Analysis of coastal resources for tourism development in Bengkulu
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ANALYSIS OF COASTAL RESOURCES FOR TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT IN BENGKULU
EFRIZAL
POST GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2006
STATEMENT ON THESIS AND SOURCE INFORMATION
I hereby declare that this thesis "AnaIysis of CoasNrl Resources for
Tourism Development if1 Bengltulu " is my own work and has been submit in any
form for another degree or diploma program (course) o any university or other
institution of tertiary education. Source of information derived or quoted from the
published or unpublished work of other is acknowledged in the text and list of
references are put at the end of the thesis.
Bogor, September 221h, 2006
Efrizal
C251040414
ABSTRACT
EFRIZAL. Analysis of Coastal Resources for Tourism Development in Bengkulu.
Under the direction of MOHAMMAD MUKHLIS KAMAL, SANTOSO
RAllARDJO and AGUSTlNUS SAMOSIR
As a coastal city, coastal Bengkulu is highly potential area to be developed
for tourism activities; these ideas have not been implemented yet. Some important
issues have been identified, such as poor management, unavailablity of tourism
information, no guideline and specific scheme. Through GIs analysis and SWOT
analysis are subsequence used to highly the potential land suitability and strategic
development, which can produce a good planning of coastal tourism development
in Bengkulu. The result showed that the very suitable areas for intensive land
based activities are Pantai Panjang, Tapak Paderi and Jakat Beach. The very
suitable for swimming activities are Jakat Beach and Tapak Paderi, whereas Tikus
Island area is very suitable for diving and snorkeling with semi extensive
activities. Development strategy of coastal tourism that should be done through
several ways; human resources development, increasing quality and diversity of
tourism product, strengthen of small industry, enhancement the quality of tourism
facilities, conductive atmosphere of investment, increasing of environment control
and disaster mitigation, increasing of the management skills and promotion.
Keywords: Coaslal Resources, Tourism Development, Planning, Bengkulu
ABSTRAK
EFRIZAL. Analisa Sumberdaya Pesisir Untuk Pengembangan Pariwisata di
Bengkulu. Dibimbing oleh MOHAMMAD MUKHLIS KAMAL, SANTOSO
RAHARDJO dan AGUSTINUS SAMOSIR
Sebagai kota pantai kawasan pesisir Bengkulu mempunyai potensi besar
untuk dikembangkan berbagai kegiatan pariwisata, gagasan ini beluln semuanya
dilaksanakan dimana saat ini masih dihadapkan beberapa permasalahan seperti
belum terkelola sacara optimal, belum tersedianya data dan informasi dan belum
ada pedoman pengelolaan pariwisata dan pola pengembangan yang jelas. Melalui
analisis spasial (GIs) untuk kesesuaian lahan dan analisis SWOT untuk
mendapatkan strategi pengembangan diharapkan dapat menciptakan suatu
perencanaan pariwisata pesisir yang baik di Bengkulu. Hasil penelitian ini
menunjukan bahwa kawasan yang paling sesuai untuk kegiatan intensif pariwisata
pantai adalah Pantai Panjang, Tapak Paderi, dan Pantai Jakat. Kawasan yang
paling sesuai untuk kegiatan pariwisata renang adalah Pantai Jakat dan Tapak
Paderi, sedangkan kawasan pulau tikus adalah paling sesuai untuk kegiatan
pariwisata selam dan snorkeling dengan semi ekxtensif kegiatan. Strategi
pengembangan pariwisata pesisir yang harus dilakukan adalah pengembangan
sumberdaya manusia, peningkatan kualitas dan penganekaragaman produk wisata,
pemberdayaan industri kecil, peningkatan kualitas sarana pariwisata, peningkatan
iklim investasi, peningkatan pengelolaan lingkungan dan penyebarluasan
penanganan bencana, peningkatan kemampuan manajemen dan promosi.
Knta Kutrci: Sunibedaya Pesisir, Pengentbangan Pariwisata, Pereilcanaan,
Bengkulu.
@Copyright property of Efrizal, 2006
All right reserved
Forbidden to cite and to copy without prior permission in writingfronz
Bogor Agricultural Universiry.partly or entirely in
anyform, neither print, photocopy, rnicrojl~~z
and others
ANALYSIS OF COASTAL RESOURC~SFOR TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT IN BENGKULU
Thesis as partial fulfillment for Master of Science in
Coastal and Marine Resouces Management.
POST GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2006
Title
: Analysis of Coastal Resources for Tourism Development
Name
SRN
: Efrizal
in Bengkulu
: C251040414
This thesis is approved by the advisory board
Dr. Ir. M. ~ u k h l i Gmal.
s
M.Sc.
Supervisor
t
Ir. antoso Rahard'o M.Sc.
Co-supervisor
Ir. Agustinus Samosir, M.Phil.
Co-supervisor
Prof. Dr. Ir. Rokhmin Dahuri, MS.
J
Date of examination : Sept 191h,2006
Approved on :
1 2 OCT 2006
Ipresent this thesis to m y 6e Covedwqe IT. wwi yitriani, MP.
andmy daughters; yathia dmafia Putri ,YiCzah i ' h i r a h
dmanina ancCYatimah Zahratunnisa
PREFACE
Praise be to Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainer of worlds, wit their
blessing this thesis has been finished. This thesis has made as one of the
requirement to qualify the postgraduate school of Bogor Agriculture University
which is Analysis of Coastal Resources for Tourism Development in Bengkulu.
The author want to carry out this thesis background by a wish to give a
thinking contribution for the coastal tourism development in the Bengkulu that
constraint by have not made the scientific study base planning which resulted by
the limitations of data and information especially the physical, chemical and
biological condition as well as the social economics and culture of Bengkulu coast
community.
In this time, author want to say thank you to :
1. Dr. Ir. M. Mukhlis Kamal, M. Sc. as chairman of the supervisor, Ir. Santoso
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Rahardjo, M. Sc. and Ir. Agustinus Samosir, M. Phil. as Co-supervisor, who
gave the guidance and suggestion that given to author in finishing of the thesis.
Ir. Gatot Yulianto, M.S and Dr. Ir. Mennofatria Boer, DEA as examiner who
have gave correction and suggestion in better thesis.
Dr. Lars Lund Hansen and Dr. Vibeke Simonsen from Aarhus University that
have gave correction and suggestion in better thesis.
The chief of MCRM Project who installed the scholarship to author in frame
of International Master Degree in Sandwich Program.
The Mayor of Bengkulu Municipality and Chairman of Regional Planning and
Development Board of Bengkulu Municipality who gave the opportunities to
take this program.
Ir. Sigit Sujatmiko, MSAE and Ir. Syiafril Sy. who gave the recommendation
to take Master Degree.
All of my colleagues in Sandwich Program (Coky, Eirene, Edo, Kus, Netty,
Norma, Machmud, Saptoyo, Yesi, Zaenal, Zaitul), Dr. Ir. Bambang, MSc. Dr.
Ir. Yusli Wardiatno, MSc. Dra. Sri Kholiyasih, Drs. Harmes, MT, Leny
Gustiani, SP. M S . and everyone might not able to be written who gave
suggestion during take the scholarship, research and finishing the thesis.
Especially my father YD. Yusri who always gave motivation and spirit to
qualify the study.
Finally, I realize that this thesis still far from perfect, so that construction
suggestions and criticisms would be welcomed for the improvement of this recent
work. The author hopes that this thesis will be useful for the readers.
Bogor, October 5'h, 2006
EFRIZAL
The author was born in Curup, Bengkulu
Province on April lo*, 1968 as a second child of six
children from the couple of Y.D Yusri and Halimah
Hamid (the late). In 1996, he married with Ir. Dwi
Fitriani,, MP. and has three daughters (Fathia Amalia
Putri, Filzah Thahirah Amanina and Fatimah
Zahratunnisa).
He finished his study in Agronomy, Agricultural Faculty of Bengkulu
University in 1993 and Development Study, Economic Faculty of Open
University in 2003. Furthermore, he got scholarship for Sandwich Master Degree
Program in Coastal and Marine Resource Management in 2004. This program was
cooperation between Bogor Agricultural University of Indonesia and Arhus
University of Denmark.
Right now he works at Regional Planning and Development Board of
Bengkulu Municipality, Bengkulu Province since 2003. He has been worked at
Public Work Service of Rejang Lebong Regency in 1998-2003, Cump Sub
District Office in 1997-1998, Training and Education Office in 1996-1998 and
Regional Planning and Development Board of Rejang Lebong Regency in 19941996.
He has written some scientific writing such as effect of ventilation and color
packaging toward bananas freshness, coastal tourism planning with GIS
applications, coastal tourism development and sustainable biodiversity on Nala
Beach Bengkulu, and coastal development threatens seagrass resources. He is also
a member of Indonesian Engineer Association (PII) since 1993 and Indonesian
Shorinji Kempo Association (PERKEMI) since 1979.
CONTENTS
List of Table .....................................................................
List of Figure .....................................................................
List of Annex ....................................................................
INTRODUCTION ..............................................................
Background ...............................................................
Issue Formulations ....................................................
Objectives ...............................................................
Benefits .................................................................
LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................
Coastal Resources .....................................................
Coastal Tourism Paradigm ............................................
Tourisrn Resources .........................................................
Tourism Product ......................................................
Tourism Develop~nent .................................................
MATERIAL AND METHODS ..............................................
Research Frameworks ................................................
Study Area and Sampling Site .......................................
Data Collection ..........................................................
Data Analysis ..........................................................
BENGKULU MUNICIPALITY .....................................................
Geology and Climate Condition ...........................................
Oceanographic Condition .............................................
Socio Economics and Socio Culture Condition ...................
Bioresources .............................................................
Tourism Statistic ........................................................
RESULTS ........................................................................
Existing of Tourism Zone .............................................
Area for Land Based Activities ........................................
Area for Swimming ....................................................
Area for Diving and Snorkeling .............................................
Development Strategies Analysis for Coastal Tourism ............
DISCUSSIONS ..................................................................
Zonation of Tourism Activities .......................................
Coastal Tourism Development ........................................
Coastal Community Development ....................................
Disaster Management ..................................................
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ..........................
Conclusion ..............................................................
Recommendation .........................................................
REFERENCES
APPENDIXES
Page
vi
vii
...
Vlll
LIST OF TABLE
Page
...............
18
2 . The scoring and suitable matrix for swimming ...........................
18
3 . The scoring and suitable matrix for diving and snorkeling
19
I . The scoring and suitable matrix for land based activities
4 . Interval score for coastal tourism
5. Matrix of SWOT Analysis
.............
..........................................
