Uses of the Research

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter present review of related literature. In detail, a number of concepts are reviewed here such as concept of reading, concept of reading aspect, teaching reading, concept of scanning technique, concept of skimming technique, characteristics of introvert and extrovert personality, advantages and disadvantages of scanning technique, advantages and disadvantages of skimming technique, chriteria for choosing various types of reading text, teaching reading through scanning technique, teaching reading through skimming technique, teaching procedure, theoritical assumption and hypothesis.

2.1 Concept of Reading

Reading is the one of the most important for the students to be mastered in the classroom and their daily life to get more information from the author of the text. Reading process means not only “read” but tries to make interaction between the reader and the text. It is deals with how the readers can convey the meaning through the written symbols and process them into their mind. This assumption is supported by Grabe and Stoller 2002: 9 who defined reading as the ability to draw meaning from the printed page and interpret information appropriately. Nuttal 1982: 42 defines reading as the meaningful interpretation of printed or written verbal symbols. It means that reading is a result of the interaction between the perception of graphic symbols that represent languag e and the reader’s language skill, cognitive skill and knowledge of the world. In order to get the meaning of printed of verbal symbols, the reader should identify, recognize, and interpret them, so as to produce comprehension, which constitutes the objective of reading. Futhermore, reading process also makes connection between a text, a reader and social context with in which the activity take place. This is in line with statement given by Hudelson in Murcia 2001: 154 in reading, an individual constructs meaning through transaction with written text that has been created by symbols that represent language. The transaction involves the reader’s acting on or interpreting the text and intrepretation is influenced by the reader’s past experiences, language background, and cultural frame work, as well as the reader’s purpose for reading. In addition, Howart 2006: 1 cities that Reading is, of course, just as communicative as any other form of language. It means that in reading there is an interaction between the writer and the readers through the texts. The writer tries to encode the messages to the reader, then the reader tries to decode the messages sent by the writer. Mackey 1979: 15 says, “Reading is an active process because it involves an interaction between thought and language. It means that the reader brings to the task a formidable amount of information and ideas, attitude and beliefs.