and the practice of discrimination is regarded as at worst a necessary evil and at best a desirable way of life. The social practices of the North, it is true, are by no means free of prejudice and discrimination. But such activities are viewed as social problem, unfortunate departures from a value system, and not as desirable in themselves. Two sets of social values thus produce conflicts in the definition of the situation.

3. Social values may obstruct solution

. Social values may also obstruct the solutions of social problems, when the proposed solutions appear to infringe upon other values. In a simple and well-organized society, the social values are by definition more consistent and homogeneous than in our own. Difficulties of antithetical values therefore seldom arise among primitive peoples, as they do in complex and heterogeneous societies. In attempting to initiate programs of action that will eliminate threats to one value, other values may be endangered, either actually or in the minds of many persons. The relative strength of the competing values-or the relative power of the pressure group supporting them-may thus Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008 determine which program of action is undertaken and which set of values is preserved. There are many examples of social values acting as obstructions to social action. Illegitimacy is widely accepted as a social problem. Approximately 100,000 unmarried mothers give birth to illegitimate children every year in the United States. The plight of both mother and child is unfortunate, and society has been traditionally vindictive toward the woman who transgressed the sexual mores and bore a child out of wedlock. Many programs for the amelioration of this social problem, however, would threaten other values, and hence would receive short shrift from the public. One possible solution would involve sex education in the secondary schools. Another would involve the legalized dissemination of contraceptive information. Either of these programs, however, would encounter such immediate and widespread opposition that they are not seriously considered as possible solutions to the problem of illegitimacy. The values presumably threatened by such programs are those related to the prevention of sexual relation outside of marriage. Increased knowledge of sex or contraception is presumed to lead to greater sexual experimentation by young people. Hence in the value schemes of many persons, the remedy would be worse than the problem.

2.3. The Social Problem and Literature

Literature is a social institution, using as its medium language, a social creation. Such traditional literary devices as symbolism and meter are social in Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008 their very nature. They are conventions and norms which could have arisen only in society. Furthermore, Wellek 1981:94 said that literature represents life, which is, in large measure, a social reality, even though the natural world and the inner or subjective world of the individual has also been the objects of literary imitation. The poet himself is a member of society, possesses a specific social status: He receives some degree of society recognition and reward; he addresses an audience, however hypothetical. Indeed, literature has usually arisen in close connection with particular social institutions; and in primitive society we may even be unable to distinguish poetry from ritual, magic, work, or play. Literature has also a social function, or ‘use’, which cannot be purely individual. The relation between literature and society is literature is an expression of society. The assume that literature mirrors or expresses life is even more ambiguous. A writer inevitably expresses his experience and total conception of life; but it would be manifestly untrue to say that he expresses the whole of life- or even the whole life of a given time- completely and exhaustively. It is a specific evaluative criterion to say that an author should express he life of his own time fully, that he should be ‘representative’ of his age and society. The relation between literature and society is firstly, there is the sociology of the writer and the profession and institutions of literature, the whole question of the economic basic of literally production, the social provenance and status of the writer, his social ideology, which may find expression in extra-literary pronouncements and activities. Then there is the problem of the social content, the implications and social purpose of the works of literature themselves. Lastly, there are the problems Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008 of audience and the actual social influence of literature. Since every writer is a member of society, he can be studied as a social being. Though his biography is the main source, such a study can easily widen into one of the whole milieu from which he came and in which he lived. It will be possible to accumulate information about social provenance, the family background, the economic position of writers. Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008