19
.................................................
20
6 . Distribution of Regional Gross Domestic Product of Bengkulu. base
on constant price on 1993 and 1993.2004 ...........................
7. Composition of Mangrove forest in Pulai Baai
8. Coral reef in Tikus Island
...........................
...................................................
9 . Distribution RGDP of Bengkulu in Agriculture Sector which
according to Constant Price in 1993 (Rp . Million) .....................
10. The Fisherman and Fish Farmer condition on 1992-2004
I 1 . Coastal tourism object in Bengkulu
.............
........................................
I2 . Wide of area suitability for coastal tourism activities in
Bengkulu .......................................................................
13. Matrix of SWOT Strategy the Coastal Resources Development ........
14. Matrix of SWOT Strategy the Coastal Tourism Product ................
15. Matrix of SWOT Strategy the Coastal Tourism Infrastructure .........
16. Community perception of coastal tourism development in
. .
Bengkulu Municlpalliy .....................................................
17. Programs. Target and Activities of Coastal Tourism Development in
Bengkulu Municipality ......................................................
18. Role of component in coastal tourism development
....................
LIST OF FIGURE
Page
1 . Functioning Component on Tourism Development
....................
...
11
.............
13
2 . Research Framework of Coastal Tourism Planning on Bengkulu
3 . Study area at Bengkulu Municipality, Bengkulu Province
4
.
Flowchart of GIS Procedures
............................ .
.............
5 . The overlay for regional suitability of coastal tourism (upper).
swimming (middle). diving and snorkeling (lower) ...................
6 . Map of Current. Tidal and Wind in Coastal of Bengkulu ..............
7. Number of tourists who visit to Bengkulu in 1997 - 2004 ..............
8. Suitability Map for Land Based Tourism Activities
..........................
9 . Suitability Map for Swimming Tourism Activities
.....................
10. Suitability Map for Diving and Snorkeling Tourism Activities .......
1 1 . Coral coverage on Tikus Island. Bengkulu
6
...................................
16
LIST OF ANNEXES
Page
1. Step of data processing through GIS Procedure
...........................
2 . Explained of main parameter for coastal tourism activities
3 . Interval score determination
...............................................
4 . Guideline of Scoring in SWOT Analysis
5. SWOT Analysis
............
65
67
70
.................................
72
..............................................................
78
6. Standardization of water for tourism and recreation
......................
81
......
82
7. Questionnaire for community understanding of coastal tourism
8. Resulting of Lit Survey by Scuba Diving on Tikus Island, Bengkulu
83
9 . Wave high in coastal of Bengkulu Municipality Area (2005)
.........
84
.............
85
10. Wind speed on Coastal of Bengkulu Municipality (2005)
11. Result of water sample analysis
...........................................
12. Climate Condition of Bengkulu Municipality in 2004 and 200 .2003
.
87
...............................................
88
.......................................................
89
13. Figure of Research Activities
14. Figure of Study Areas
86
INTRODUCTION
Background
Indonesia is the largest archipelagic state characterized by around 17.508
islands and 81.000 km coast length (Soegiarto, 1976 in Dahuri et. al., 1996),
beautiful nature coast and the diversity of flora and fauna inside. There are coral
reef and many kinds of the ornamental fish that estimated approximately 263
kinds (Nugroho, 2004). This huge potency is very appropriate to utilize and
develop for coastal and marine tourism.
Bengkulu is a coastal city, located in the west coast of Sumatra Island,
accordingly it is highly potential area to develop for tourism. The tourism sector is
one of the development priorities that have contributed much to the economy of
Bengkulu, although the contribution of tourism sector is not written factually.
Stated on the Regional Gross Domestic Product (GRDP) of Bengkulu 2003, the
close related sector of tourism such as trade, hotel business, restaurant (22,18%),
transportation and communication (31,50%) are the economics sector that gave
the highest contribution to Bengkulu development (Bappeda, 2004a). On the other
hand, the trend of Bengkulu tourism development is under developed for the time
being as the number of foreign tourist are decreasing, although domestic tourist
rise slowly (Disparta, 2004). Should tourism be improved, it is expected to
contribute higher income and accordingly for the increasing of community
welfare. This could only be realized through a good planning in tourism which
counts all influencing aspects on region development such as physical, social
economics, and culture.
Coastal tourism is a kind of tourism that relies on the beauty of nature,
sea and land environment as the attraction. In this case, the conservation of nature
resources and healthy environment are mandatory to be secured by tour managers,
community, tourists themselves (Suharsono, 1993) and government. The
understanding of the environmental condition is very important in the
arrangement of the coastal tourism development. Without that knowledge, the
sustainable coastal tourism remains unrealistic program.
The coastal tourism development usually is started with an area planning,
which zone of the region is suitable to be developed for the tourism area. The
unplanned development or wrong planning will cause the declining of the coastal
resources quality, especially on location determination of coastal tourism
development. Unplanned development has contributed largely to the degradation
of an already stressed marine environment (Turner, et a]., 2000).
The study on land suitability for costal tourism development is needed to
obtain a system of sustainable development management of coastal tourism in
Bengkulu. Without a good management of the tourism development planning, the
declining of tourism quality will be faced, as a consequence of the lost of
interesting value area (Baehaqie, 1993).
An analysis of coastal resources for tourism development that involve
land suitability and development strategy is required and will become an initial
input for Bengkulu government in determining their future policies.
Issue Formulations
Nowadays, the marine based tourism (coastal and maritime) denotes one
of the interesting tourism products of the international community. The marine
tourism development objective is to utilize and evolve the tourist spots and
attractions in the coastal and ocean. Unfortunately the priority of resources
management is given more to their mainland compared to their coastal and sea
resources, especially the coastal tourism management.
Bengkulu region consist of large area with several potential that could be
developed for coastal tourism activities, but right now those ideas still faces to
some important issues as follow;
1. Coastal tourisln is still not optimally managed where still find the promising
nature resources that are poor maintained.
2. Tourism information is still not available and an accurate data is difficult to
find, as the result is the less planned in tourism promoting.
3. There is no guideline for sustainable tourism development especially the
spatial planning for specific scheme of coastal tourism.
Objectives
1. To identify all the coastal resources that could be used as tourism attraction.
2. To provide a zonation of coastal tourism based on suitability analysis.
3. To formulate a development strategy of coastal tourism which guaranty the
acceleration and sustainability of tourism in Bengkulu.
Benefits
1. For the government especially to Bengkulu Government, the study resulting
could be used as the inputs about the policy foundation development of coastal
tourism in order to support the vision and mission of the city development.
2. For the education institution could become one of the scientific studies in
developing natural tourism science especially in coastal management planning.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Intro
The coastal area is the area where land meets sea (Sverdruf, 2006); on
the land side both dry and remained water, still is affected by characteristics of the
sea such tide, sea wind and salt infiltration; whereas on sea side still is influenced
by natural processes that occur in the land such as sedimentation, freshwater and
human activities in land such as deforestation and pollution (Dahuri et. al., 1996).
Such situation may be found in bays, lagoons, estuaries, small islands (Clark,
1995), cliffs, dunes (Sverdruf, 2006), river deltas, coastal plains, wetlands,
beaches and dunes, reefs, mangrove forest, and other coastal feature (Post, 1996).
Moreover, Arancibia (1999) pointed out to use a broader and more functional
definition of coastal area whose flexibility permits considerations of biological,
biophysical, social, and economic aspects. It is defined as the geographic space in
which the principal interchanges of material and energy are produced between the
marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The coastal area occupies less than 15% of the
earths land surface. Only 40% of the one million krn of coastline is accessible and
temperate enough to be habitable. Yet it accommodates more than 60% of the
world's population (FAO, 1998).
Interaction between land and sea ecosystem is very dynamic and affected
each other, so more susceptible to each human activities in the land (waste,
mangrove deforestation, erosion, etc.) and in sea (oil layer, coral reef destruction,
etc.), the global climate change (sea level rising) and also natural disaster (tsunami,
storm, etc.) (Ditjend-Bangda, 1999)'. The coastal and ocean area have important
role on sea transport, harbor, industrial, recreation and tourism, settlement area
and also waste disposal from mainland.
As an ecosystem, the coastal area is formed through natural process such
as coral reef, mangrove, and sea grass and also gotten artificially; like fishpond,
tide paddy-field, tourism, industrial and settlement area (Dahuri et. a]., 1996).
' General Directorate of Region Development, Ministry of Home Affair, Republic of Indonesia
Coastal Tourism Paradigm
Many expert have defined tourism, among of them is Mathieson (1982)
who stated that tourism is temporary movement of people to destinations outside
their normal place of work and residence to satisfy his need. In Tourism
Indonesian Law No. 911990 that tourism also is defined as everything that linked
to tour, including attraction and all of efforts that related to its (Gunawan, 1997).
The tourism area is a region with certain wide that built or provided to
satisfy the tourism. In old paradigms, tourism emphasize to mass tourism which
characterize number of tourist and various tourism package (Faulkner, 1997), and
it become new paradigm of tourism now, that is modern tourist who have
experience and autonomous, one destination to find flexible recreation, variety
and specific motivation to nature. Further stated that ecotourism is group of
tourism object and their attraction emphasize to nature. The ecotourism society
purposefully travel to natural area to understand the culture and natural history of
the environment, taking care not to alter the integrity of the ecosystem, while
producing economic opportunities the make the conservation of natural resources
beneficial to local people.
Whereas coastal tourism is defined as recreation activity in coastal, such
as enjoy the coast, sand, sea and sunbathed (Wong, 1991), swimming, surfing,
diving, canoeing, walking along the coast, enjoying the beauty of the coast, and
meditation (Dahuri et. al., 1996). This tourism is often associated with three "S"
(Sun, Sea and Sand)(Wong, 1991), its meaning is tourism that provided beauty
and natural comfort from the combination of the sunlight, sea and clean sandy
beach. Even Miller (1991) added one "S" (sex) which has become one of the new
frontiers and fastest growing areas of the world's tourism industry. Tourist
activities are considered coastal tourism activities when they are based on or
utilize coastal or marine resources, either natural or man-made, or located within
the coastal strip (TCMP, 2001). Furthermore Ceballos and Lascurain (1983) in
(Anonym, 1996) stressed the coastal tourism definition on the conservation aspect
of the environment and sustainable community's culture, so benefiting directly to
community in surrounding area. According to him the coastal tourism should be
defined as the natural tourism that involved education, environment and carried
out continuously. This directly involved the natural environment including the
sustainable culture and ecology aspect and also stressed to the community
participation on surrounding area, they will involve conservation goal of resources
in future.
