Bijak Dan Cerdas Mengolah Sampah
INOVASI &
KEWIRAUSAHAAN
1
Pengertian Inovasi (1)
Creative destruction (Joseph
Schumpeter)
Creating value to customers
Specific tool of entrepreneur by which
they exploit change as an opportunity
(Peter F. Drucker)
An idea, practice, or object that is
perceived as new (Everett M. Rogers)
2
Pengertian Inovasi (2)
Endowing resources with a new
capacity to create wealth.
The penicilin mould was a `pest`,
not a resource, Alexander Fleming
realized that this `pest`, was
exactly the bacterial killer-and the
penicilin mould become a valuable
resources.
3
Pengertian Inovasi (3)
Whatever changes the wealthproducing potential of already existing
resources constitutes innovation.
The container did not grow out of
technology at all, but out of a new
perception of the `cargo vessel` as a
materials-handling device rather
than a`ship`, to make the time in
port as short as possible.
4
Pengertian Inovasi (4)
Innovation does not have to be
technical, does not indeed have to be
a`thing` altogether.
Social innovations : newspaper,
insurance, etc.
Wherever introduced, it changes the
economy from supply-driven to
demand-driven.
5
DIFUSI INOVASI (1)
There is nothing more difficult to
plan, more doubtful of success, no
more dangerous to manage than the
creation of a new order of things…..
(Niccolo Machiavelli)
Getting a new idea adopted, even
when it has abvious advantages, is
often very difficult.
6
DIFUSI INOVASI (2)
Diffusion is the process by which
an innovation is communicated
through certain channels over
time among the members of a
social system
7
DIFUSI INOVASI (3)
Four main elements in the
diffusion of innovations :
1.
2.
3.
4.
The innovation
Communication channels
Time
The social system
8
DIFUSI INOVASI (4)
Rate of adoption is the relative
speed with which an innovation is
adopted by members of social
system.
Perceived attributes of innovations :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Relative advantage
Compatibility
Complexity
Trialability
Observability
9
PRINCIPLES OF INNOVATION (1)
The Dos
1. Purposeful, systematic innovation
begins with the analysis of the
opportunities.
2. Innovation is both conceptual and
perceptual.
Go out to look, to ask, to listen
3. An innovations, to be effective, has to
be simple.
10
PRINCIPLES OF INNOVATION (2)
4. Effective innovations start small.
Try to do one specific thing !
5. A succesful innovation aims at
leadership.
11
The Don’ts
1. Not try to be clever.
Innovations have to be handled by
ordinary human beings.
2. Don`t diversify, don`t try to do too
many things at once.
3. Don`t try to innovate for the future.
Innovate for the present !
12
Innovation`s key success
1. Innovation is work
It requires knowledge and often great
ingenuity.
2. To succed, innovators must build on
their strenght.
3. Innovation is an effect in economy and
society.
13
JENIS INOVASI
TERDAPAT DUA JENIS INOVASI : RADIKAL DAN
INCREMENTAL
INOVASI YANG BERSIFAT RADIKAL MENYEBABKAN
PERUBAHAN BESAR DALAM MASYARAKAT
MENCIPTAKAN INDUSTRI BARU, APLIKASI
TEKNOLOGI BARU UNTUK MENGGANTIKAN
TEKNOLOGI LAMA ATAU UNTUK PASAR YANG BARU
MEMERLUKAN KOMITMEN ATAS SUMBER DAYA
PERUSAHAAN DAN EVALUASI YANG LEBIH
EKSTENSIF
14
INOVASI RADIKAL (1)
•
EVALUASI INOVASI TELAH DIKEMBANGKAN OLEH Dr. GEORGE
R. WHITE,
•
SUATU INOVASI DILIHAT DARI POTENSI TEKNOLOGI DAN
KEUNTUNGAN BISNIS
INVENTIVE MERIT
Technological constraint lifted
Technological constraint added
EMBODIMENT MERIT
Further incremental enhancements
Dilution of innovative concept
POTENSI
TEKNOLOGI
OPERATIONAL MERIT
Business practices simplified
Business practices complicated
MARKET MERIT
User benefits
User losses
New markets created
15
KEUNTUNGAN
BISNIS
INOVASI RADIKAL(2)
•
FRAMEWORK KONSEPTUAL DARI WHITE UNTUK PERSONAL
TRANSISTOR RADIO DAN BOEING 707/DC 8
TRANSISTOR RADIOS
BOEING 707/DC 8
INVENTIVE
MERIT
SOLID STATE VS VACUUM TUBE
AMPLIFICATION
ELIMINATION OF HT POWER SOURCE
INCREASED RELIABILITY AND BATTERY LIFE
REDUCTION IN WEIGHT AND SIZE
INCREASED INITIAL COST, BUT CHEAPER
LATER
GAS TURBINE VS PISTON
ENGINE
INCREASED POWER AND
SPEED
INCREASED RELIABILITY
LONGER RUN-WAYS
REQUIRED
EMBODIMENT
MERIT
FERRILE ROD ANTENNAS
SMALLER LOUDSPEAKERS AND TUNING
CAPACITORS
POWER SIGNAL SELECTIVITY, TUNING
PRESCISION
AND AUDIO QUALITY
SWEPT BACK WINGS
DUTCH ROLL PROBLEMS
OPERATIONAL
MERIT
DISTRIBUTION SIMPLIFIED AND COSTS
REDUCED
LOWER COSTS PER SEAT MILE
LOWER MAINTENANCE COSTS
MARKET
MERIT
MARKET OUTLETS INCREASED
CREATION OF PERSONAL/POCKET RADIO
INITIAL HIGHER COST /PRICE
MORE COMFORTABLE
SPEEDIER TRAVEL PLUS
LOWER FARES ATTRACTED
NEW AIR PASSANGERS AND
OTHERS FROM SURFACE
TRANSPORTATION
16 OF LUXURY TRAVEL
DECLINE
INOVASI INKREMENTAL
• WHITE’S APPROACH JUGA DAPAT
DIGUNAKAN UNTUK JENIS INOVASI
INI.