3. THE SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN STEPHEN CRANE’S MAGGIE: A GIRL OF THE STREETS

3.1 POVERTY

One of the starkest of the American class structure is the widespread existence of poverty. Poverty means babies dying of lead poisoning, old people freezing to death, people eating macaroni for 30 straight days, stunted hopes, and frustrated lives. In an affluent industrial society the existence of poverty poses sharp contradictions and challenges. Policymakers concerned with the problem of poverty have grappled with how to define it, who is most likely to be poor, the causes of poverty, and what programs might provide relief. Poverty has been defined in both absolute and relative terms. Absolute poverty refers to having too little income to buy the necessities of food, shelter, clothing, or health care. In 1983 the poverty level for a non farm family of four was 10,178. The effects of poverty become apparent when we realize that such a budget allows only about 200 a month for a family of four. Relative poverty suggests that people are poor if they have much less than the average person in their society has, even if they can afford the necessities of life. Relative poverty may be more significant socially than absolute poverty. Relative poverty means that people cannot afford the material goods and life-styles that most people take for granted. Electricity, hot and cold running water, a telephone, no rats in one`s home a TV set, and shoes may not be necessary for survival, but they are considered social necessities in most parts of the United States. Some analysts Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008 suggest that relative poverty causes such antisocial behavior as delinquency, educational apathy, and attacks on the more affluent. Rainwater 1969 suggests this may occur because individuals do not feel they are part of their society. Poverty is not evenly distributed through the population .More than half the poor are under the age of 14 or over 65, and are poor because they are unable to work Retine and Huber, 1974: 102. Although two thirds of all persons below the poverty level are white, the rates of poverty are much higher for nonwhites. In short, the poor are disproportionately young, old inner city or rural, females, and members of a minority. What Causes Poverty Poverty in the United States is not due to an overall failure to produce enough goods and services. It is, in stead, a question of how wealth is distributed. To some extent the same is true on a worldwide scale. Three types of explanations of poverty have been offered: economic, political and cultural. 1.Economic Much poverty can be traced directly to simple economic causes-low wages and too few job. In technological societies like Canada and the United States, people without education and skills find it hard to get any kind of employment, and those who find work are likely to be employed in low-paying job. As a result, many of these working people are poor. Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008 A major cause of poverty is lack of jobs and low wages paid for many jobs. Half of the poor families are headed by someone who works, and one-third of those family heads work full time. Poverty among those who work is due to lower pay for jobs traditionally filled by unskill workers, minorities, and women. The high rates of unemployment in recent years are reflected in low family incomes. Unemployment is much higher among young people, older people, and minorities. Permanent unemployment is a characteristic of some poor people, and even temporary unemployment may produce poverty.

2. Political

Poverty is as much a political problem of economics and culture. This is evidence from the fact that industrialized nations that are less wealthy than the United States have been more successful in reducing the gap between the haves and the have-nots. Herbert Gans 1971 suggest the existence of poverty serves the interests of many who are more rich and powerful than the poor. Without poverty, much of society’s dirty work would not get done; the prices of many goods and services would be much higher; many welfare workers and some group other than the poor would need to bear the costs of change and growth in American society.