Coastal tourism concept embraces the full range of tourism, leisure, and
recreationally oriented activities that take place in the coastal areas and the
offshore waters (Hall, 2001). These include coastal tourism development, such as:
accommodation, restaurants, food industry, and second homes and its
infrastructure such as: retail businesses, marinas, and activity suppliers. It's also
included all tourism activities such as recreational boating, coastal and marinebased ecotourism cruises, swimming, recreational fishing, snorkeling and diving.
Tourism Resources
Although there is no standardized practice for reporting tourism statistics
within the coastal zone, it is not to see how tourism has a major coastal aspect.
The inherent character of coastal area makes its tourism distinctive (Zhang, 2001).
Historically, the use of coastal zone for tourism dated to Roman times when
holiday villas were available on the northern side of the Bay of Naples (Wong,
1993). Coastal area has various attractive resources for tourism activities, but it
could be developed as sustainable and marketable tourism unless certain condition
fulfilled such as attractive place, good accessibility and service, continuing
promotion and information (Lewaherilla, 2002). Gunn (1993) has described
tourism development including coastal area as the functioning component which
each other have relationship component. Linked of those components is shown in
Figure 1.
m
Attractions
m
m m
Services
Promotion
Information
Figure 1. Functioning Component on Tourism Development (Gunn, 1993).
In document of TCMP (2001), it was explained that attractions could be
divided into two categories: natural (wildlife, beaches, forests, geological
formations) and cultural (historical or archaeological sites, performing arts,
traditional lifestyles). Services including accommodations could range from basic
campsites to luxury hotels. Whether budget or luxury, hotels need to provide
value for a tourist's money. Standardized classification system is one way to
ensure that hotels are providing quality accommodation at a fair price. Hotel
owners and operators face constraints, however; high operating costs due to
inadequate provision of utilities and telecommunications and taxes can often limit
an investor's ability to do business successfully. Transportation can be by air, land
or sea, but needs to be safe, a good value for the money, and reliable. Improving
access to tourism sites allows more visitors to come, and also allows those visitors
to go to more places.
Finally, management of coastal as nature tourism really need the
participation of community on surrounding area, which is hoped will reach the
targets (Anonym, 1997):
1. Maintaining the ecological process and system of life support in order to
increase of community welfare and humankind quality.
2. Protecting the genetic diversity through protection of cohesiveness of the
conservation area.
3. Guarantying the sustainability of natural resources utilizations and ecosystem
through maintenance efforts towards the biodiversity capacity.
Tourism Product
Coastal tourism products include coastal tourism resources and related
tourism facilities (Zee, 1992). As for this case, coastal tourism is divided into
natural resources and historical resources. Not all resources become tourism
resources unless certain conditions are fulfilled: physical suitability, scenic quality
and accessibility (Zhang, 2001). Furthermore, Zee (1992) states that tourism
facilities consist of primary and secondary facilities. Primary facilities mainly
refer to the stay accommodation and access facilities. Secondary facilities could
be further subdivided into sport facilities, facilities for informal pursuit and
entertainment facilities. Some facilities have mixed function such as swimming
pool, which can be plain swimming lanes or added with other entertainment
facilities.
As natural resources, the coastal zone consists of a myriad of ecosystems
that can serve as potential tourism attractions. In addition to the natural sand
beaches found at various places along the coast, the flora and fauna of the coastal
zone can be considered attractions as well. Further, the extensive coral reefs that
fringe the shoreline can be utilized by those tourists interested in snorkeling or
diving. (TCMP, 2001)
Cultural heritage represents historical resources and shown the identity
of a community and its environment. Cultural heritage can include monuments or
other buildings that represent important events or eras in local or national history,
traditional lifestyles, such as the performing arts and handicrafts, and even the
everyday activities of local people as they farm, fish or prepare food. Tourists are
becoming increasingly interested in learning about the people that live in and
around tourist destinations in addition to more traditional tourist activities, such as
game viewing and sun bathing. This cultural heritage can be developed into tourist
attractions, which, in turn, can provide income generating opportunities for people
living along the coast (TCMP, 2001).
Tourism Development
Cheong (2003) has explained about tourism development is based on the
assumption that tourism is a two-faced industry consisting of public and private
spheres. Tourist services such as accommodations and restaurants are managed by
the private sector. Individuals or firms offer these services to obtain direct profit
from tour operation. On the other hand, natural resources such as scenery, clean
water, ambience, and fish as well as cultural assets of the place are considered
public resources. Furthermore, the infrastructure often times provided by the
government is essential to the smooth tourist operation.
Coastal area contains various coastal resources that give the certain
benefit for human activities like commercial, industry, transportation, agriculture
(Clark, 1995) including coastal tourism. All of the human activities have directly
touching and influence to natural ecosystem that supported. Each natural
ecosystem in coastal area have 4 main functions to human life: (1) service of life
supporting, (2) service of the comfortable, (3) provider of nature resources and (4)
waste recipient (Ortolano, 1987). Based on the four functions of the ecosystem,
there are three conditions that can guarantee the achievement of sustainable
development that is i) spatial harmonious, ii) assimilate capacity, and iii)
sustainable utilization. The selection activities in region have to consider the
compatibility of the land or waters, the impact of the development activities
especially pollution, sedimentation, change of hydrology regime, and the
compatibility among development activities (Dahuri et. al., 1996).
Soeriaatmaja (1997) stated that the sustainable development is
development that can guarantee the human requirement on present generation (in
satisfying their need) without leaving the next generation. The aim of the
sustainable development is integrate development and environment since the
beginning of the policy process until their implementation. Conceptually, a
development of sustainable coastal tourism can be interpreted as the tourism
development that environmentally perception which not disturbing the condition
of coastal resources, so they can be used continually until next generations. The
natural tourism activities certainly give positive impacts, but also can bring
negative impacts to environment either ecologically and socially. In general, the
negative impact of environment could happens as a result of poor planning and
management, for example those did not consider the environment capacity or lack
of awareness, knowledge on environment conservation (Soeriaatmaja, 1997).
Tourism development that not applied good planning and management
will cause the lost and decline of region quality, and will subsequently demeaning
the interesting any tourists. Location selection is one of main factors that caused
loosing and declining of coastal resources quality. The inappropriate location can
cause problem on pattern of development, both on present and on the future.
Many negative impacts had been happened as a result of mistaken assessment on
natural characteristics of the coastal area such as damaging from the storm and
wave, beach erosion and sea water (Baehaqie, 1993).
MATERLALS AND METHODS
Research Frameworks
Bengkulu coast region has great potential for tourism development with
interesting scenery and white wide of sand beach. In other side, coastal tourism
development also has opportunity to cause ecosystem damage, if it is unplanned
such as mangrove conversion and sea casuarinas forest change settlement.
Several problems also will be resulted from the tourism development that not
enough planning such as mainly conflict of interests among related part due to no
clear area development coordination yet, such tourism and forestry, public work
and environment service, etc. Furthermore, not adequate institution as certain
tourism areas management yet, lack of community's participation and declining of
environment quality are found.
Many negative impacts have happened from the wrong planning towards
nature characteristics estimation of the coastal area. Environmental damage that is
resulted from storm, wave, wind, erosion and intrusion of sea water is main cause
of the failure planning of the land use, so caused fragile of coastal ecosystem and
even will damage the developed tourism infrastructure. Some causes that effect
those problems is the accurate data and information are not available, there are no
suitable analysis in the last planning and consistency of land use planning in
implementation.
Initial step of the tourism planning is defining the objective of tourism,
identify the resources, furthermore analyze and determine suitable area for
tourism activities. Through the land suitability analysis, it is hoped that the
development of the natural resources environment, which is an important factor in
coastal tourism, could be still well maintained.
Therefore, the comprehensive planning of coastal tourism development
is needed through spatial analysis (CIS) for land and water suitability and social
economics and cultural analysis and equipped also with the SWOT analysis for
strategic development, which can produce a good planning of coastal tourism
development. Applications of CIS in coastal tourism planning illustrate that CIS
is a strong and effective tool that can aid in tourisni planning and decision-making.
Integrated use of field surveys, remote sensing and GIS in coastal tourism has
been used and proven to be useful. For examples: coastal tourism planning
(Zhang, 2001), tourism spatial planning and the impact of urbanization and
tourism on coastal environment (Burak et a]., 2004). It will be hoped that the
sustainability of'resources could be maintained and the increasing of common
prosperity for all the people can be reached. Research framework is illustrated in
Figure 2 below.
Bengkulu Coastal
Area
f
I
Bengkulu City
Government
1
/
/
1
-2.3n-4....~..
ruLc"bY
/
Coastal Tourism
Development
RUTRW'
Issues and Problem
.
Government
Policy of
Spasial Analysis
Land Suitability of Coastal Tourism
rI
SWOT Analysis
Development Strategy
-u=Bengkulu Coastal
Tourism ~ e v e l o ~ m ePlan
nt
I
I
Figure 2. Research Framework of Coastal Tourism Development on Bengkulu.
' Rencana Urnurn T a b Ruang Wilayah (General Land-use Planning)
Study Area and Sampling Site
The study location is in west coast of Bengkulu Municipality including
Tikus lsland areas in the coordinate of 102"14' to 102"22' East and 3"45' to 3'59'
South. The first study is called Pantai Panjang which means long beach. This area
located at Sub District of Gading Cempaka with good accessibility; where
cottages, hotels, restaurants and several public facilities could be found. Another
interesting place is Tapak Paderi. This area is public park at Sub Didtrict of Teluk
Segara with an old harbour that was built during English colonization, good view
of sea scenery and also available the shallow waters (1-5 m). This area located in
centre of city which is the marina being contracted, to support several tourism
activities. Beside that the attractive place to be visited is Tikus Island as a Marine
Park that surrounded by the coral reef as rich biological resources. This area
situated around 7 km from Tapak Paderi.
The study area is not including Pulau Baai Harbor in the southern; it is
assumed that tourism activities should not be developed there since the area has
already been allocated for conservation area (sea casuarinas and mangrove forest)
and fishpond.
In order to investigate the tourism development planning of coastal
tourism, sampling sites were determined representing the area along the west
coast and surrounding Tikus Island. Those stations were sampled for physical,
chemical and biological parameters. Study area and sample station is presented in
Figure 3.
Data Collection
The data consisted of primary and secondary data that collected through
observation, questionnaire and interview which was conducted during March to
May 2006.
1. Primary Data
a. Water quality
Water quality condition was measured based on physical, chemical and
biological characteristic including water clarity, depth, current speed,
BENGKULU MUNICIPALITY
Map Situation
i.BonpliviY MapZW2,Scsie 1 :2W.000
2.MCRMP M B P D I B D ~ Q L Y I YProvinca2001,
Scalo 1 : M O W .
