addition, indeed, in other words, in particular, likewise, more accurately, more importantly, more precisely, more to the point, moreover, on that basis,
on top of it all, or, otherwise, rather, similarly, that is to say. C.
Inferential Markers IDMs There is a class of inferential DMs known as inferential markers, expressions
which signal that the force of the utterance is a conclusion which follows from the preceding discourse.
29
For example: 6
a. John went home. After all, he was sick.
b.
A: Marsha is away for the weekend. B: So, she won‟t be available
Saturday. And the expressions are included:
so, after all, all things considered, as a conclusion, as a consequence of thisthat, as a result of thisthat, as a logical conclusion, because of thisthat,
consequently, for thisthat reason, hence, it follows that, accordingly, in thisthatany case, on thisthat condition, on thesethose grounds, then, therefore,
thus, of course. D.
Temporal Markers TDMs The expressions of temporal markers included:
then, after, as soon as, before, eventually, finally, first, immediately afterwards, meantime, meanwhile, originally, second, subsequently, when.
4. Types of Discourse Markers
Schiffrin categorized the DMs are six categories, such as:
29
Ibid. p.25
A. Markers of Information Management
Schiffrin believes that oh is used as exclamation or interjection. When it is used alone, without the syntactic support of a sentence, it indicates strong
emotional states, e.g. surprise, fear or pain.
30
This is the example of oh as exclamation: 7
Speaker 1 : Is this what you are looking for?
Speaker 2 : Oh Gesh, yes
It can also initiate utterance, followed either by a brief pause or without pause preceding the rest of the tone unit. For example:
8 Speaker 1
: Oh, they will know later on.
Speaker 2 : Do not they go to the party? Oh maybe there are too old.
Marker of oh is a marker of information management covers oh in repair and oh in the status of information. Oh in repair can be divided into two parts,
which are repair initiation and repair completion. While in information status, oh mark to changes, which are recognition of familiar information and the receipt of
new information.
31
B. Markers of response
The usual dialogic identified for well as a discourse marker are used in the beginning of utterances which reject, cancel, or disagree with the content or tenor
of the foregoing discourse. Well often begins turns, serves as a left hand discourse bracket. Well anchors its user in a conversational exchange when the options
30
Deborah Schiffrin, Discourse Markers Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers, 1987 , p.73
31
Ibid, p.74