3. Cultural

Banfield 1960 suggest that the cause of poverty is the present rather than future orientation of poor people. In these views, people must change their Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008 attitudes if they are to escape poverty. Each generation faces the conditions of political isolation and economic deprivation that may create similar behaviors in each succeeding generation. When economic conditions improve, individuals will change their behavior and values and escape poverty. To analyzes poverty problem in Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl of the Streets is related to from 1880 to 1900 in which the population of the United States increased by some twenty-six million people, nine million of whom were immigrants. The resultant need for more municipal services, housing, jobs and educational facilities overwhelmed the local government. Tensions among the various groups erupted into violence that local police were unable to completely control. The story centers on Maggie Jhonson, a young woman who struggles to survive the brutal environment of the Bowery, a New York City slum at the nineteenth century. Her father and mother are both alcoholics, and her parents are jobless. She and her two brothers, Jimmie and Tommie suffer a violent and abusive childhood. To be clearly we see the following quotation. “The girl, Maggie, blossomed in a mud puddle. She grew to be a most rare and wonderful production of a tenement district, a pretty girl. None of the dirt of Rum Alley seemed to be in her veins. The philosophers, upstairs, downstairs, and on the same floor, puzzled over it. When a child, plying and fighting with gamins in the streets, dirt disgusted her. Attired in tatters and grime, she went unseen.” chap. 5 pages 21 From quotation above, Maggie’s family life is very poor because her parents are jobless. Her parents are lack of money to purchase adequate food, shelter and clothing. Her parents cannot get a good job because her parents also Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008 uneducated. Her parent’s do not have experience in working and some skills to work in factory because as we know that this story occur at the end of nineteenth century where in New York city become the era of industrialization. This era affects the life of the society at the time. Because her parents lack of money, her parents cannot support their children to go to school. That is why the attitude their children do not so goods. The parents can not to be idol to their children because their parents also do not go to school. Their family is uneducated person. It makes their family become broken home family. Their parents cannot give the good attitude. It is support the children always fight with the gang in the streets. Their parents fail to be a good parent for the children. To make it clear by reading the following quotation to support analysis. “Jimmie stood until the noises ceased and the other inhabitants of the tenement had all yawned and shut their doors. Then he crawled upstairs with the caution of an invader of a panther’s den. Sounds of labored breathing came through the broken door panels. He pushed the door open and entered, quaking. A glow from the fire threw red hues over the bare floor, the cracked and soiled plastering, and the overturned and broken furniture. In the middle of the floor lay his mother asleep. In one corner of the room his father’s limp body hung across the seat of a chair.” chap. 3 pages 13 The quotations above tell that Maggie’s family is very poor. Her house has broken, with broken door panels, the cracked and soiled plastering, and the overturned even broken furniture. It can also find poverty problem in this story. To be clearly, see the following quotation. “Maggie broke a plate. The mother started to her feet as if propelled. “Good Gawd” she howled. Her glittering eyes fastened on her Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008 child with sudden hatred. The fervent red of her face turned almost to purple. The little boy runs to the halls, shrieking like a monk in an earthguake. He floundered about I darkness until he found the stairs. He stumbled, panic-stricken, to the next floor.” chap. 2 pages 10 In that situation show that a plate is very important for her mother because her mother know she doesn’t have money to buy the new one. A plate is more precious to her than her daughter. Maggie’s mother is very dangerous and brutal. She is like a monster. If her children do some trouble, suddenly, she will angry with them. Not only Maggie’s