MARINE ANDCOASTAL RESOURCES
MANAOEMENT STUDIES
BOGOR AORICVLTURALUNlVERSlTY
-
Figure 3. Study area at Bengkulu Municipality, Bengkulu Province.
turbidity, wave height, oil layer, surfactant, and Escherichia coli. Each
parameter was taken on 9 stations with 3 replicates.
The clarity was measured by using secchi disk and current speed by
current meter. Water depth was calculated from Landsat image analysis
and wave height through estimation by wind speed. Water sample was
taken in the field to be measured later in laboratory. The sample was
intended for determination of turbidity (Nephelometric method), oil layer
and surfactant (spectrophotometer method) and Escherichia coli (MPN
method).
a. Coral Environment
Field observation on coral reef was performed to determine coral type,
coverage as well as coral fish. This action possible due to diving and
snorkeling which has been conducted through lit survey with scuba diving.
b. Community Perception (Questionnaire)
In order to know the community perception on coastal tourism, the
unstructured questionnaire was distributed to gather information to several
respondents, how did they known more understanding on coastal tourism
development which has been done interview and discussion to all
respondent. In order got more information and easy to be done, accidental
sampling was conducted for local community (16 people) and tourists (8
people), and purposive sampling for community leader (4 people),
government officer (7 people), and travel agency (5 people).
2. Secondary Data
Secondary data was collected to obtain the information about social,
economics and culture. Other data could be obtained is given from observation
on the field such as climate, temperature, wind, tidal condition, distance from
coastline, land utilization, coast type, accessibility, disaster area, fresh water
source.
There by the data of size of area, population, level of education, accessibility,
culture site, coastal development planning, and city strategic planning is taken
from related institution that has information about tourism, such as Bappeds,
BPS', Tourism Service on Province or Municipality level, University, and
Research Consultant. The other supporting data such as:
a. Health facilities
b. Regional Gross Domestic Product of Bengkulu Municipality
c. Potentials of the Nature Resources and Environment
d. Location of tourism object
e. Number of tourist with their characteristic.
Maps requirement that is used such as;
a. Digital map of Bengkulu Municipality on 2002 (scale 1:70.000),
b. Map of the spatial plan, 2002,
c. Landsat 7 ETM Image on February 2003,
d. Coastal Atlas of Bengkulu Province that has been issued by MCRM
Project, 2005.
Data Analysis
All data is compiled with Microsoft EXCEL for further analysis using
Geographical Information System (GIs) Program (Arc Info Ver.3.4.2 and Arc
View Ver.3.2).
1. Spatial Analysis
The step of spatial data processing through GIs database procedure is showed
on flowchart in Figure 4 and is explained briefly in Annex 1.
2. Determination of tourism area with suitability method
a. Determination of suitability matrix
This method is adopted from the analysis technique for land suitability that
is developed by F A 0 (1976). Each variable is given by the value showing
three categories, that is very suitable (VS), suitable (S) and not suitable
(NS) (DPU, 1997)'.
' Biro Pusat Statis:ik (Centre Statistics Boa~.d,Republic of Indonesia)
Departemen Pekerjsan Umum (Ministry of Public Work, Republic of Indonesia)
Data Collecting
Land Suitability Analysis
Figure 4. Flowchart of GIS Procedures.
e
Very suitable (VS)
The area have not significant limitations to sustained application of
coastal tourism development as given use, or only minor limitations
that will not significantly reduce benefits and will not raise inputs
above an acceptable level (FAO, 1976). The color for this area will be
used green.
Suitable (S)
The area has rather serious restraint for the activities of coastal tourism
development. This restraint will increase input or treatment that is
.
needed. The color for this area will be used ycllow.
Not suitable (NS)
The area have limitations which appear so severe as to preclude any
possibilities of successful sustained use of the land in the given manner
for coastal tourism development (FAO, 1976). The color for this area
will be used red.
b. Weighting
Generally, this method is used in planning which have qualitative
dimension variables. Each suitable variable is given weight that is
determined by contribution of variable to achieve the target of space
utilization. How far a region can fill the criterion that is determined by
suitability variable, it determines the number of scores that is received.
The suitable calculation is carried out by multiplying weight to score and
results of multiplication for all variables. If results reached or exceeded a
certain value then utilization activity can be stated appropriately.
Weighting is divided into 3 criteria as follow;
Primary parameter or main condition is used for a development
activity of coastal tourism is given by the weight 4-5;
Secondary parameter for parameter that can be dealt with technology is
given by the weight 2-3; and
Tertiary parameter for the parameter that is used as supporting
parameter certain tourism activities is given by the weight 1.
The scoring is used 3 criteria with value of the score that is;
Score 3 for parameter that have appropriateness very suitable (VS)
Score 2 for the parameter that have appropriateness suitable (S)
Score 1 for the parameter that have appropriateness non suitable (TS).
The matrix of land suitability for coastal tourism activities in Bengkulu is
shown by Table 1, 2 and 3 which is adjusted to land based, swimming and
diving snorkeling activities repeatedly.
Table 1. The scoring and suitable matrix for land based activities
VS = Very suitable, S = Suitable, and NS = Non suitable
Table 2. The scoring and suitable matrix for swimming
No
Parameter
1. Current speed 31
- 2. Wave height
3. l ~ e ~21t h
I
Unit
Weight VS
5
0-0.1
mlsc
rn
m
,
1
3
3
I Score I
0-0.2
3
3
0-5
3
S
0.1 - 0.4
0.2-1.0
5-10
Score
NS
2
> 0.4
2
>1.0
2
>lo
Score
1
1
1
1
VS = Very suitable, S = Suitable, NS = Non suitable.
NTU = Nephelometric Turbidity Unit.
3
Badnn Koordinasi Survey dan Fernetaan Nasionai (National Mapping and Survey Coordination
Board, Republic of Indonesia)
Table 3. The scoring and suitable matrix for diving and snorkeling
6.
7.
Wave height
1 Depth
21
m
1
3
10-0.21
m
(
3
10-5
3
3
10.2-1.01
15-10
=
2
2
VS = Very suitable, S suitable; NS = Non suitable,
NTU = Nephelometric Turbidity Unit.
,.
1>1.0
I
[>lo
( t
.
Interval score determination is conducted according to statistic theoretic
trough use the minimum and maximum value of each total score, its can be
made the class wide.
The formula that is used :
Class wide =maximum - minimum
2
I
The interval of three matrixes above is presented in Table 4, whereas the
detail step of this is presented in Annex 3.
Table 4. Interval score for coastal tourism
Activities
Very Suitable
Suitable
Non Suitable
Land Based
45 - 54
27 - 44
18 -26
Swimming
48 - 57
29 - 47
19-28
Diving and Snorkeling
80 - 96
48 - 79
32 -47
1
3. Overlay
Overlay of map is a process of uniting the spatial data (the map) that is used in
the layout plan (Ortolano, 1987). Overlay for the compilation of the tourism
area is presented in Figure 5.
4. SWOT Analysis
Basically this analysis is built to determine the strategic planning.
Output of SWOT analysis is basic information structure of the general real
understanding and choice group of strategic development (Zwaenepoel, 1999).
The SWOT analysis is able to identify some determinant factors prior to
formulating the strategy planning. This analysis is based on logic by maximizing
the strengths and opportunities, but simultaneously minimizing the weaknesses
and threats (Rangkuti, 2005). The steps of SWOT is 1) Collecting data is external
and internal evaluation; 2) Analysis is make external internal matrix and SWOT
matrix and 3) Decision making
All required information are put into a matrix that clearly depict the
opportunities and external threats which matching to strengths and weaknesses
(SWOT Analysis). The matrix will produce several possibilities of strategic
alternatives, which decision to be done to contend with weaknesses and threats of
coastal tourism management (Marimin, 2004). Matrix of SWOT Analysis is
presented in Tabel 5.
Table 5. Matrix of SWOT Analysis
Strengths
Factors of internal
threats
>ource: Rangkut~,2005.
Weaknesses
I Factors of internal
Distance from
Coastline
Overlay 1
Land use
Overlay 4
Accessibility
Overlay 2
Land Based
Activities
Coastal type
Overlay 3
Source
Depth
k
Overlay 1
Biophysics &
Chemistry
Condition
J
Swimming
Clarity
Current speed
Depth
7
Overlay 1
Diving and Snorkeling
Coral reef
Overlay 2
Current speed
Figure 5. The overlay for regional suitability of coastal tourism (upper),
swimming (middle), diving and snorkeling (lower)
I
Matrix approach of internal and external factors is weighted by factor 0.01.0 depending on how is the importance of factors. Furthermore the strengths and
opportunities as internal and external factor is given by the score 4-1, whereas the
weaknesses and threats as internal and external factor is gave the score 1-4 depend
on how is effect of the factors to coastal tourism development. To reduce the
subjectivity of SWOT analysis was conducted deep discussion to experts and
local government officers; especially on weighting, scoring and material
determination (guideline of scoring in SWOT analysis is present in Annex 4).
BENGKULU MUNICIPALITY
Geology and Climate Condition
Bengkulu Municipality is the capital of the Bengkulu province, situated in
the West Coast of Sumatra along the north to south direction. Its area is about
144.52 km2 with coastline is about
+ 60 km including Tikus Island, located in the
coordinate between 102'14'- 102'22' East and 3'45' - 3'59' South. The northern
and eastern is North Bengkulu Regency, Seluma Regency in the southern, and
Indonesian/Indian Ocean in western part doe to geographical location, takes
implication to coastal tourism may be developed as, availability of the object and
attraction on its coastal environment.
In General, the coastal area elevation bctween 0 - 16 m above sea level
and the widest area is between 0 - 10 m that is about 10.248 ha (70.91%).
Geologically, sea floor of the coast and mainland is dominated by subduction of
the lndo-Australia plate that crust into Eurasia plate. Tectonic action result the
formation of beniof seismic in the sea floor as an active earthquake zone. The
coast area is characterized by the open gulf with slightly slope and low relief.
Geologically, the morphology and characteristics of shoreline of the Bengkulu
coast from northern to southern is divided into three types as follows:
Muddy and CliffCoust
This type is along the coast, from Pekik Nyaring Village to Pasar Bengkulu
Village. Coast characteristic is low relief, beach width is 50-100 m, the slope
is 30-50%, and part place is muddy with low sand nearby the estuary. It also
found the accretion of new sediment as clay sand which results from
sedimentation process in estuary.
