EXERCISES, LESSON 4

EXERCISES, LESSON 4

REQUIREMENT. The following exercises are to be answered by completing the incomplete statement or by writing the answer in the space provided at the end of the question.

After you have completed all the exercises, turn to "Solutions to Exercises," at the end of the lesson and check your answers.

1. What is a skeleton?

2. What are four functions of the human skeleton?

3. An individual bone consists of the outer and the inner .

4. The two types of bone marrow are and bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow is mostly yellow tissue. Red bone marrow is the only site in adults for the formation of .

5. The parts and portions of an individual long bone are the s (d s) and the (e s). The shaft is the portion of the long bone. The ends are made up mainly of c (s ) bone tissue. An articular cartilage covers each area where a bone s another bone.

6. The periosteum is a covering of bone surface area not covered by

. The innermost layer is the o (b -f ) layer. The outermost layer is an layer.

7. In the early fetus, bones are preformed as s bones and

e bones which have the shape and location of the t bones. Developing long bones have growing masses of actual bone called centers. These centers are located in the and in each . Preparing material surrounding these centers is destroyed and replaced with tissue. A bone grows in width through the activity of the layer of the .

8. What are four types of bones according to shape?

9. What is a syndesmosis?

10. What is a suture?

11. What is a synosteosis?

12. What is a synchondrosis?

13. What is a symphysis?

14. What is a synovial joint?

15. What are the major parts of a "typical" synovial joint?

a.

b. Articular c .

c. (1)

Synovial m .

Synovial s .

Synovial f .

16. Name and describe three classifications of synovial joints. Along with each, name common subclassifications.

a. U . (1) Hi . (2) Pi .

b.

Sa .

c. M . (1) Ba . (2) Pl .

17. Name and define the two major subdivisions of the skeleton.

a. skeleton--the of the human body--including the , column, and .

b. skeleton--skeletal elements of the upper and

18. Name and describe the two major parts of a typical vertebra.

a. Vertebral -- -shape cylinder. Its function is to

b. arch--arch over posterior of the . The arch has several . The are sites of attachment of

and act as for trunk motions.

19. Name the regions of the vertebral column and give the number of vertebrae in each region.

a. (neck) region, .

b. (chest) region, .

c. (low back) region, .

d. , fusion of .

e. ("tail"), - together.

20. Describe the two ways that vertebrae are held together.

a. Intervertebral discs:

b. Ligaments:

21. The thoracic cage consists of the s (m ,

b , and x p ), 12 pairs of , and

12 t v . The thoracic cage provides p for v o within the t . It also allows the m of breathing.

22. What are the two major subdivisions of the skull and with which organs or systems is each subdivision involved?

a. : Encases and protects .

b. : Involved with beginning of ; encases and protects the .

23. In the first column below, name a general segment or part of a member. In the second column, name bones or bone groups which are found in each segment of the upper member. In the third column, name bones or bone groups which are found in each segment of the lower member.

PART

UPPER MEMBER

LOWER MEMBER