mother is like a monster but also her father. Both of them have the high temper and they always fight to each other. Maggie’s Parents are jobless. They cannot do their responsibility to the children. It makes they are very sad and become depressed. Her father and mother become alcoholics. They drink to heal their pain so that they don’t have to face their reality life. But that is the wrong way and not the good solution for them. They think that by drinking alcohol they can run away from all the problems. Drinking kinds of alcohol make their life more difficult and find the new problems. All day they just drink alcohol. They don’t care to their children anymore. They make themselves happy by drinking alcohol and then obey their children. The habitual of Maggie’s parents give the bad influence to the children. Children to be naughty and spent much time in the streets not at home. In the streets they can do anything and make them happy. Home for them is nothing. Not like heaven for them but the hell. It can be seen from the quotation below. “But suddenly he roared an oath and advanced upon the rolling fighter. “Here, you Jim, git up now, while I belt yer life out, yeh disorderly brat.” He began to kick into the chaotic mass on the ground. Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008 He swore luridly, for he felt that it was degradation for one who aimed to be some vague kind of soldier, or a man of blood with a sort of sublime licence, to be taken home by a father.” chap. 1 pages 4 “You’ve been drinkin’, Mary,” he said. “You’d better let up on the bot’, ol’ woman, or you’ll git done.” You’re a liar. I ain’t had a drop,” she roared in reply. They had a lurid alteraction.” chap. 2 pages 8 It show that how disorder Maggie’s family life. Father and mother always fight to each other and then they also fight to their children. How unfortunate this family. Some years later, Tommie, the young boy and father have died. After their father dies, Jimmie becomes the head of the household. He takes a job as a truck driver, which give him a measure of pride and gains a reputation as a troublemaker with the police. Maggie is also work at a shop where she makes collars and cuffs along with several other young women. While Maggie’s mother doesn’t do anything to make her family survive. She only drinks and she has become famous in the neighborhood, especially at the police station and the courts. The following quotation will make it clear. “Jimmie grew large enough to take the vague position of head of the family. As incumbent of that office, he stumbled upstairs late at night, as his father had done before him. He reeled about the room, swearing at his relations, or went went to sleep on the floor.” “The mother had gradually risen to such a degree of fame that she could bandy words with her acquaintances among the police justices. Court officials called her by her first name. When she appeared, they pursued a course which had been theirs for months. They invariably grinned, and cried out, “Hello Mary, you here again”? chap. 4 pages 22 Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008 Maggie grew up into a beautiful girl. One day, her brother brings home his friend Pete, who shows her some attention. She falls in love with him. Maggie tells herself, Pete will help her escape her harsh life. Maggie wants to change her style life to be better than before. She has much money, foods, cloths and good shelter. Maggie’s relationship with Pete compounds her suffering, however, when her family and her neighbors condemn her. But Maggie doesn’t care. Maggie just wants to escape her poor life to be better and she believes with Pete her life will be better soon. She will get everything in her life. Unfortunately, once times she knows that Pete is a bad boy. Pete rejects her after he knew Maggie pregnant. She tries to return home, but is turned away. She doesn’t know what she will do. At last, she feel homeless and penniless then she turns to prostitution to make a living. Poverty problem in Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl of the Streets are caused by, first Maggie’s parents are jobless. They don’t have skills to do something because they are uneducated and then they are very lazy person. Thus, one thing that they can do is only drinks alcohol, angry and fight. The last, Maggie’s parents are alcoholic. It makes them lazy to do something for help their family. Consequently, they lost the responsible to the prosperity their family. This alcoholic is the most terrible factor, which causes poverty in this novel.