Pocket Beach and sea wall
This type located from the Kampung Kelawi Village
V J I
~
'
ANALYSIS OF COASTAL RESOURCES FOR TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT IN BENGKULU
EFRIZAL
POST GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2006
STATEMENT ON THESIS AND SOURCE INFORMATION
I hereby declare that this thesis "AnaIysis of CoasNrl Resources for
Tourism Development if1 Bengltulu " is my own work and has been submit in any
form for another degree or diploma program (course) o any university or other
institution of tertiary education. Source of information derived or quoted from the
published or unpublished work of other is acknowledged in the text and list of
references are put at the end of the thesis.
Bogor, September 221h, 2006
Efrizal
C251040414
ABSTRACT
EFRIZAL. Analysis of Coastal Resources for Tourism Development in Bengkulu.
Under the direction of MOHAMMAD MUKHLIS KAMAL, SANTOSO
RAllARDJO and AGUSTlNUS SAMOSIR
As a coastal city, coastal Bengkulu is highly potential area to be developed
for tourism activities; these ideas have not been implemented yet. Some important
issues have been identified, such as poor management, unavailablity of tourism
information, no guideline and specific scheme. Through GIs analysis and SWOT
analysis are subsequence used to highly the potential land suitability and strategic
development, which can produce a good planning of coastal tourism development
in Bengkulu. The result showed that the very suitable areas for intensive land
based activities are Pantai Panjang, Tapak Paderi and Jakat Beach. The very
suitable for swimming activities are Jakat Beach and Tapak Paderi, whereas Tikus
Island area is very suitable for diving and snorkeling with semi extensive
activities. Development strategy of coastal tourism that should be done through
several ways; human resources development, increasing quality and diversity of
tourism product, strengthen of small industry, enhancement the quality of tourism
facilities, conductive atmosphere of investment, increasing of environment control
and disaster mitigation, increasing of the management skills and promotion.
Keywords: Coaslal Resources, Tourism Development, Planning, Bengkulu
ABSTRAK
EFRIZAL. Analisa Sumberdaya Pesisir Untuk Pengembangan Pariwisata di
Bengkulu. Dibimbing oleh MOHAMMAD MUKHLIS KAMAL, SANTOSO
RAHARDJO dan AGUSTINUS SAMOSIR
Sebagai kota pantai kawasan pesisir Bengkulu mempunyai potensi besar
untuk dikembangkan berbagai kegiatan pariwisata, gagasan ini beluln semuanya
dilaksanakan dimana saat ini masih dihadapkan beberapa permasalahan seperti
belum terkelola sacara optimal, belum tersedianya data dan informasi dan belum
ada pedoman pengelolaan pariwisata dan pola pengembangan yang jelas. Melalui
analisis spasial (GIs) untuk kesesuaian lahan dan analisis SWOT untuk
mendapatkan strategi pengembangan diharapkan dapat menciptakan suatu
perencanaan pariwisata pesisir yang baik di Bengkulu. Hasil penelitian ini
menunjukan bahwa kawasan yang paling sesuai untuk kegiatan intensif pariwisata
pantai adalah Pantai Panjang, Tapak Paderi, dan Pantai Jakat. Kawasan yang
paling sesuai untuk kegiatan pariwisata renang adalah Pantai Jakat dan Tapak
Paderi, sedangkan kawasan pulau tikus adalah paling sesuai untuk kegiatan
pariwisata selam dan snorkeling dengan semi ekxtensif kegiatan. Strategi
pengembangan pariwisata pesisir yang harus dilakukan adalah pengembangan
sumberdaya manusia, peningkatan kualitas dan penganekaragaman produk wisata,
pemberdayaan industri kecil, peningkatan kualitas sarana pariwisata, peningkatan
iklim investasi, peningkatan pengelolaan lingkungan dan penyebarluasan
penanganan bencana, peningkatan kemampuan manajemen dan promosi.
Knta Kutrci: Sunibedaya Pesisir, Pengentbangan Pariwisata, Pereilcanaan,
Bengkulu.
@Copyright property of Efrizal, 2006
All right reserved
Forbidden to cite and to copy without prior permission in writingfronz
Bogor Agricultural Universiry.partly or entirely in
anyform, neither print, photocopy, rnicrojl~~z
and others
ANALYSIS OF COASTAL RESOURC~SFOR TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT IN BENGKULU
Thesis as partial fulfillment for Master of Science in
Coastal and Marine Resouces Management.
POST GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2006
Title
: Analysis of Coastal Resources for Tourism Development
Name
SRN
: Efrizal
in Bengkulu
: C251040414
This thesis is approved by the advisory board
Dr. Ir. M. ~ u k h l i Gmal.
s
M.Sc.
Supervisor
t
Ir. antoso Rahard'o M.Sc.
Co-supervisor
Ir. Agustinus Samosir, M.Phil.
Co-supervisor
Prof. Dr. Ir. Rokhmin Dahuri, MS.
J
Date of examination : Sept 191h,2006
Approved on :
1 2 OCT 2006
Ipresent this thesis to m y 6e Covedwqe IT. wwi yitriani, MP.
andmy daughters; yathia dmafia Putri ,YiCzah i ' h i r a h
dmanina ancCYatimah Zahratunnisa
PREFACE
Praise be to Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainer of worlds, wit their
blessing this thesis has been finished. This thesis has made as one of the
requirement to qualify the postgraduate school of Bogor Agriculture University
which is Analysis of Coastal Resources for Tourism Development in Bengkulu.
The author want to carry out this thesis background by a wish to give a
thinking contribution for the coastal tourism development in the Bengkulu that
constraint by have not made the scientific study base planning which resulted by
the limitations of data and information especially the physical, chemical and
biological condition as well as the social economics and culture of Bengkulu coast
community.
In this time, author want to say thank you to :
1. Dr. Ir. M. Mukhlis Kamal, M. Sc. as chairman of the supervisor, Ir. Santoso
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Rahardjo, M. Sc. and Ir. Agustinus Samosir, M. Phil. as Co-supervisor, who
gave the guidance and suggestion that given to author in finishing of the thesis.
Ir. Gatot Yulianto, M.S and Dr. Ir. Mennofatria Boer, DEA as examiner who
have gave correction and suggestion in better thesis.
Dr. Lars Lund Hansen and Dr. Vibeke Simonsen from Aarhus University that
have gave correction and suggestion in better thesis.
The chief of MCRM Project who installed the scholarship to author in frame
of International Master Degree in Sandwich Program.
The Mayor of Bengkulu Municipality and Chairman of Regional Planning and
Development Board of Bengkulu Municipality who gave the opportunities to
take this program.
Ir. Sigit Sujatmiko, MSAE and Ir. Syiafril Sy. who gave the recommendation
to take Master Degree.
All of my colleagues in Sandwich Program (Coky, Eirene, Edo, Kus, Netty,
Norma, Machmud, Saptoyo, Yesi, Zaenal, Zaitul), Dr. Ir. Bambang, MSc. Dr.
Ir. Yusli Wardiatno, MSc. Dra. Sri Kholiyasih, Drs. Harmes, MT, Leny
Gustiani, SP. M S . and everyone might not able to be written who gave
suggestion during take the scholarship, research and finishing the thesis.
Especially my father YD. Yusri who always gave motivation and spirit to
qualify the study.
Finally, I realize that this thesis still far from perfect, so that construction
suggestions and criticisms would be welcomed for the improvement of this recent
work. The author hopes that this thesis will be useful for the readers.
Bogor, October 5'h, 2006
EFRIZAL
The author was born in Curup, Bengkulu
Province on April lo*, 1968 as a second child of six
children from the couple of Y.D Yusri and Halimah
Hamid (the late). In 1996, he married with Ir. Dwi
Fitriani,, MP. and has three daughters (Fathia Amalia
Putri, Filzah Thahirah Amanina and Fatimah
Zahratunnisa).
He finished his study in Agronomy, Agricultural Faculty of Bengkulu
University in 1993 and Development Study, Economic Faculty of Open
University in 2003. Furthermore, he got scholarship for Sandwich Master Degree
Program in Coastal and Marine Resource Management in 2004. This program was
cooperation between Bogor Agricultural University of Indonesia and Arhus
University of Denmark.
Right now he works at Regional Planning and Development Board of
Bengkulu Municipality, Bengkulu Province since 2003. He has been worked at
Public Work Service of Rejang Lebong Regency in 1998-2003, Cump Sub
District Office in 1997-1998, Training and Education Office in 1996-1998 and
Regional Planning and Development Board of Rejang Lebong Regency in 19941996.
He has written some scientific writing such as effect of ventilation and color
packaging toward bananas freshness, coastal tourism planning with GIS
applications, coastal tourism development and sustainable biodiversity on Nala
Beach Bengkulu, and coastal development threatens seagrass resources. He is also
a member of Indonesian Engineer Association (PII) since 1993 and Indonesian
Shorinji Kempo Association (PERKEMI) since 1979.
CONTENTS
List of Table .....................................................................
List of Figure .....................................................................
List of Annex ....................................................................
INTRODUCTION ..............................................................
Background ...............................................................
Issue Formulations ....................................................
Objectives ...............................................................
Benefits .................................................................
LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................
Coastal Resources .....................................................
Coastal Tourism Paradigm ............................................
Tourisrn Resources .........................................................
Tourism Product ......................................................
Tourism Develop~nent .................................................
MATERIAL AND METHODS ..............................................
Research Frameworks ................................................
Study Area and Sampling Site .......................................
Data Collection ..........................................................
Data Analysis ..........................................................
BENGKULU MUNICIPALITY .....................................................
Geology and Climate Condition ...........................................
Oceanographic Condition .............................................
Socio Economics and Socio Culture Condition ...................
Bioresources .............................................................
Tourism Statistic ........................................................
RESULTS ........................................................................
Existing of Tourism Zone .............................................
Area for Land Based Activities ........................................
Area for Swimming ....................................................
Area for Diving and Snorkeling .............................................
Development Strategies Analysis for Coastal Tourism ............
DISCUSSIONS ..................................................................
Zonation of Tourism Activities .......................................
Coastal Tourism Development ........................................
Coastal Community Development ....................................
Disaster Management ..................................................
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ..........................
Conclusion ..............................................................
Recommendation .........................................................
REFERENCES
APPENDIXES
Page
vi
vii
...
Vlll
LIST OF TABLE
Page
...............
18
2 . The scoring and suitable matrix for swimming ...........................
18
3 . The scoring and suitable matrix for diving and snorkeling
19
I . The scoring and suitable matrix for land based activities
4 . Interval score for coastal tourism
5. Matrix of SWOT Analysis
.............
..........................................
19
.................................................
