23 B8, 10, ‘and, then’ B12, 22, 24, 30, and the function of highlighting B13, 15, 16, 21, 22,
23. In B21, the additive acakuruk ‘also’ adds a second reason why Loti did not hear the old man in addition to being afraid—because he was returning back, going away from the old
man. The concessive anaruk ‘but’ in B19-20 indicates the unexpected proposition ‘Loti did not hear the old mans reply.
The concessive of 89 is made by countering a negative with a positive—not X, but Y. The word ikkere ‘seems’ functions as a countering marker.
89 okoronnoka papokira akk-okiccer-ung ikkere licok akka ngkw-imat
not leopard
FOC-chased-you seems goats when you-saw
‘It was not a leopard that chased you; it seems it was goats that you saw’ B30-31 The word ittina can also function as a demonstrative pronoun ‘like this. In 90, the
pronoun references the preceding Rabbits speech. See A9 for another example.
90 Manakka cïmïnterï c-occikothe ittina a-c-ollat
when hedgehog C-heard
like.this F-C-ran ‘When the hedgehog heard this, he fled.’H10
3.2 Subordinating conjunctions in pre-nuclear clauses
The subordinating conjunctions in pre-nuclear clauses are listed in table 5 along with details and examples.
Table 5: Subordinating conjunctions in pre-nuclear clauses connector gloss
line clause function
information type anakka
when, while
B11,15,19,24,29, 29; D11
PoD, T-H linkage of events
active, accessible from the schema
In the exact middle of the road he saw something coloured that looked like a leopard. When
anakka he saw it he stopped and shouted with a loud voice B15
akka when
A1,4,23,25,37;D3 H6,24,27
PoD, T-H linkage of events
active, accessible from the schema, implied from context
It flood came with dead animals in the lake. When akka the flood waters went down, the dead animals remained D2-3
akka because
B20, H17 reason PoD
implied from context
When the old man heard the shouting, he grunted a reply, but because akka Loti was afraid, he did not hear when Khartoum answered B19-20
manakka then
when A9,16,30;H10,20,
26,26 PoD,
T-H linkage of events, highlights events of following main clauses
active, accessible from the schema, implied
from context
he Rabbit made a whistling sound. When manakka Hedgehog heard the whistling sound, and when manakka he Rabbit was about to repeat it, Hedgehog jumped H26
amma if, when
B1,H8,12,17,18, H19, A34
conditional or T-H PoD, T- H linkage of background
information accessible from the schema,
implied from context, new
At a certain time it was autumn in Lumun land, and when amma autumn comes, people who have animals move them into the forest further inside the home area B1; Friend, if amma
you do not run now, I will kill you, putting you in the grave H8-9
The only function of pre-nuclear subordinate clauses in the text is for points of departure PoD, most of which are tail-head linkage see sections 1.3 and 1.4 for examples.
24 There is rarely any completely new information presented by such clauses, although H8 is
one example. Rather, they present active information B15, 24, information that is immediately accessible from the schema B1, 11, 19, 29, 29, or implied from the context
B20, H26. Certain connectors are used differently from one text to another. The Boy and Goat text
makes a distinction between akka ‘because’ and anakka ‘when, Dog and Pig makes a distinction between akka ‘when’ and anakka ‘while, and Hedgehog and Rabbit uses akka for
the two different functions--because’ and ‘when. Both the adverbials manakka ‘then when’ and akka ‘when’ are used in Hedgehog and Rabbit and Arrantheli texts, and manakka seems
to be a marked connector which highlights the events of the following nuclear clauses, much like a development marker. The connector akka is used in pre-nuclear clauses, but can also be
used as an adverbial in post-nuclear clauses see 3.3. The adverbial anakka ‘when’ is normally used for tail-head linkage in event-line episodes and begins new sentences, but can
also be used as a post-nuclear subordinating conjunction see 3.3. The connector amma ‘if, when’ normally functions as a conditional, but is also used for tail-head linkage introducing
background information in the setting.
3.3 Subordinating conjunctions in post-nuclear clauses