3.2 UNEMPLOYMENT

In recent years unemployment has come to be recognized as one of the outstanding contemporary hazards in society as a whole, as well as in industry. It Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008 is generally conceded to rank among the leading cause of social distress, first, because of its frequent and widespread recurrence, and second because of the increasing number of persons and occupations affected. It is one of the primary causes of poverty, and resembles the letter in that neither can be met successfully by charitable relief alone. In many respects, unemployment is comparable to war. This analogy holds in the numbers indiscriminately disabled by being thrown out of work, in the economic waste involved, and in the irreparable damage to personal and family security. The consequences of unemployment are thus seen to be leading factors in personal and social disorganization. The major types of unemployment are summarized under the generalization, social disorganization. In preidustrial societies, especially prior to the organization of society upon a money economy, there was no comparable problem. This is the principal difference between unemployment and poverty as historical phenomena. Poverty has always been a menace to human society. Unemployment, by contrast, is a relatively new cause of distress. When people worked directly with the commodities that they consumed, they may have been poor, but work was always plentiful, as regular as the individual needs. Consequently, the folkways gave authority to the principle that a person should not be permitted to eat if he was unwilling to work. This ancient folk belief is only partly applicable today. At present thousands of men become workless in spite of their needs or willingness to work, because something is wrong with the machinery uniting the economic processes of production, distribution, and consumption. Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008 The contemporary problem of unemployment is fundamentally caused by a lack of balance between supply and demand. Society has reached a stage in productive efficiency wherein the labor of large number of person is not required. The labor surplus, rejected because of age, competition of younger workers, technical changes in industry, merging of computations, business depressions, the moving of industry from one region to another such as the shift of the textile industry to the south, or the gradual decline of an industry, constitutes the problems of enforced leisure, illness, and unemployment. It is very clear to see unemployment problem as a social problem revealed in this novel. The following quotation will make it clear. “In the street infants played or fought with other infants or sat stupidly in the way of vehicles. Formidable women, with uncombed hair and disordered dress, gossiped while leaning on railings, or screamed in frantic quarrels. Withered persons, in curious postures of submission to something, sat smoking pipes in obscure corners. A thousand odors of cooking food came forth to the street. The building quivered and creaked from the weight of humanity stamping about in its bowels.” chap. 2 pages 5 Maggie’s parents are uneducated persons. They don’t have some experiences in working. It makes them jobless and cannot do everything. Besides that they live in the tenements of the Bowery, a slum area of New York City, so they difficult to get a job. As a good parent for their children, they have to do everything to get some money to fulfill the needs of daily life. But the fact, they are lazy to find a job. They give up to their reality life and then they don’t have responsibility as a good parent. They have tried to find a job, but they still unlucky because as we know that they don’t have a good quality and then at the time, their Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008 life condition is one of the victims general economic problem in that vicinity. They are very depression. They cannot thinks correctly. They cannot find a solution to solve their problem. They give up to their reality life. It make they don’t care anything. Then they turn to drink alcohol to heal their pain and suffering. They spent their much times by drinking alcohol until they drunk and make some troubles. This quotation will make it clear. “The mother sat blinking at them. She delivered reproaches, swallowed potatoes and drank from a yellow brown bottle. After a time her mood changed, and she wept as she carried little Tommie into another room and laid him to sleep, with his fists doubled, in an old quilt of faded red-and-green grandeur.” chap. 2 pages 9 “During the evening he had been standing againts a bar drinking whiskies, and declaring to all comers confidentially, “My home reg’lar livin’hell Why do I come an’drin’ whisk’ here thish way? Cause home reg’lar livin’ hell”. chap. 3 pages 12 Actually, in that slum area not only Maggie’s parents are jobless but many people in there. From the novel we can know the old woman, neighborhood of Maggie’s parents is also a jobless. Each day she takes a position upon the stones of Fifth Avenue. She is as a beggar there and she will receive daily a small sum in pennies from the persons who walk in front of her. She wants do anything to get some money. The difficulties of the life make her thinks that everything is rightful. She will try many ways to can buy some foods, cloths and shelter and then she will survive. To be clear see the following quotations below. “The old woman was a gnarled and leathery personage who could not at will an expression of great virtue. She possessed a small music box capable of one tune, and a collection of “God bless yehs” pitched in assorted keys Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008 of fervency. Each day she took a position upon the stones of Fifth Avenue, where she crooked her legs under her and crouched, immovable and hideous, like an idol. She received daily a small sum in pennies. It was contributed, for the most part, by persons who did not make their homes in that vicinity.” chap. 3 pages 11 Unemployment is widely regarded as a major social and economic global problem. Most of the people who become unemployment remain without work for every short period. However, there is also a hard core of unemployment who remain without for long periods of time. The area where Maggie’s family lives very brutal, poor and dirty. The families in that district are jobless and very poor. The suffering of their daily life make them do not care to themselves and their surrounding. They don’t have money to buy cloths, repair the broken home moreover get the education. That is condition make their place is very dirty where a thousand odors of cooking food come forth to the street and the building is quivered and creaked from the weight of humanity stamping about in its bowels. Unemployment is generally the leading causes of social distress. Maggie’s parents and the old woman will do anything to get what they need for themselves or their families. We can make it clear by reading the following quotation tp support the analysis. “Once, when a lady had dropped her purse on the sidewalk, the gnarled woman had grabbed it and smuggled it with great beneath her cloak. When she was arrested she had cursed the lady into a partial swoon, and with her aged limbs, twisted from rheumatism, had kicked the breath out of huge policeman whose conduct upon that occasion she referred to when she said, “The police, damn’em” Denny Thiorida. S. : The Social Problems In Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets , 2009 USU Repository © 2008 “Eh, Jimmie, it’s a shame,” she said. “Go now, like a dear, an’ buy me a can, an’ if yer mudder raises’ell all night, yehs can sleep here.” chap. 3 pages 11 The quotations below show that the old woman grabbed the purse of the young lady. The old woman will do anything to get money although what she did to the young lady is belong to criminal action. She doesn’t think that what she do will risk her own safety because she is the old woman not the young anymore. In her ages, she should become a good old woman and she need not to do the criminal action. She must show a good attitude in the end her life. But the fact, because suffering of the life make everyone do the bad things although it can brings them to the jail. As the conclusion is that most of the people live in tenements of the Bowery cannot get a job because they don’t have education, so they don’t have some skills that need in working at that time. Most of them don’t go to school because they lack of money. Maggie’s parents are only spent their much time sit smoking pipes and drinks alcohol until they forget everything. Then the old woman is become a beggar in order to get some money and buy alcohol for drink.

3.3 ALCOHOLISM