20
6 . Distribution of Regional Gross Domestic Product of Bengkulu. base
on constant price on 1993 and 1993.2004 ...........................
7. Composition of Mangrove forest in Pulai Baai
8. Coral reef in Tikus Island
...........................
...................................................
9 . Distribution RGDP of Bengkulu in Agriculture Sector which
according to Constant Price in 1993 (Rp . Million) .....................
10. The Fisherman and Fish Farmer condition on 1992-2004
I 1 . Coastal tourism object in Bengkulu
.............
........................................
I2 . Wide of area suitability for coastal tourism activities in
Bengkulu .......................................................................
13. Matrix of SWOT Strategy the Coastal Resources Development ........
14. Matrix of SWOT Strategy the Coastal Tourism Product ................
15. Matrix of SWOT Strategy the Coastal Tourism Infrastructure .........
16. Community perception of coastal tourism development in
. .
Bengkulu Municlpalliy .....................................................
17. Programs. Target and Activities of Coastal Tourism Development in
Bengkulu Municipality ......................................................
18. Role of component in coastal tourism development
....................
LIST OF FIGURE
Page
1 . Functioning Component on Tourism Development
....................
...
11
.............
13
2 . Research Framework of Coastal Tourism Planning on Bengkulu
3 . Study area at Bengkulu Municipality, Bengkulu Province
4
.
Flowchart of GIS Procedures
............................ .
.............
5 . The overlay for regional suitability of coastal tourism (upper).
swimming (middle). diving and snorkeling (lower) ...................
6 . Map of Current. Tidal and Wind in Coastal of Bengkulu ..............
7. Number of tourists who visit to Bengkulu in 1997 - 2004 ..............
8. Suitability Map for Land Based Tourism Activities
..........................
9 . Suitability Map for Swimming Tourism Activities
.....................
10. Suitability Map for Diving and Snorkeling Tourism Activities .......
1 1 . Coral coverage on Tikus Island. Bengkulu
6
...................................
16
LIST OF ANNEXES
Page
1. Step of data processing through GIS Procedure
...........................
2 . Explained of main parameter for coastal tourism activities
3 . Interval score determination
...............................................
4 . Guideline of Scoring in SWOT Analysis
5. SWOT Analysis
............
65
67
70
.................................
72
..............................................................
78
6. Standardization of water for tourism and recreation
......................
81
......
82
7. Questionnaire for community understanding of coastal tourism
8. Resulting of Lit Survey by Scuba Diving on Tikus Island, Bengkulu
83
9 . Wave high in coastal of Bengkulu Municipality Area (2005)
.........
84
.............
85
10. Wind speed on Coastal of Bengkulu Municipality (2005)
11. Result of water sample analysis
...........................................
12. Climate Condition of Bengkulu Municipality in 2004 and 200 .2003
.
87
...............................................
88
.......................................................
89
13. Figure of Research Activities
14. Figure of Study Areas
86
INTRODUCTION
Background
Indonesia is the largest archipelagic state characterized by around 17.508
islands and 81.000 km coast length (Soegiarto, 1976 in Dahuri et. al., 1996),
beautiful nature coast and the diversity of flora and fauna inside. There are coral
reef and many kinds of the ornamental fish that estimated approximately 263
kinds (Nugroho, 2004). This huge potency is very appropriate to utilize and
develop for coastal and marine tourism.
Bengkulu is a coastal city, located in the west coast of Sumatra Island,
accordingly it is highly potential area to develop for tourism. The tourism sector is
one of the development priorities that have contributed much to the economy of
Bengkulu, although the contribution of tourism sector is not written factually.
Stated on the Regional Gross Domestic Product (GRDP) of Bengkulu 2003, the
close related sector of tourism such as trade, hotel business, restaurant (22,18%),
transportation and communication (31,50%) are the economics sector that gave
the highest contribution to Bengkulu development (Bappeda, 2004a). On the other
hand, the trend of Bengkulu tourism development is under developed for the time
being as the number of foreign tourist are decreasing, although domestic tourist
rise slowly (Disparta, 2004). Should tourism be improved, it is expected to
contribute higher income and accordingly for the increasing of community
welfare. This could only be realized through a good planning in tourism which
counts all influencing aspects on region development such as physical, social
economics, and culture.
Coastal tourism is a kind of tourism that relies on the beauty of nature,
sea and land environment as the attraction. In this case, the conservation of nature
resources and healthy environment are mandatory to be secured by tour managers,
community, tourists themselves (Suharsono, 1993) and government. The
understanding of the environmental condition is very important in the
arrangement of the coastal tourism development. Without that knowledge, the
sustainable coastal tourism remains unrealistic program.
The coastal tourism development usually is started with an area planning,
which zone of the region is suitable to be developed for the tourism area. The
unplanned development or wrong planning will cause the declining of the coastal
resources quality, especially on location determination of coastal tourism
development. Unplanned development has contributed largely to the degradation
of an already stressed marine environment (Turner, et a]., 2000).
The study on land suitability for costal tourism development is needed to
obtain a system of sustainable development management of coastal tourism in
Bengkulu. Without a good management of the tourism development planning, the
declining of tourism quality will be faced, as a consequence of the lost of
interesting value area (Baehaqie, 1993).
An analysis of coastal resources for tourism development that involve
land suitability and development strategy is required and will become an initial
input for Bengkulu government in determining their future policies.
Issue Formulations
Nowadays, the marine based tourism (coastal and maritime) denotes one
of the interesting tourism products of the international community. The marine
tourism development objective is to utilize and evolve the tourist spots and
attractions in the coastal and ocean. Unfortunately the priority of resources
management is given more to their mainland compared to their coastal and sea
resources, especially the coastal tourism management.
Bengkulu region consist of large area with several potential that could be
developed for coastal tourism activities, but right now those ideas still faces to
some important issues as follow;
1. Coastal tourisln is still not optimally managed where still find the promising
nature resources that are poor maintained.
2. Tourism information is still not available and an accurate data is difficult to
find, as the result is the less planned in tourism promoting.
3. There is no guideline for sustainable tourism development especially the
spatial planning for specific scheme of coastal tourism.
Objectives
1. To identify all the coastal resources that could be used as tourism attraction.
2. To provide a zonation of coastal tourism based on suitability analysis.
3. To formulate a development strategy of coastal tourism which guaranty the
acceleration and sustainability of tourism in Bengkulu.
Benefits
1. For the government especially to Bengkulu Government, the study resulting
could be used as the inputs about the policy foundation development of coastal
tourism in order to support the vision and mission of the city development.
2. For the education institution could become one of the scientific studies in
developing natural tourism science especially in coastal management planning.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Intro
The coastal area is the area where land meets sea (Sverdruf, 2006); on
the land side both dry and remained water, still is affected by characteristics of the
sea such tide, sea wind and salt infiltration; whereas on sea side still is influenced
by natural processes that occur in the land such as sedimentation, freshwater and
human activities in land such as deforestation and pollution (Dahuri et. al., 1996).
Such situation may be found in bays, lagoons, estuaries, small islands (Clark,
1995), cliffs, dunes (Sverdruf, 2006), river deltas, coastal plains, wetlands,
beaches and dunes, reefs, mangrove forest, and other coastal feature (Post, 1996).
Moreover, Arancibia (1999) pointed out to use a broader and more functional
definition of coastal area whose flexibility permits considerations of biological,
biophysical, social, and economic aspects. It is defined as the geographic space in
which the principal interchanges of material and energy are produced between the
marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The coastal area occupies less than 15% of the
earths land surface. Only 40% of the one million krn of coastline is accessible and
temperate enough to be habitable. Yet it accommodates more than 60% of the
world's population (FAO, 1998).
Interaction between land and sea ecosystem is very dynamic and affected
each other, so more susceptible to each human activities in the land (waste,
mangrove deforestation, erosion, etc.) and in sea (oil layer, coral reef destruction,
etc.), the global climate change (sea level rising) and also natural disaster (tsunami,
storm, etc.) (Ditjend-Bangda, 1999)'. The coastal and ocean area have important
role on sea transport, harbor, industrial, recreation and tourism, settlement area
and also waste disposal from mainland.
As an ecosystem, the coastal area is formed through natural process such
as coral reef, mangrove, and sea grass and also gotten artificially; like fishpond,
tide paddy-field, tourism, industrial and settlement area (Dahuri et. a]., 1996).
' General Directorate of Region Development, Ministry of Home Affair, Republic of Indonesia
Coastal Tourism Paradigm
Many expert have defined tourism, among of them is Mathieson (1982)
who stated that tourism is temporary movement of people to destinations outside
their normal place of work and residence to satisfy his need. In Tourism
Indonesian Law No. 911990 that tourism also is defined as everything that linked
to tour, including attraction and all of efforts that related to its (Gunawan, 1997).
The tourism area is a region with certain wide that built or provided to
satisfy the tourism. In old paradigms, tourism emphasize to mass tourism which
characterize number of tourist and various tourism package (Faulkner, 1997), and
it become new paradigm of tourism now, that is modern tourist who have
experience and autonomous, one destination to find flexible recreation, variety
and specific motivation to nature. Further stated that ecotourism is group of
tourism object and their attraction emphasize to nature. The ecotourism society
purposefully travel to natural area to understand the culture and natural history of
the environment, taking care not to alter the integrity of the ecosystem, while
producing economic opportunities the make the conservation of natural resources
beneficial to local people.
Whereas coastal tourism is defined as recreation activity in coastal, such
as enjoy the coast, sand, sea and sunbathed (Wong, 1991), swimming, surfing,
diving, canoeing, walking along the coast, enjoying the beauty of the coast, and
meditation (Dahuri et. al., 1996). This tourism is often associated with three "S"
(Sun, Sea and Sand)(Wong, 1991), its meaning is tourism that provided beauty
and natural comfort from the combination of the sunlight, sea and clean sandy
beach. Even Miller (1991) added one "S" (sex) which has become one of the new
frontiers and fastest growing areas of the world's tourism industry. Tourist
activities are considered coastal tourism activities when they are based on or
utilize coastal or marine resources, either natural or man-made, or located within
the coastal strip (TCMP, 2001). Furthermore Ceballos and Lascurain (1983) in
(Anonym, 1996) stressed the coastal tourism definition on the conservation aspect
of the environment and sustainable community's culture, so benefiting directly to
community in surrounding area. According to him the coastal tourism should be
defined as the natural tourism that involved education, environment and carried
out continuously. This directly involved the natural environment including the
sustainable culture and ecology aspect and also stressed to the community
participation on surrounding area, they will involve conservation goal of resources
in future.
