Group Accounting Foreign currency treatment

DBS Annual Report 2015 120 Notes to the financial statements These Notes are integral to the financial statements. The consolidated financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2015 were authorised for issue by the Directors on 19 February 2016. 1 Domicile and Activities The Company, DBS Group Holdings Ltd, is incorporated and domiciled in the Republic of Singapore and has its registered office at 12 Marina Boulevard, Marina Bay Financial Centre Tower Three, Singapore 018982. The Company is listed on the Singapore Exchange. The Company is an investment holding, treasury and funding vehicle for the group. Its main subsidiary is DBS Bank Ltd the Bank, which is wholly owned and engaged in a range of commercial banking and financial services, principally in Asia. The financial statements relate to the Company and its subsidiaries the Group and the Group’s interests in associates. 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

2.1 Basis of preparation

Compliance with Singapore Financial Reporting Standards FRS The financial statements of the Company and the consolidated financial statements of the Group are prepared in accordance with Singapore Financial Reporting Standards FRS and related Interpretations promulgated by the Accounting Standards Council ASC. In accordance with Section 20118 of the Companies Act the Act, the requirements of FRS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement in respect of loan loss provisioning are modified by the requirements of Notice to Banks No. 612 “Credit Files, Grading and Provisioning” MAS Notice 612 issued by the Monetary Authority of Singapore. As permitted by Section 20110b of the Act, the Company’s income statement has not been included in these financial statements. The financial statements are presented in Singapore dollars and rounded to the nearest million, unless otherwise stated. Differences between International Financial Reporting Standards IFRS and FRS Beyond the above modification to FRS related to MAS Notice 612, there are no significant differences between IFRS and FRS in terms of their application to the Group. The consolidated financial statements and the notes thereon satisfy all necessary disclosures under IFRS and FRS.

2.2 Significant estimates and judgement

The preparation of financial statements requires management to exercise judgement, use estimates and make assumptions in the application of policies and in reporting the amounts in the financial statements. Although these estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of current events and actions, actual results may differ from these estimates. Critical accounting estimates and assumptions used that are significant to the financial statements, and areas involving a higher degree of judgement and complexity, are disclosed in Note 3.

2.3 Adoption of new and revised

accounting standards On 1 January 2015, the Group adopted the following new or revised FRS that are issued by the ASC and relevant for the Group: ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ The adoption of these FRS has no significant impact on the financial statements of the Group. In addition to the above, a number of new standards and amendments to standards are effective for annual periods beginning after 1 January 2015. The Group has not applied these standards or amended standards in preparing these financial statements. None of them is expected to have a significant effect on the financial statements of the Group and the Company other than FRS 109. FRS109: Financial Instruments FRS 109 replaces the existing guidance in FRS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. It includes revised guidance on the classification and measurement of financial instruments and introduces a new expected credit loss model for impairment of financial assets as well as new requirements for general hedge accounting. The standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018. Early adoption is permitted. A summary of the most significant group accounting policies is described further below starting with those relating to the entire financial statements followed by those relating to the income statement, the balance sheet and other specific topics. This does not reflect the relative importance of these policies to the Group. A General Accounting Policies

2.4 Group Accounting

Subsidiaries Subsidiaries are entities including structured entities over which the Group has control. The Group controls an entity when it is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the entity. Subsidiaries are consolidated from the date control is transferred to the Group to the date control ceases. The acquisition method is used to account for business combinations. Refer to Note 2.12 for the Group’s accounting policy on goodwill. All intra-group transactions and balances are eliminated on consolidation. for the year ended 31 December 2015 Financial statements 121 Associates Associates are entities over which the Group has significant influence, but no control where the Group generally holds a shareholding of between and including 20 and 50 of the voting rights. Investments in associates are accounted for using the equity method.

2.5 Foreign currency treatment

Functional and presentation currency Items in the financial statements are measured using the functional currency of each entity in the Group, this being the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates. The Group’s financial statements are presented in Singapore dollars, which is the functional currency of the Company. Foreign currency transactions and balances Transactions in foreign currencies are measured using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency of the entity undertaking the transaction at the exchange rates at the balance sheet date. Foreign exchange differences arising from this translation are recognised in the income statement within “Net trading income”. Non-monetary assets and liabilities measured at cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date of the transaction. Non-monetary assets and liabilities measured at fair values in foreign currencies are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair values are determined, which is generally the balance sheet date. Unrealised foreign exchange differences arising from non-monetary financial assets and liabilities classified as fair value through profit or loss are recognised in the income statement as trading income. For non-monetary financial assets such as equity investments classified as available-for-sale, unrealised foreign exchange differences are recorded in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity until the assets are disposed of or become impaired, upon which they are reclassified to the income statement. Subsidiaries and branches The results and financial position of subsidiaries and branches whose functional currency is not Singapore dollars “foreign operations” are translated into Singapore dollars in the following manner: ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ balance sheet date; ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ exchange rates prevailing at each month-end, approximating the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions; and ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ comprehensive income and accumulated under capital reserves in equity. When a foreign operation is disposed of, such exchange differences are recognised in the income statement as part of the gain or loss on disposal. For acquisitions prior to 1 January 2005, the foreign exchange rates at the respective dates of acquisition were used. Please refer to Note 26 for an overview of goodwill recorded. Goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on the acquisition of a foreign operation on or after 1 January 2005 are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign operation and translated at the closing rate.

2.6 Segment reporting