• EVALUASI DILAKUKAN BAIK PADA
LEVEL PERUSAHAN MAUPUN LEVEL
FUNGSIONAL
17
INOVASI INKREMENTAL (2)
KONTEKS PASAR
KESUKSESAN KOMERSIAL INOVASI
TERGANTUNG PADA PENJUALAN PRODUK
SATU PERTANYAAN YANG HARUS DIJAWAB :
“WHO IS GOING TO BUY THE PRODUCT, AND
WHY?”
INOVASI SERING KALI GAGAL KARENA GAGAL
UNTUK BERTANYA ATAU GAGAL UNTUK MENJAWAB
PERTANYAAN DI ATAS.
18
INOVASI INKREMENTAL (4)
KONTEKS PENGEMBANGAN TEKNIS
• FASE PENGEMBANGAN TERKAIT DENGAN
PENGURANGAN KETIDAKPASTIAN TEKNIS DAN
PENENTUAN KELAYAKAN TEKNIS PRODUK PADA
BERBAGAI TINGKAT PERFORMANSI
• ESTIMASI PERFORMANCE TEKNIS, RENTANG WAKTU
PENGEMBANGAN , DAN BIAYA MERUPAKAN FAKTORFAKTOR YANG PERLU DIPERTIMBANGKAN DENGAN
CERMAT.
• TINGKAT KETIDAKPASTIAN (KEGAGALAN), TERGANTUNG
PADA TEKNOLOGI, MAUPUN STRATEGI PERUSAHAAN.
19
INOVASI INKREMENTAL (5)
KONTEKS MANUFAKTURING
• INOVASI INKREMENTAL SERINGKALI TIDAK
MEMERLUKAN PERUBAHAN YANG RADIKAL DARI
METODA MANUFAKTURING SAAT INI.
• PERLU DIPERHITUNGKAN ‘ECONOMIES OF SCALE’
DAN ‘LEARNING CURVE SAVINGS’
20
INOVASI INKREMENTAL (6)
KONTEKS DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN DAN
PERATURAN
• PROSES PENGEMBANGAN MEMERLUKAN
PERTIMBANGAN YANG BAIK AGAR DAPAT
MENGANTISIPASI PERATURAN PEMERINTAH YANG
TERKAIT.
• SELANJUTNYA, SEBAGAI TINDAKAN ANTISIPASI
TERHADAP DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN MAKA SETIAP
PROSEDUR EVALUASI PROYEK HARUS MEMASUKKAN
PENILAIAN YANG MEMADAI ATAS DAMPAK
LINGKUNGAN DARI INOVASI YANG DIUSULKAN, DAN
AKIBAT DARI DAMPAK INI PADA ESTIMASI BIAYA DAN
KEUNTUNGAN PROYEK.
21
INOVASI & TECHNOPRENEUR
Pengetahuan
teknologi
Penelitian
fundamental
yg tidak terkait
secara langsung
Penelitian yg
dpt diaplikasikan
scr langsung
Pengembangan
Awal
Pengembangan
kedua
Rancangan
Teknik
Pengembangan
ketiga dan
“Pilot Design”/
produksi
prototipe
Produksi
penuh
Paten dan lisensi
Pendidikan &
Advisory
service
Kontrak R &D
Pendefinisian
produk pasar
Pengembangan
produk baru
Pemasaran
Tes pemasaran
22
Pengetahuan
pasar
Pelayanan
purna jual
Kehandalan teknis dan
Kontrol kualitas
23
KEWIRAUSAHAAN
1
Pengertian Inovasi (1)
Creative destruction (Joseph
Schumpeter)
Creating value to customers
Specific tool of entrepreneur by which
they exploit change as an opportunity
(Peter F. Drucker)
An idea, practice, or object that is
perceived as new (Everett M. Rogers)
2
Pengertian Inovasi (2)
Endowing resources with a new
capacity to create wealth.