Coastal tourism concept embraces the full range of tourism, leisure, and
recreationally oriented activities that take place in the coastal areas and the
offshore waters (Hall, 2001). These include coastal tourism development, such as:
accommodation, restaurants, food industry, and second homes and its
infrastructure such as: retail businesses, marinas, and activity suppliers. It's also
included all tourism activities such as recreational boating, coastal and marinebased ecotourism cruises, swimming, recreational fishing, snorkeling and diving.
Tourism Resources
Although there is no standardized practice for reporting tourism statistics
within the coastal zone, it is not to see how tourism has a major coastal aspect.
The inherent character of coastal area makes its tourism distinctive (Zhang, 2001).
Historically, the use of coastal zone for tourism dated to Roman times when
holiday villas were available on the northern side of the Bay of Naples (Wong,
1993). Coastal area has various attractive resources for tourism activities, but it
could be developed as sustainable and marketable tourism unless certain condition
fulfilled such as attractive place, good accessibility and service, continuing
promotion and information (Lewaherilla, 2002). Gunn (1993) has described
tourism development including coastal area as the functioning component which
each other have relationship component. Linked of those components is shown in
Figure 1.
m
Attractions
m
m m
Services
Promotion
Information
Figure 1. Functioning Component on Tourism Development (Gunn, 1993).
In document of TCMP (2001), it was explained that attractions could be
divided into two categories: natural (wildlife, beaches, forests, geological
formations) and cultural (historical or archaeological sites, performing arts,
traditional lifestyles). Services including accommodations could range from basic
campsites to luxury hotels. Whether budget or luxury, hotels need to provide
value for a tourist's money. Standardized classification system is one way to
ensure that hotels are providing quality accommodation at a fair price. Hotel
owners and operators face constraints, however; high operating costs due to
inadequate provision of utilities and telecommunications and taxes can often limit
an investor's ability to do business successfully. Transportation can be by air, land
or sea, but needs to be safe, a good value for the money, and reliable. Improving
access to tourism sites allows more visitors to come, and also allows those visitors
to go to more places.
Finally, management of coastal as nature tourism really need the
participation of community on surrounding area, which is hoped will reach the
targets (Anonym, 1997):
1. Maintaining the ecological process and system of life support in order to
increase of community welfare and humankind quality.
2. Protecting the genetic diversity through protection of cohesiveness of the
conservation area.
3. Guarantying the sustainability of natural resources utilizations and ecosystem
through maintenance efforts towards the biodiversity capacity.
Tourism Product
Coastal tourism products include coastal tourism resources and related
tourism facilities (Zee, 1992). As for this case, coastal tourism is divided into
natural resources and historical resources. Not all resources become tourism
resources unless certain conditions are fulfilled: physical suitability, scenic quality
and accessibility (Zhang, 2001). Furthermore, Zee (1992) states that tourism
facilities consist of primary and secondary facilities. Primary facilities mainly
refer to the stay accommodation and access facilities. Secondary facilities could
be further subdivided into sport facilities, facilities for informal pursuit and
entertainment facilities. Some facilities have mixed function such as swimming
pool, which can be plain swimming lanes or added with other entertainment
facilities.
As natural resources, the coastal zone consists of a myriad of ecosystems
that can serve as potential tourism attractions. In addition to the natural sand
beaches found at various places along the coast, the flora and fauna of the coastal
zone can be considered attractions as well. Further, the extensive coral reefs that
fringe the shoreline can be utilized by those tourists interested in snorkeling or
diving. (TCMP, 2001)
Cultural heritage represents historical resources and shown the identity
of a community and its environment. Cultural heritage can include monuments or
other buildings that represent important events or eras in local or national history,
traditional lifestyles, such as the performing arts and handicrafts, and even the
everyday activities of local people as they farm, fish or prepare food. Tourists are
becoming increasingly interested in learning about the people that live in and
around tourist destinations in addition to more traditional tourist activities, such as
game viewing and sun bathing. This cultural heritage can be developed into tourist
attractions, which, in turn, can provide income generating opportunities for people
living along the coast (TCMP, 2001).
Tourism Development
Cheong (2003) has explained about tourism development is based on the
assumption that tourism is a two-faced industry consisting of public and private
spheres. Tourist services such as accommodations and restaurants are managed by
the private sector. Individuals or firms offer these services to obtain direct profit
from tour operation. On the other hand, natural resources such as scenery, clean
water, ambience, and fish as well as cultural assets of the place are considered
public resources. Furthermore, the infrastructure often times provided by the
government is essential to the smooth tourist operation.
Coastal area contains various coastal resources that give the certain
benefit for human activities like commercial, industry, transportation, agriculture
(Clark, 1995) including coastal tourism. All of the human activities have directly
touching and influence to natural ecosystem that supported. Each natural
ecosystem in coastal area have 4 main functions to human life: (1) service of life
supporting, (2) service of the comfortable, (3) provider of nature resources and (4)
waste recipient (Ortolano, 1987). Based on the four functions of the ecosystem,
there are three conditions that can guarantee the achievement of sustainable
development that is i) spatial harmonious, ii) assimilate capacity, and iii)
sustainable utilization. The selection activities in region have to consider the
compatibility of the land or waters, the impact of the development activities
especially pollution, sedimentation, change of hydrology regime, and the
compatibility among development activities (Dahuri et. al., 1996).
Soeriaatmaja (1997) stated that the sustainable development is
development that can guarantee the human requirement on present generation (in
satisfying their need) without leaving the next generation. The aim of the
sustainable development is integrate development and environment since the
beginning of the policy process until their implementation. Conceptually, a
development of sustainable coastal tourism can be interpreted as the tourism
development that environmentally perception which not disturbing the condition
of coastal resources, so they can be used continually until next generations. The
natural tourism activities certainly give positive impacts, but also can bring
negative impacts to environment either ecologically and socially. In general, the
negative impact of environment could happens as a result of poor planning and
management, for example those did not consider the environment capacity or lack
of awareness, knowledge on environment conservation (Soeriaatmaja, 1997).
Tourism development that not applied good planning and management
will cause the lost and decline of region quality, and will subsequently demeaning
the interesting any tourists. Location selection is one of main factors that caused
loosing and declining of coastal resources quality. The inappropriate location can
cause problem on pattern of development, both on present and on the future.
Many negative impacts had been happened as a result of mistaken assessment on
natural characteristics of the coastal area such as damaging from the storm and
wave, beach erosion and sea water (Baehaqie, 1993).
MATERLALS AND METHODS
Research Frameworks
Bengkulu coast region has great potential for tourism development with
interesting scenery and white wide of sand beach. In other side, coastal tourism
development also has opportunity to cause ecosystem damage, if it is unplanned
such as mangrove conversion and sea casuarinas forest change settlement.
Several problems also will be resulted from the tourism development that not
enough planning such as mainly conflict of interests among related part due to no
clear area development coordination yet, such tourism and forestry, public work
and environment service, etc. Furthermore, not adequate institution as certain
tourism areas management yet, lack of community's participation and declining of
environment quality are found.
Many negative impacts have happened from the wrong planning towards
nature characteristics estimation of the coastal area. Environmental damage that is
resulted from storm, wave, wind, erosion and intrusion of sea water is main cause
of the failure planning of the land use, so caused fragile of coastal ecosystem and
even will damage the developed tourism infrastructure. Some causes that effect
those problems is the accurate data and information are not available, there are no
suitable analysis in the last planning and consistency of land use planning in
implementation.
Initial step of the tourism planning is defining the objective of tourism,
identify the resources, furthermore analyze and determine suitable area for
tourism activities. Through the land suitability analysis, it is hoped that the
development of the natural resources environment, which is an important factor in
coastal tourism, could be still well maintained.
Therefore, the comprehensive planning of coastal tourism development
is needed through spatial analysis (CIS) for land and water suitability and social
economics and cultural analysis and equipped also with the SWOT analysis for
strategic development, which can produce a good planning of coastal tourism
development. Applications of CIS in coastal tourism planning illustrate that CIS
is a strong and effective tool that can aid in tourisni planning and decision-making.
Integrated use of field surveys, remote sensing and GIS in coastal tourism has
been used and proven to be useful. For examples: coastal tourism planning
(Zhang, 2001), tourism spatial planning and the impact of urbanization and
tourism on coastal environment (Burak et a]., 2004). It will be hoped that the
sustainability of'resources could be maintained and the increasing of common
prosperity for all the people can be reached. Research framework is illustrated in
Figure 2 below.
Bengkulu Coastal
Area
f
I
Bengkulu City
Government
1
/
/
1
-2.3n-4....~..
ruLc"bY
/
Coastal Tourism
Development
RUTRW'
Issues and Problem
.
Government
Policy of
Spasial Analysis
Land Suitability of Coastal Tourism
rI
SWOT Analysis
Development Strategy
-u=Bengkulu Coastal
Tourism ~ e v e l o ~ m ePlan
nt
I
I
Figure 2. Research Framework of Coastal Tourism Development on Bengkulu.
' Rencana Urnurn T a b Ruang Wilayah (General Land-use Planning)
Study Area and Sampling Site
The study location is in west coast of Bengkulu Municipality including
Tikus lsland areas in the coordinate of 102"14' to 102"22' East and 3"45' to 3'59'
South. The first study is called Pantai Panjang which means long beach. This area
located at Sub District of Gading Cempaka with good accessibility; where
cottages, hotels, restaurants and several public facilities could be found. Another
interesting place is Tapak Paderi. This area is public park at Sub Didtrict of Teluk
Segara with an old harbour that was built during English colonization, good view
of sea scenery and also available the shallow waters (1-5 m). This area located in
centre of city which is the marina being contracted, to support several tourism
activities. Beside that the attractive place to be visited is Tikus Island as a Marine
Park that surrounded by the coral reef as rich biological resources. This area
situated around 7 km from Tapak Paderi.
The study area is not including Pulau Baai Harbor in the southern; it is
assumed that tourism activities should not be developed there since the area has
already been allocated for conservation area (sea casuarinas and mangrove forest)
and fishpond.
In order to investigate the tourism development planning of coastal
tourism, sampling sites were determined representing the area along the west
coast and surrounding Tikus Island. Those stations were sampled for physical,
chemical and biological parameters. Study area and sample station is presented in
Figure 3.
Data Collection
The data consisted of primary and secondary data that collected through
observation, questionnaire and interview which was conducted during March to
May 2006.
1. Primary Data
a. Water quality
Water quality condition was measured based on physical, chemical and
biological characteristic including water clarity, depth, current speed,
BENGKULU MUNICIPALITY
Map Situation
i.BonpliviY MapZW2,Scsie 1 :2W.000
2.MCRMP M B P D I B D ~ Q L Y I YProvinca2001,
Scalo 1 : M O W .
