GREE GRASS PLA T EFFICACIES OF GREE GRASS PLA T

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II. LITERATURE REVIEW

A. GREE GRASS PLA T

Grass plant is a kind of plant originally from Indonesia and has other names in each region, such as Camcao and Kepleng Java; Camcauh Sunda; Daluman Kebo and Daluman Langis Bali, Cao Madura, and Cotok Balam Bukit Tinggi. This plant spreads in West Java, Central Java, Sulawesi, Bali, Lombok, and Sumbawa. There are four types of grass plants known by Indonesian people, there are vines green grass, black grass, oil grass, and shrub or tree green grass. Koessitoresmi 2002 stated that there are two types of green grass jelly, vines green grass Cyclea barbata L. Miers and shrub or tree green grass Premna oblongifolia Merr.. Botanical classification of shrub green grass plant Premna oblingifolia Merr. can be seen on Table 1. Table 1. Botanical classification of shrub green grass plant Premna oblongifolia Merr. Syamsulhidayat and Hutapea 1991 Taxonomy Type Kingdom Plantae Division Spermatophyta Subdivision Angiospermae Class Dicotyledone Ordo Lamiales Family Verbenaceae Genus Premna Species Premna oblongifolia Merr. Stem of this plant Premna oblongifolia Merr. does not spread or creep such Cyclea barbata L. Miers, but shaped up. The leaves of this plant are oval leaf length about 1.5 times width, oblong long leaf support approximately 2.5 times the width, obovate egg shape breech, leaf foot shaped round or heart cordate, a bit rough, short taper leaf apex, not serrate leaf margins flat or slightly serrate i.e. serrate the form of sharp gear and lead to the sharp gear of leaf end and dentate to the outside. Leaf with rather large bone has short fur and rare, some are not hairy. Leaf length is about 8.5 to 23 cm with a width about 3.5 to 10 cm. Petiole length is about 1.5 to 4 cm Syamsuhidayat and Hutapea 1991. 4

B. EFFICACIES OF GREE GRASS PLA T

The main parts of the green grass plant regularly used are the leaves. The leaves are used as raw material in the production of traditional jelly that is custom to be mixed with fresh drinks. The chemical composition of green grass leaves reported by several researchers can be seen on Table 2. Table 2. Green grass leaves’ composition Premna oblongifolia Merr. Composition WB Untoro 1985 Minawati 1985 Protein 5.46 3.81 Water 81.00 82.62 Fat 0.94 1.11 Carbohydrate 11.94 10.48 Ash 0.66 1.98 Furthermore, green grass leaves Premna oblongifolia Merr. also contain 4.33 crude fiber WB Untoro 1985 or 4.96 WB Minawati 1985. Therefore, green grass leaves can be used as a source of food rich in fiber, but low in fat in the daily diet. Green grass leaves are used to make the gel that can also be used to treat a variety of diseases, i.e. gastric inflammation and high blood pressure Sunanto 1995. Several studies conducted on the efficacy, safety, and bioavailability of green grass leaves can be seen in Table 3. Several studies were also conducted in mice, such as lowering the amount of free radicals Handayani 2000, not toxic for the body Arisudana 2003, and anticancer activity Pranoto 2003. Green grass leaves also contain βcarotene that can serve as a precursor of vitamin A and antioxidants Jacobus 2003. Chalid 2003 tested the anticancer activity of green grass extracts Premna oblongifolia Merr. to C3H mice. The study showed that the addition of tumor volume of mice fed by green grass leaves extract Premna oblongifoliaMerr. is relatively lower than the comparator which was not fed by green grass leaves extract Premna oblongifolia Merr.. Pandoyo 2000 revealed that green grass is expected to have anticancer activity because of alkaloids composition. Kintzios and Barberaki 2004 stated that the alkaloid is a natural product derived from plants that have anticancer or antitumor properties. Most of the alkaloids are cytotoxic to inhibit the growth of some types of cancer and leukemia Aryudhani 2011. In addition, the chlorophyll contained in the green grass leaves have antioxidant activity with protection mechanisms of linoleic acid oxidation and prevent the decomposition of hydroperoxide Nurdin 2009; Marquez et al. 2005. 5 Table 3.Studies of green grass leaves Aspect Research Result Reference Safety Increasing of lymphocyte cell proliferation on human peripheral blood cells in vitro Pandoyo 2000 Reduction of Cytochrome P420 content and increasing of Glutation STransferase content on mice Sprague Dawley Nugrahenny 2003 Bioavailability Low bioavailability of carotenoid on mice Sprague Dawley Wylma 2003 Low bioavailability of βcarotene content on mice Sprague Dawley Jacobus 2003 Bioavailability of chlorophyll affected by vitamin A content on mice Sprague Dawley Hendriyani 2003 Low bioavailability of flavonoid on mice Sprague Dawley Raharjo 2004 Efficacy Increasing of free radical production by macrofage on mice Balbc Handayani 2000 Reduction of allergy reaction on mice Balbc Rachmini 2000 Increasing of human lymphocyte cell Koessitoresmi 2002 Antioxidant potention to increase life index of lymphocyte cell on mice C3H Setiawaty 2003 Reduction of proliferation on leukemia cancer K 562 and servix cancer Hela Ananta 2000 Reduction of proliferation on breast cancer on mice C3H Rochima 2012 Increasing of SOD content and reduction of catalase on mice C3H Chalid 2003 Cancer Tissue Analysis High HE score of liver tissue on mice C3H Widyanto 2010 Reduction of IHK Caspace3 and Increasing of vascularization marker CD31 tumor cell on mice C3H Aryudhani 2011

C. GREE GRASS JELLY