The penicilin mould was a `pest`,
not a resource, Alexander Fleming
realized that this `pest`, was
exactly the bacterial killer-and the
penicilin mould become a valuable
resources.
3
Pengertian Inovasi (3)
Whatever changes the wealthproducing potential of already existing
resources constitutes innovation.
The container did not grow out of
technology at all, but out of a new
perception of the `cargo vessel` as a
materials-handling device rather
than a`ship`, to make the time in
port as short as possible.
4
Pengertian Inovasi (4)
Innovation does not have to be
technical, does not indeed have to be
a`thing` altogether.
Social innovations : newspaper,
insurance, etc.
Wherever introduced, it changes the
economy from supply-driven to
demand-driven.
5
DIFUSI INOVASI (1)
There is nothing more difficult to
plan, more doubtful of success, no
more dangerous to manage than the
creation of a new order of things…..
(Niccolo Machiavelli)
Getting a new idea adopted, even
when it has abvious advantages, is
often very difficult.
6
DIFUSI INOVASI (2)
Diffusion is the process by which
an innovation is communicated
through certain channels over
time among the members of a
social system
7
DIFUSI INOVASI (3)
Four main elements in the
diffusion of innovations :
1.
2.
3.
4.
The innovation
Communication channels
Time
The social system
8
DIFUSI INOVASI (4)
Rate of adoption is the relative
speed with which an innovation is
adopted by members of social
system.
Perceived attributes of innovations :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Relative advantage
Compatibility
Complexity
Trialability
Observability
9
PRINCIPLES OF INNOVATION (1)
The Dos
1. Purposeful, systematic innovation
begins with the analysis of the
opportunities.
2. Innovation is both conceptual and
perceptual.
Go out to look, to ask, to listen
3. An innovations, to be effective, has to
be simple.
10
PRINCIPLES OF INNOVATION (2)
4. Effective innovations start small.
Try to do one specific thing !
5. A succesful innovation aims at
leadership.
11
The Don’ts
1. Not try to be clever.
Innovations have to be handled by
ordinary human beings.
2. Don`t diversify, don`t try to do too
many things at once.
3. Don`t try to innovate for the future.
Innovate for the present !
12
Innovation`s key success
1. Innovation is work
It requires knowledge and often great
ingenuity.
2. To succed, innovators must build on
their strenght.
3. Innovation is an effect in economy and
society.
13
JENIS INOVASI
TERDAPAT DUA JENIS INOVASI : RADIKAL DAN
INCREMENTAL
INOVASI YANG BERSIFAT RADIKAL MENYEBABKAN
PERUBAHAN BESAR DALAM MASYARAKAT
MENCIPTAKAN INDUSTRI BARU, APLIKASI
TEKNOLOGI BARU UNTUK MENGGANTIKAN
TEKNOLOGI LAMA ATAU UNTUK PASAR YANG BARU
MEMERLUKAN KOMITMEN ATAS SUMBER DAYA
PERUSAHAAN DAN EVALUASI YANG LEBIH
EKSTENSIF
14
INOVASI RADIKAL (1)
•
EVALUASI INOVASI TELAH DIKEMBANGKAN OLEH Dr. GEORGE
R. WHITE,
•
SUATU INOVASI DILIHAT DARI POTENSI TEKNOLOGI DAN
KEUNTUNGAN BISNIS
INVENTIVE MERIT
Technological constraint lifted
Technological constraint added
EMBODIMENT MERIT
Further incremental enhancements
Dilution of innovative concept
POTENSI
TEKNOLOGI
OPERATIONAL MERIT
Business practices simplified
Business practices complicated
MARKET MERIT
User benefits
User losses
New markets created
15
KEUNTUNGAN
BISNIS
INOVASI RADIKAL(2)
•
FRAMEWORK KONSEPTUAL DARI WHITE UNTUK PERSONAL
TRANSISTOR RADIO DAN BOEING 707/DC 8
TRANSISTOR RADIOS
BOEING 707/DC 8
INVENTIVE
MERIT
SOLID STATE VS VACUUM TUBE
AMPLIFICATION
ELIMINATION OF HT POWER SOURCE
INCREASED RELIABILITY AND BATTERY LIFE
REDUCTION IN WEIGHT AND SIZE
INCREASED INITIAL COST, BUT CHEAPER
LATER
GAS TURBINE VS PISTON
ENGINE
INCREASED POWER AND
SPEED
INCREASED RELIABILITY
LONGER RUN-WAYS
REQUIRED
EMBODIMENT
MERIT
FERRILE ROD ANTENNAS
SMALLER LOUDSPEAKERS AND TUNING
CAPACITORS
POWER SIGNAL SELECTIVITY, TUNING
PRESCISION
AND AUDIO QUALITY
SWEPT BACK WINGS
DUTCH ROLL PROBLEMS
OPERATIONAL
MERIT
DISTRIBUTION SIMPLIFIED AND COSTS
REDUCED
LOWER COSTS PER SEAT MILE
LOWER MAINTENANCE COSTS
MARKET
MERIT
MARKET OUTLETS INCREASED
CREATION OF PERSONAL/POCKET RADIO
INITIAL HIGHER COST /PRICE
MORE COMFORTABLE
SPEEDIER TRAVEL PLUS
LOWER FARES ATTRACTED
NEW AIR PASSANGERS AND
OTHERS FROM SURFACE
TRANSPORTATION
16 OF LUXURY TRAVEL
DECLINE
INOVASI INKREMENTAL
• WHITE’S APPROACH JUGA DAPAT
DIGUNAKAN UNTUK JENIS INOVASI
INI.