MARINE ANDCOASTAL RESOURCES
MANAOEMENT STUDIES
BOGOR AORICVLTURALUNlVERSlTY
-
Figure 3. Study area at Bengkulu Municipality, Bengkulu Province.
turbidity, wave height, oil layer, surfactant, and Escherichia coli. Each
parameter was taken on 9 stations with 3 replicates.
The clarity was measured by using secchi disk and current speed by
current meter. Water depth was calculated from Landsat image analysis
and wave height through estimation by wind speed. Water sample was
taken in the field to be measured later in laboratory. The sample was
intended for determination of turbidity (Nephelometric method), oil layer
and surfactant (spectrophotometer method) and Escherichia coli (MPN
method).
a. Coral Environment
Field observation on coral reef was performed to determine coral type,
coverage as well as coral fish. This action possible due to diving and
snorkeling which has been conducted through lit survey with scuba diving.
b. Community Perception (Questionnaire)
In order to know the community perception on coastal tourism, the
unstructured questionnaire was distributed to gather information to several
respondents, how did they known more understanding on coastal tourism
development which has been done interview and discussion to all
respondent. In order got more information and easy to be done, accidental
sampling was conducted for local community (16 people) and tourists (8
people), and purposive sampling for community leader (4 people),
government officer (7 people), and travel agency (5 people).
2. Secondary Data
Secondary data was collected to obtain the information about social,
economics and culture. Other data could be obtained is given from observation
on the field such as climate, temperature, wind, tidal condition, distance from
coastline, land utilization, coast type, accessibility, disaster area, fresh water
source.
There by the data of size of area, population, level of education, accessibility,
culture site, coastal development planning, and city strategic planning is taken
from related institution that has information about tourism, such as Bappeds,
BPS', Tourism Service on Province or Municipality level, University, and
Research Consultant. The other supporting data such as:
a. Health facilities
b. Regional Gross Domestic Product of Bengkulu Municipality
c. Potentials of the Nature Resources and Environment
d. Location of tourism object
e. Number of tourist with their characteristic.
Maps requirement that is used such as;
a. Digital map of Bengkulu Municipality on 2002 (scale 1:70.000),
b. Map of the spatial plan, 2002,
c. Landsat 7 ETM Image on February 2003,
d. Coastal Atlas of Bengkulu Province that has been issued by MCRM
Project, 2005.
Data Analysis
All data is compiled with Microsoft EXCEL for further analysis using
Geographical Information System (GIs) Program (Arc Info Ver.3.4.2 and Arc
View Ver.3.2).
1. Spatial Analysis
The step of spatial data processing through GIs database procedure is showed
on flowchart in Figure 4 and is explained briefly in Annex 1.
2. Determination of tourism area with suitability method
a. Determination of suitability matrix
This method is adopted from the analysis technique for land suitability that
is developed by F A 0 (1976). Each variable is given by the value showing
three categories, that is very suitable (VS), suitable (S) and not suitable
(NS) (DPU, 1997)'.
' Biro Pusat Statis:ik (Centre Statistics Boa~.d,Republic of Indonesia)
Departemen Pekerjsan Umum (Ministry of Public Work, Republic of Indonesia)
Data Collecting
Land Suitability Analysis
Figure 4. Flowchart of GIS Procedures.
e
Very suitable (VS)
The area have not significant limitations to sustained application of
coastal tourism development as given use, or only minor limitations
that will not significantly reduce benefits and will not raise inputs
above an acceptable level (FAO, 1976). The color for this area will be
used green.
Suitable (S)
The area has rather serious restraint for the activities of coastal tourism
development. This restraint will increase input or treatment that is
.
needed. The color for this area will be used ycllow.
Not suitable (NS)
The area have limitations which appear so severe as to preclude any
possibilities of successful sustained use of the land in the given manner
for coastal tourism development (FAO, 1976). The color for this area
will be used red.
b. Weighting
Generally, this method is used in planning which have qualitative
dimension variables. Each suitable variable is given weight that is
determined by contribution of variable to achieve the target of space
utilization. How far a region can fill the criterion that is determined by
suitability variable, it determines the number of scores that is received.
The suitable calculation is carried out by multiplying weight to score and
results of multiplication for all variables. If results reached or exceeded a
certain value then utilization activity can be stated appropriately.
Weighting is divided into 3 criteria as follow;
Primary parameter or main condition is used for a development
activity of coastal tourism is given by the weight 4-5;
Secondary parameter for parameter that can be dealt with technology is
given by the weight 2-3; and
Tertiary parameter for the parameter that is used as supporting
parameter certain tourism activities is given by the weight 1.
The scoring is used 3 criteria with value of the score that is;
Score 3 for parameter that have appropriateness very suitable (VS)
Score 2 for the parameter that have appropriateness suitable (S)
Score 1 for the parameter that have appropriateness non suitable (TS).
The matrix of land suitability for coastal tourism activities in Bengkulu is
shown by Table 1, 2 and 3 which is adjusted to land based, swimming and
diving snorkeling activities repeatedly.
Table 1. The scoring and suitable matrix for land based activities
VS = Very suitable, S = Suitable, and NS = Non suitable
Table 2. The scoring and suitable matrix for swimming
No
Parameter
1. Current speed 31
- 2. Wave height
3. l ~ e ~21t h
I
Unit
Weight VS
5
0-0.1
mlsc
rn
m
,
1
3
3
I Score I
0-0.2
3
3
0-5
3
S
0.1 - 0.4
0.2-1.0
5-10
Score
NS
2
> 0.4
2
>1.0
2
>lo
Score
1
1
1
1
VS = Very suitable, S = Suitable, NS = Non suitable.
NTU = Nephelometric Turbidity Unit.
3
Badnn Koordinasi Survey dan Fernetaan Nasionai (National Mapping and Survey Coordination
Board, Republic of Indonesia)
Table 3. The scoring and suitable matrix for diving and snorkeling
6.
7.
Wave height
1 Depth
21
m
1
3
10-0.21
m
(
3
10-5
3
3
10.2-1.01
15-10
=
2
2
VS = Very suitable, S suitable; NS = Non suitable,
NTU = Nephelometric Turbidity Unit.
,.
1>1.0
I
[>lo
( t
.
Interval score determination is conducted according to statistic theoretic
trough use the minimum and maximum value of each total score, its can be
made the class wide.
The formula that is used :
Class wide =maximum - minimum
2
I
The interval of three matrixes above is presented in Table 4, whereas the
detail step of this is presented in Annex 3.
Table 4. Interval score for coastal tourism
Activities
Very Suitable
Suitable
Non Suitable
Land Based
45 - 54
27 - 44
18 -26
Swimming
48 - 57
29 - 47
19-28
Diving and Snorkeling
80 - 96
48 - 79
32 -47
1
3. Overlay
Overlay of map is a process of uniting the spatial data (the map) that is used in
the layout plan (Ortolano, 1987). Overlay for the compilation of the tourism
area is presented in Figure 5.
4. SWOT Analysis
Basically this analysis is built to determine the strategic planning.
Output of SWOT analysis is basic information structure of the general real
understanding and choice group of strategic development (Zwaenepoel, 1999).
The SWOT analysis is able to identify some determinant factors prior to
formulating the strategy planning. This analysis is based on logic by maximizing
the strengths and opportunities, but simultaneously minimizing the weaknesses
and threats (Rangkuti, 2005). The steps of SWOT is 1) Collecting data is external
and internal evaluation; 2) Analysis is make external internal matrix and SWOT
matrix and 3) Decision making
All required information are put into a matrix that clearly depict the
opportunities and external threats which matching to strengths and weaknesses
(SWOT Analysis). The matrix will produce several possibilities of strategic
alternatives, which decision to be done to contend with weaknesses and threats of
coastal tourism management (Marimin, 2004). Matrix of SWOT Analysis is
presented in Tabel 5.
Table 5. Matrix of SWOT Analysis
Strengths
Factors of internal
threats
>ource: Rangkut~,2005.
Weaknesses
I Factors of internal
Distance from
Coastline
Overlay 1
Land use
Overlay 4
Accessibility
Overlay 2
Land Based
Activities
Coastal type
Overlay 3
Source
Depth
k
Overlay 1
Biophysics &
Chemistry
Condition
J
Swimming
Clarity
Current speed
Depth
7
Overlay 1
Diving and Snorkeling
Coral reef
Overlay 2
Current speed
Figure 5. The overlay for regional suitability of coastal tourism (upper),
swimming (middle), diving and snorkeling (lower)
I
Matrix approach of internal and external factors is weighted by factor 0.01.0 depending on how is the importance of factors. Furthermore the strengths and
opportunities as internal and external factor is given by the score 4-1, whereas the
weaknesses and threats as internal and external factor is gave the score 1-4 depend
on how is effect of the factors to coastal tourism development. To reduce the
subjectivity of SWOT analysis was conducted deep discussion to experts and
local government officers; especially on weighting, scoring and material
determination (guideline of scoring in SWOT analysis is present in Annex 4).
BENGKULU MUNICIPALITY
Geology and Climate Condition
Bengkulu Municipality is the capital of the Bengkulu province, situated in
the West Coast of Sumatra along the north to south direction. Its area is about
144.52 km2 with coastline is about
+ 60 km including Tikus Island, located in the
coordinate between 102'14'- 102'22' East and 3'45' - 3'59' South. The northern
and eastern is North Bengkulu Regency, Seluma Regency in the southern, and
Indonesian/Indian Ocean in western part doe to geographical location, takes
implication to coastal tourism may be developed as, availability of the object and
attraction on its coastal environment.
In General, the coastal area elevation bctween 0 - 16 m above sea level
and the widest area is between 0 - 10 m that is about 10.248 ha (70.91%).
Geologically, sea floor of the coast and mainland is dominated by subduction of
the lndo-Australia plate that crust into Eurasia plate. Tectonic action result the
formation of beniof seismic in the sea floor as an active earthquake zone. The
coast area is characterized by the open gulf with slightly slope and low relief.
Geologically, the morphology and characteristics of shoreline of the Bengkulu
coast from northern to southern is divided into three types as follows:
Muddy and CliffCoust
This type is along the coast, from Pekik Nyaring Village to Pasar Bengkulu
Village. Coast characteristic is low relief, beach width is 50-100 m, the slope
is 30-50%, and part place is muddy with low sand nearby the estuary. It also
found the accretion of new sediment as clay sand which results from
sedimentation process in estuary.
Pocket Beach and sea wall
This type located from the Kampung Kelawi Village