iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
DECLARATION APPROVAL
DEDICATION ABSTRACT
i ABSTRAK
ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iii TABLE OF CONTENTS
iv LIST OF TABLES
vi LIST OF FIGURES
vii LIST OF APPENDICES
ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
x LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
xii CHAPTER
1. INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Introduction
1 1.2
Power System Economic Operation 1
1.2.1 Unit Commitment
2 1.2.2
Economic Dispatch 5
1.3 Research Motivation 6
1.4 Problem Statement 7
1.5 Research Objectives 8
1.6 Contributions of the Research 8
1.7 Scope of Research 10
1.8 Dissertation Outline 10
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
12
2.1 Introduction
12 2.2
Research and Background Study 15
2.3 Energy Management System
28 2.3.1
Economic Dispatch of Power Generation 29
2.3.2 Power Flow Optimization
30 2.4
Power Generation Optimization Techniques 31
2.5 Particle Swarm Optimization PSO
32 2.5.1
Nature of PSO 33
2.5.2 PSO: Advantages and Disadvantages
35 2.6
Summary 36
3. METHODOLOGY
37
3.1 Introduction
37 3.2
Operating Costs 39
3.2.1 Generation or Running Costs of Thermal Units
39 3.2.2
Shutdown and Start-up Costs of Thermal Units 44
3.3 Generating Unit Limitations
47 3.3.1
Upper and Lower Stable Generation Limits 47
3.3.2 Loading Rate Limit
47 3.3.3
Deloading Rate Limit 49
v 3.3.4
Minimum Shutdown Time and Minimum Running Time 50
3.3.5 Spinning Reserve Contribution
51 3.4
Gas Turbine 54
3.5 System Operational Requirements
55 3.5.1
System Total Demand 55
3.5.2 System Total Spinning Reserve Requirements
58 3.5.3
Transmission Losses 58
3.6 System Operational Limitations
59 3.6.1
Station Generation Limit Constraints 60
3.6.2 Group Import and Export Constraints
60 3.7
Objective Function 62
3.8 Procedures of Problem Solving
64 3.9
Summary 65
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
66
4.1 Introduction
66 4.2
Economic Dispatch Problems: Dynamic in Nature 67
4.3 Nonlinear Function Optimization
70 4.3.1 Unconstrained Parameter Optimization
71 4.3.2 Equality Constrained Optimization
72 4.3.3 Inequality Constraints Optimization
73 4.4
PSO Algorithm 75
4.5 Mathematical Formulation
78 4.5.1
Basic Model 80
4.5.2 Additional Constraints
81 4.6
DED Solution for 10 Generators and 6 Periods Case 83
4.6.1 Solution with Dantzig-Wolfe Decomposition Method
83 4.6.2
Solution with PSO Method 87
4.6.3 Comparison of Dantzig-Wolfe Decomposition and PSO Method 95
4.7 Complex DED Solution with PSO
96 4.7.1
Solution for 20 Generators and 24 Periods Case 96
4.7.2 Solution for 100 Generators and 5 Periods Case
133 4.8
Summary 149
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK 151