• EVALUASI DILAKUKAN BAIK PADA
LEVEL PERUSAHAN MAUPUN LEVEL
FUNGSIONAL
17
INOVASI INKREMENTAL (2)
KONTEKS PASAR
KESUKSESAN KOMERSIAL INOVASI
TERGANTUNG PADA PENJUALAN PRODUK
SATU PERTANYAAN YANG HARUS DIJAWAB :
“WHO IS GOING TO BUY THE PRODUCT, AND
WHY?”
INOVASI SERING KALI GAGAL KARENA GAGAL
UNTUK BERTANYA ATAU GAGAL UNTUK MENJAWAB
PERTANYAAN DI ATAS.
18
INOVASI INKREMENTAL (4)
KONTEKS PENGEMBANGAN TEKNIS
• FASE PENGEMBANGAN TERKAIT DENGAN
PENGURANGAN KETIDAKPASTIAN TEKNIS DAN
PENENTUAN KELAYAKAN TEKNIS PRODUK PADA
BERBAGAI TINGKAT PERFORMANSI
• ESTIMASI PERFORMANCE TEKNIS, RENTANG WAKTU
PENGEMBANGAN , DAN BIAYA MERUPAKAN FAKTORFAKTOR YANG PERLU DIPERTIMBANGKAN DENGAN
CERMAT.
• TINGKAT KETIDAKPASTIAN (KEGAGALAN), TERGANTUNG
PADA TEKNOLOGI, MAUPUN STRATEGI PERUSAHAAN.
19
INOVASI INKREMENTAL (5)
KONTEKS MANUFAKTURING
• INOVASI INKREMENTAL SERINGKALI TIDAK
MEMERLUKAN PERUBAHAN YANG RADIKAL DARI
METODA MANUFAKTURING SAAT INI.
• PERLU DIPERHITUNGKAN ‘ECONOMIES OF SCALE’
DAN ‘LEARNING CURVE SAVINGS’
20
INOVASI INKREMENTAL (6)
KONTEKS DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN DAN
PERATURAN
• PROSES PENGEMBANGAN MEMERLUKAN
PERTIMBANGAN YANG BAIK AGAR DAPAT
MENGANTISIPASI PERATURAN PEMERINTAH YANG
TERKAIT.
• SELANJUTNYA, SEBAGAI TINDAKAN ANTISIPASI
TERHADAP DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN MAKA SETIAP
PROSEDUR EVALUASI PROYEK HARUS MEMASUKKAN
PENILAIAN YANG MEMADAI ATAS DAMPAK
LINGKUNGAN DARI INOVASI YANG DIUSULKAN, DAN
AKIBAT DARI DAMPAK INI PADA ESTIMASI BIAYA DAN
KEUNTUNGAN PROYEK.
21
INOVASI & TECHNOPRENEUR
Pengetahuan
teknologi
Penelitian
fundamental
yg tidak terkait
secara langsung
Penelitian yg
dpt diaplikasikan
scr langsung
Pengembangan
Awal
Pengembangan
kedua
Rancangan
Teknik
Pengembangan
ketiga dan
“Pilot Design”/
produksi
prototipe
Produksi
penuh
Paten dan lisensi
Pendidikan &
Advisory
service
Kontrak R &D
Pendefinisian
produk pasar
Pengembangan
produk baru
Pemasaran
Tes pemasaran
22
Pengetahuan
pasar
Pelayanan
purna jual
Kehandalan teknis dan
Kontrol kualitas
23